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Gwen Ajauro

Matthew Shepard

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Well-done, Peter.  You incorporate the color coordinated boxes, use the comment section effectively to cite your evidence, and organize this Padlet in a clear and coherent fashion.

Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns.  For now, I would say that you have researched this topic thoroughly and are ready to produce a very strong essay.

30/30

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The changes that Stonewall riots triggered were not taking place simultaneously; instead, they were like dominos that fall one by one. Long-term police abuse and discrimination resulted in the prosperity of LGBT clubs, organizations and conferences. They sought to promote gay rights through two methods: science and and the establishing of gay communities, which both led to the openness and wave of coming-out. With this openness as their new weapon, gay right activists were able to challenge the conservative idea of gay as an illness and that gays are not normal people. Overall, in the post-Stonewall era, gay right activists advocated the embrace and expression of sexual identities as their new weaponry to fight for equality.

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This program "will put together from the experience of the gay community and is intended to serve the needs of the gay community and their families and friends"

This program will talk about "services –– legal, educational, medical and religious –– available to lesbians and gay men"; and will deal with problems like "what happens when a gay person 'come out' to his, or her, family...."

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Paradoxes of Sexuality, Gay Identity, and the Closet

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Paradoxes of Sexuality, Gay Identity, and the Closet

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Why coming out is controversial

The "idealization of coming out constructs a binary of disclosure" in which not coming out suggests a state of immaturity and being "ashamed of their inherent gayness" (238)

Gay identity is a "contentious, stigmatized identity" (237)

"The closet draws meaning only in relation to heteronormative contexts". This context makes "the act of identifying as heterosexual unnecessary" (236).

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Right after Stonewall, the organizations still aimed at equal rights and were ambiguous about their identity. "Though [gay activists] had come out for all these causes, few of these radical gays had revealed their sexuality to their co-activists"; "Jim Fouratt ...  had made his way in the political left without ever explicitly denying that he was a gay man. But he had never explicitly affirmed it, either" (220)

Stonewall riots accelerated the expansion of gay organizations like Gay Liberation Front, and "when these young gay and lesbian radicals now flocked to join the Gay Liberation Front, they brought with them a rich set of insights from their prior involvements"; "the message articulated in the first issue of Come Out!, the GLF paper, [was] that 'we are going to transform the society at large through the open realization of our own consciousness' ". "Consciousness-raising was, from nearly the beginning, a central feature of GLF" (220-221).

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Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality

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Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality

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APA - the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality form Diagnostic and Statistic Manual (DSM) in 1973.

Why homosexuality was regarded as pathological?

1. Homosexuality is a result of "pre- or postnatally" events: "intrauterine hormonal exposure, excessive mothering, inadequate or hostile fathering, sexual abuse, etc".

2. Homosexuality "at a young age" is "a normal step toward the development of adult heterosexuality".

3. Gender binary, or gender beliefs are so widely expressed "either indirectly or explicitly ... [that] most cultures traditionally insisted that every individual be assigned to the category of either man or woman at birth and that individuals conform to the category to which they have been assigned thereafter".

Researches outside APA show evidence how homosexuality is not pathological. Instance:

1. the Kinsey reports, found out "homosexuality to be more common in the general population than was generally believed".

2. Ford and Beach's study showed how homosexuality was more common and "it was found regularly in nature"

3. Evelyne Hooker, in her test of 30 gay men with 30 heterosexual controls, indicated how "no signs of psychological disturbances [was found] in the gay male group".

"[Some] mid-20th century homophile activist groups accepted psychiatry's illness model as an alternative to societal condemnation of homosexuality's 'immorality' and were willing to work with professionals who sought to 'treat' and 'cure' homosexuality.

There are two changes contributed to the change that APA made

1. Activism groups perceived APA's diagnostic as a "major contributor to anti-homosexual social stigma disrupted the 1970 and 1971 APA meetings".

2. New generation of younger leaders in APA urged the organization to "greater social consciousness".

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General information on Stonewall riots and its significance

"Ignites modern lesbian and gay rights movement"

Time: June 27 1969, police entered and confiscated alcohol in Stonewall Inn, and "announced the closure of the bar"

Crowd rioted as a result of police subduing a customer. People threw coins, beer bottles and cobblestones to the police.

Thirteen men were arrested on charges of harassment, disorderly conduct and resisting arrest

The Stonewall riots were "a catalyst that created an immediate and extensive response

It led to organizations like Gay Liberation Fronts, newspapers like The Advocated in Los Angeles, the Fag Rag in Boston, etc.

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The importance of any civil movement is measured through how much change it could make potentially to the improvement of the society. And if the LGBT rights movement from twentieth century in the United States is understood in this way, arguably it is among those activist movements with the most significance to US society. The road to gender equality is never paved for those who walk on it, and many changes and thwarts blocked the way. The gay rights movement underwent a transition from the 1960s to 1970s. The modern gay right movement, ignited by the 1969 Stonewall riots, addressed more on the idea of openness, the personal embrace and expression of homosexuality as a self-identity.

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Stonewall riots led to the prosperity of gay clubs, communities, and conferences. The organizations, though at first served to unify the power of gay activism, reflect the growing of identity awareness.

The immediate response from LGBT population to Stonewall was to unify themselves to demand "liberation in all aspects of life" (Williams and Retter, 119).

Gay activist organizations formed rapidly after stonewall.

The Gay Liberation Front aimed at raising self-consciousness

Many organizations provide platform for gay people to form communities

Transition: but to seek equality, those organizations aimed at finding scientific support.

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"Coming-out" was criticized in mid-1970s and several decades afterwards.

Coming out was regarded by some LGBT activists as a "gesture" that force gay people to admit that their sexual identity is inferior.

Coming out was also criticized because the idealization of coming out has made people regard closeted people as "ashamed of their inherent gayness".

