# data[].attributes.headline
EUROPE: SIXTEENTH THROUGH EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

# data[].attributes.subject
EUROPE: SIXTEENTH THROUGH EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

# data[].attributes.body
BY GRACE GLEISNER.

# data[].attributes.headline
                                              Country Key:

# data[].attributes.subject
                                              Country Key:

# data[].attributes.body
Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen of England. A new Act of Supremacy names her "the only supreme governor” of both the church and state of England.

This a continuation of the religious revolution started by Henry VII.
This also affects modern times. Because of Elisabeth Tudor, England's Protestant status was reinforced. England remains largely Protestant to this day.

# data[].attributes.body
Spain is forcibly pro-Catholic. This angers Protestants, especially Calvinists.
The anger of the Calvinists causes a rebellion in the Netherlands.

# data[].attributes.body
The French Wars of Religion. Catholics and Huguenots fight.
These wars cause Henry IV, a Huguenot, to later rule Catholic France.

# data[].attributes.body
Philip II, King of Spain, forcibly crushes Calvinists in the Netherlands.
This is an effect of Philip II's original pro-Catholic ways.

# data[].attributes.body
Writing for theater is extremely popular. This is especially apparent during the reign of Elizabeth I.

Elisabeth's patronization of the theater leads to Shakespeare's currant fame. Without her support, his plays would not be so well known. Today, plays such as Romeo and Juliet inspire movies and books and are read by many.

# data[].attributes.body
The Spanish Armada sent to invade England is defeated.
The defeat of the Spanish Armada is the cause of Spain's decrease in power.

# data[].attributes.body
Shakespeare appears in London. He writes plays to be performed at the Globe and Blackfriars theaters.

# data[].attributes.body
Mannerism is replaced by the Baroque era. Architecture reflects the quest for power, and art shows new amounts of detail and dramatic lighting. Gian Lorenzo Bernini is a famous painter, while Handel and Bach are famous composers.
The Baroque era is a cultural revolution.
This era influences our lives today through works of the composers Handel and Bach. Handel's Messiah is a popular performance attended by thousands around the world each year.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry IV crowned King of France. His rule is caused by the French Wars of Religion.
Originally the Huguenot political leader, he converts to Catholicism to gain support.
Because he converts to Catholicism, he is forced to give Catholics more rights in Catholic France through the Edict of Nantes.

# data[].attributes.body
End of Philip II’s reign.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes. This proclaims Catholicism the official French religion but gives rights to Huguenots.
This is an effect of Henry IV becoming Catholic.

# data[].attributes.body
An economic slowdown begins in many parts of Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tudor dynasty ends with the death of Queen Elizabeth I. James I becomes King of England.
James believes in the Divine Right of Kings and teaches his son, Charles I, the same thing. This causes him to ignore the Bill of Right passed by Parliament and, indirectly, the English Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
Michael Romanov is chosen as the new czar of Russia.

# data[].attributes.body
The 30 Years War begins between Catholics and Calvinists.

# data[].attributes.body
The British Parliament passes the Petition of Right, which limits the power of the king. The petition placed limits on the king's ability to tax, imprison citizens without cause, quarter troops, and institute martial law. Because of his father James I, King Charles I ignores it because of his belief in the Divine Right of Kings.

Charles I's search for power causes the English Civil War.
This Petition of Right influences our lives today. In the founding of the United States, many states only agreed to ratify the Constitution if it came with a Bill of Rights. This Bill of Right founded this idea for these new American citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
Because of Charles I, civil war breaks out in England. Cavaliers, supporters of the king, fight the Roundheads, supporters of the Parliament. Parliament wins with the help of Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell takes over the Parliament.

# data[].attributes.body
The 30 Years War is ended by the Peace of Westphalia. Sweden and France gain new territories, and the Holy Roman Empire is divided into 300 independent states.

# data[].attributes.body
Parliament executes Charles I. This causes the monarchy of England to be temporarily ended.
The effect of Charles I's execution is that Cromwell rules England with a military dictatorship. This an example of a political revolution.
The dictatorship by military power causes the army to be unpopular.

# data[].attributes.body
The English Civil War Ends

# data[].attributes.body
Cromwell dies.

# data[].attributes.body
The army restores the monarchy with Charles II. This is the effect of how unpopular they became during Cromwell's military dictatorship.
Despite this, Parliament retains the power they won in the war.

# data[].attributes.body
Louis XIV comes to power after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. He provides the best example of absolutism in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Louis XIV wages four wars.
His wars are the cause of other country's animosity toward France after his death.

# data[].attributes.body
After defeating the Turks at Vienna, the Austrian Empire holds the lands of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia in addition to Austrey and the Czech Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
James II, who is Catholic, becomes king of England.
His Catholicism causes the invitation to William of Orange to invade.

# data[].attributes.body
At the request of British nobles, William of Orange invades England.
This is the effect of James II being a Catholic.

# data[].attributes.body
William and Mary accept the British throne from Parliament along with a Bill of Rights. This destroys the idea of Divine Right of Kings. Kings now rule because of the grace of the Parliament, not God.

# data[].attributes.body
The British Toleration Act, passed by Parliament, guarantees Puritans, but not not Catholics, the right of free public worship.

# data[].attributes.body
Peter the Great becomes czar. He rules as an absolute monarch and Westernizes and modernizes Russia.
The westernization of Russia causes a social revolution because of the new norms and attitudes.
Because of this, Russia becomes a great military and economic power in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government, which argues against absolute monarchy.
This event greatly influences our culture today, because John Locke's ideas were later used in the Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Elector Frederick III becomes King Frederick I of Prussia.

# data[].attributes.body
Peter the Great starts to build St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. This port will serve to open Russia up to the west through trade and travel.
All the new trade in Russia causes an economic revolution.
This is part of the cause fora Russia to become a great power.

# data[].attributes.body
Louis XIV dies.
An effect of his wars is that France is now surrounded by enemies.

# data[].attributes.body
Peter the Great dies, leaving Russia a great military power.

# data[].attributes.headline
This has been a timeline of Europe years 1550 - 1715, by Grace G. 

# data[].attributes.subject
This has been a timeline of Europe years 1550 - 1715, by Grace G. 