# data[].attributes.body
Assimilation
-When a sound segment is copied
- What's up > Waddup

Elision
- Careful pronunciation of a word in isolation
- Interest, Prisoner, Restaurant

# data[].attributes.body
Consonant cluster
- Consist more than one consonant
-Stop (CCVC)
-Post (CVCC)

# data[].attributes.body
*Open syllable
When the syllables have no coda
- No, me, to

*Closed syllable
When the syllables have coda
-Cup, hat

# data[].attributes.body
Syllables
-Must contain a vowel/vowel-like sound

Onset - The part of the syllable before a vowel
-Me

Rhyme - The part of the syllable containing the vowel + any following consonants
-Ran

Nucleus - The vowel in syllable
-Not

Coda - The part of a syllable after the vowel
-Not

# data[].attributes.body
Phone
-Phonetic units & appear in square brackets
- Variation of sound of consonant

Allophone
-A subtle sound differences that does not affect the meaning
- [t] [d] [ð] [θ]

Minimal Pairs
-When two words are identical in form
-Only one consonant changes and the meaning also changes.
- Pat - Cat

Minimal Sets
-When it is always in the same position but different phoneme
-Fig , big, dig,

Phonotactics
-When the words are unlikely to exist, but because of its patterns, it is permited.
- For an example, "he is a kif"

# data[].attributes.body
Phonemic /Broad transcription
- uses //

Phonetic / Narrow transcription
-uses [ ]

# data[].attributes.body
Phoneme
-Consonant + vowel
- Consonant [t], [k], [f], [b] + vowel [a]
-By just changing the consonant, the meaning of the word changes (far - car)
-Meaning distinguishable sounds in language.

# data[].attributes.body
The Sound Patterns of Language

Phonology vs Phonetics

# data[].attributes.body
-Produced with a relatively free flow of air
-They're typically voiced.

Dipthongs
-Sounds that consist of combination of two vowel sounds.

Subtle Variation
-Vowel sounds vary between one variety of English to another.
-Vowel sounds are often a key element in what we recognize.

# data[].attributes.body
Stops (Plosive)
-Produced by some form of 'stopping' of the air stream and letting it go abruptly
- [p], [b], [t], [d]
[b] - voice abradial stops
[d] - voice alveolar stops

Fricatives
-Involves almost blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very narrow opening
[f] - voiceless fricatives
[ʃ] - voiceless fricatives
[th] - voiced fricatives
[z] - voiced fricatives

Affricatives
-Involve a brief opening of airflow

Nasal
-When the velum is lowered and the air stream is allowed to flow out through the nose.

Liquids
-Letting the air flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with alveolar ridge.

Glides
-Produced with tongue in motion //gliding

# data[].attributes.body
Bilabials (TWO LIPS)
-The sound is produced by partially stopping the air coming
[p] in Pat (voiceless)   [b] in Bat (voice)
[m] in Mat (voice)        [w] in Walk (voice)

Labiodental (tongue teeth with lower lip)
-fat, safe

Dentals (tongue tip behind upper teeth)
-thin, bath

Alveolars
-Tongue tip to alveolar ridge (lelangit belakang gigi depan)
-Top, sit, tin

Palatals
-Tongue and palate (lelangit)
-Ship, Chip

Velars
-Back of tongue and velum
-Cat, back

Glottals
-Space between vocal folds
-Hat, who

# data[].attributes.body
*Articulate - How the sound is expressed.

# data[].attributes.body
The Sound of Language

Voice (Z) (V)
-Sounds produced when the vocal folds are drawn together.
The air pushes the vocal cord repeatedly until it creates vibration.

Voiceless (S) (F)
-Sounds produced when the vocal folds are spread apart. he air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded.

# data[].attributes.body
Process when one language is passed from one generation to another.

# data[].attributes.body
By one word itself, when combining with other alphabet, it will create new meaning.

# data[].attributes.body
Allows user to create new words or expressions.
-From one word, it can form many new words.
For an example, pan + cake = pancake

# data[].attributes.body
Can use different symbols that conveys the same meaning.
-You don't have to use symbols to reach its linguistic form.
-For an example, when you see the image below, the word "table" or "meja" depending on your dominate language, it conveys the same meaning but with the same symbol.

# data[].attributes.body
Allows users to talk about things and events not present
(past,present and future)

# data[].attributes.body
Allows language to be used to think and talk about language itself.
-Humans are able to reflect to the question being asked.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Displacement
2) Arbitrariness
3) Productivity
4) Cultural Transmission
5) Duality
6) Reflexivity

# data[].attributes.body
Animals and Human Language

-Animals can communicate

Communicative and informative signals.

-Communicative signals are behavior used to intentionally to provide information.
For an example, a signage.

Informative signals are behaviour used to unintentionally to provide information.
For an example, a picture of yawning baby, unintentionally you will yawn.

# data[].attributes.body
The Innateness Hypotheses
- Something in human genetics, possibly a crucial mutation or two, as the source.

# data[].attributes.body
It is also believed that human hands involved in the development of language.
-Manual gestures may have been a precursor of language.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Teeth and Lips
2) Mouth and Tongue
3)Larynx (voice box) and Pharynx (vocal folds)

# data[].attributes.body
Nicknamed "yo-he-ho".
-The sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source language.
-It places the development of human language in a social context.

# data[].attributes.body
The "Bow-Wow" Theory
-Words that sound similar to the noises. Or, in other words; onomatopeia.

The "Pooh-Pooh" Theory
-Speech developed from the instinctive sounds people make in emotional circumstances. Somehow, when we speak, we actually exhale and not inhale.

# data[].attributes.body
"Language is the institutions whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually-used-oral-auditory arbitrary symbols."

# data[].attributes.body
The Origins of Language

-Based on Charles Darwin, early humans had already developed musical ability prior to language and were using it "to charm each other"

-Tamil is the oldest language.

How do we consider its a language?
-It must have certain structure.
-Certain rules must have to understand the structure.