However, these arguments did not take the historical context into consideration. Openness was not a progress or a result of gay rights evolution: it was a necessity for gay rights movement in post-Stonewall era.

Criticism talked about how coming out was dangerous because the gay identity was stigmatized. But openness was necessary to break the assumption that homosexuality is a stigma. Openness might bring danger and discrimination in short-term. But eventually openness will bring acceptance and eliminate these discriminations.

The criticism also talked about how coming out suggests an inferior state that needs to be excavated. This assumption is based on the fact that the society is heterosexual-dominating. The idea of coming out only exists if heterosexual is assumed to be the "normalcy" of a society and "the act of identifying as heterosexual" is "unnecessary".

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The gay rights movement underwent a transition from the 1960s to 1970s. The modern gay right movement, ignited by the Stonewall riots, addressed more on the idea of openness, the personal embrace and expression of homosexuality as a self-identity.

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How Stonewall Obscures the Real History of Liberation

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How Stonewall Obscures the Real History of Liberation

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How Stonewall changed the movements

"What is emphasized instead is the goal of American citizenship in the fullest sense for GLBT people ... [including] the right to live one's sexual orientation and gender identity freely without the risk of arrest"

The colloquial figure "closet" was first used in the 1960s, and before, "there was no 'closet' carrying the GLBT meaning familiar to us now"

"The demand to come out of the 'closet' was their essential platform".

"Closet" has a lot of significances and implications

Criticism: "coming out must always be a misconceived gesture, because it assumes falsely that we humans have a deep inferiority that requires excavation and exposure"

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Both the rapid emerging of gay communities and the scientific discoveries contributed to the transition into openness, a significant characteristic in 1970s gay rights movement.

Gay politicians were afraid to explicitly deny or affirm their sexual identity

New meaning has been added to "coming out": it became a weapon to destroy gay "myths" and sexual shame.

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"In March 1973, New York City Parents of Gays held its first meeting" (132).

Dr. Howard Brown, first nationally prominent physician to come out as openly gay (128). In his speech, he addressed how "it seemed that I could help the cause by saying, 'Here I am. I'm gay, a queer, a fairy, a faggot, and there are so many like me that you can't shame or hurt us any longer.' ..." (129)

The Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was founded within a few weeks of the riots (118).

A Gay Manifesto (1969): "To pretend to be straight sexually, or to pretend to be straight socially, is probably the most harmful pattern of behavior.... If we are liberated, we are open with our sexuality. Closet queenery must end....Being open is the foundation of freedom...." (116).

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Conferences and legal issues

The Wilde-stein club formed initially organized "informal get-togethers intended to develop a 'sense of community' among homosexual students" (73).

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What has caused gay rights movement to shift to be more "personal", more about the expression of self-identity from 1960s to 1970s?

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Protest Movements in the 1970s: The Long 1960s

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Protest Movements in the 1970s: The Long 1960s

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The broader look into gay rights 1970s

Gay rights movement in seventies was "seen as drawing on the radical political tradition that emerged during the 1960s" (656).

"[T]he Stone wall Riot of 28 June 1969 is often seen as marking the start of the gay liberation struggle", but "urban gay sub-culture that had been forged during the war against fascism, the homophile movement of the 1950s and early 1960s helped to lay the basis for future advances" (656).

A few organizations: the Mattachine Society, the Society for Individual Rights, the Duaghters of Bilitis, the Council on Religion and the Homosexual, and they "worked to challenge the medical model that defined homosexuality as a 'sickness' " (656).

Organizations formed rapidly after Stonewall Riot. "Whereas 50 gay organizations had existed in 1969, there were more than 800 just four years later" (657).

1973, American Psychological Association removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders; 1975 Civil Service Commission ended its blanket ban on employing homosexuals; by 1976, 17 states had repealed sodomy laws (657).

Direct action was applied to gay rights movements after Stonewall. "by the decade's end, the gay movement was able to mobilize some 100,000 ... 14 October 1979" (660).

"Street theatre tactics" (663).

More personal: the transformation in the meaning of 'coming out'; "If we are liberated, we are open with our sexuality ... Being open is the foundation of freedom" (669)

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Harvey Milk's opinion on current gay rights movement

"Gay brothers and sisters, what are you going to do about it? You must come out. Come out to your parents, your relatives ... Come out to your friends, if indeed they are your friends ... But once and for all, break down the myths; destroy the lies and distortions for your own sake, for their sake ... There will be no safe closet for any Gay person. So break out of yours today; tear the damn thing down once and for all!" (37: Gay Freedom Day Speech)

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The 1970s saw pioneers in gay films and tv.

That Certain Summer; Sunday, Bloody Sunday; Cabaret

OUTREACH: LESBIANS AND GAY MEN, aired by WNET, was a live, 3-hour special that touched upon the issue of homosexuality, coming out, etc.

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The openness was well reflected in social aspects of pop culture as the 1970s saw the emerging of movies, tv specials regarding homosexuality and gay rights.

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One of the significant elements that caused this shift was the discovery of science and pathology that removed homosexuality from DSM in 1973

Homosexuality was regarded as pathological, a result of "intrauterine hormonal exposure", etc.

This hypothesis influenced some gay activist groups as they worked their way and cooperated with professionals in order to "cure homosexuality" - the idea of sexual shame.

However, researches proved how homosexuality was much more common and homosexuals are as normal as heterosexuals.

Kinsey reports, etc

The removal of homosexuality from DSM in 1973 was much of a result of activism, triggered by the Stonewall Riot.

And the removal scientifically broke the "sexual shame, lead to an embrace to gender identity and more equality earned for homosexuals.

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Yellow - sources, summaries of each source
Blue - paragraphs
Green - questions
Red - assumptions/thesis