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Morpholology:

They are generally elongated, spindle shaped on both ends

Pseudocoel is present. Describe what pseudocoel means

Identify the digestive tract in the picture below

pharynx triradial. What does this mean?What is the functionality of this type of pharynx?

Non -cellular cuticle covers the body of the organism

How many muscle layers do they have?

How does excretion take place?

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Can be seperate sexes (Male and female)

Parthenogenesis also occurs

Name one other example of parthenogenesis in the animal kingdom

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Please identify what characteristics are used to determine the sex of a nematode

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Please identify what characteristics are used to determine the sex of a nematode

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What types of reproduction do they make use of? What advantage do you think these reproduction types offer these organisms?

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Fill in the missing words:
Nematodes have a_____digestive system with an opening and a rectum (protodeum).  The buccal cavity and eosophagus  also known as the ________is lined with cuticle.  The buccal cavity opens into the ________ and predatory nematodes have special structures in this cavity.

Describe how the esophagus of the nematode works

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Sexual dimorphism, is defined as the differences in appearance between males and females of the same species (Differences occur in penotypical characteristics such as in colour, shape, size, and structure) that are caused by the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material.

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How many testis do the males have?

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Please label the female reproductive system. A and D is not part of the reproductive system, but are the same structures in male and female nematodes, can you identify them?

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usually two ovaries (up to 6 usually two ovaries monodelphic(1),didelphicdidelphic(2), polydelphic(many)

Amphidelphic (from 2 sides)

What is the differential functions of the ovary and the oviduct in the female nematode?

Meiosis follows fertilization => egg shell formation follows

What is the differential functions of the uterus and the vagina in the female nematode?

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Differentiate between chemo taxis and tigmo taxis

What is the role of spiculums and bursa?

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Do you know the name they are commonly referred to as?

Males are usually smaller than the females (length range in mm?)

Morphology:

Mouth is simple without lips.

Buccal cavity with stylet

How many gonads do the male and female specimens have?

Spiny sheath around spiculum of male

Female uterus has lemon shaped eggs with caps on both sides

Does this species have an excretory system?

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Whipworms - The Human Whipworm; They Are Also Found In Dogs, Cats, Foxes, Etc

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Describe this species life cycle in detail

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What would you recommend as control methods?

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Fill in the blank spaces:
The same animal can act as both the intermediate and final host. Infective larvae is ____ and moves to the ____, exsheath then moves to intestinal mucosa. Within ____hours after the infection has taken place _________ and insemination could have already happened.  Females from this species birth about ________ larvae within ____________weeks.  What happens to the female after giving birth?
Larvae are then transported via the hepatoportal system to the following organs_____, ______,________ and then to the remainder of the body.  From here they are able to infiltrate the muscle fibre of the vertebrate, they form a ______ that is infiltrated by______. How many worms can you find in 1 cyst? What muscles are targeted first?Larvae grow from 1mm to_____mm (known as invective stage). Describe what happens to the cyst and the muscle after this stage of the infection.

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Identify the host organisms for this species

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Describe the differences in morphology between the males and females from this species

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hepatoportal system

[hep-uh-toh-pawr-tl, -pohr-, hi-pat-uh-]

Word Origin

noun, Anatomy.

1.

a vascular arrangement in vertebrates through which blood is transportedinto the liver from capillaries of the stomach, spleen, duodenum, pancreas,and intestines.

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Describe how you can get infected.  The symptoms you would have as the infection reaches different stages. How would you diagnose this infection?How would you treat and prevent this infection?

Describe the parthenogenesis in detail (Penetration, Migration, Muscle migration)

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What are the host animals for these species?

Morphology:
Very small worms (differentiate between male and female specimens)
Buccal capsule is small
Long cylindrical esophagus without a basal bulbus
FEMALE:
Vulva is positioned 1/3 of the body length
Divergent uteri with only a few eggs
MALE:
2 simple spiculae and gubernaculum

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RWJF Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases

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How does the female anchor herself and bore into the sub mucosa?
How many eggs hatch in the intestine?
Name the two types of larvae
Name the two types of eggs

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How will you get infected with this parasite?
What is the distribution for this nematode over the world

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Describe the 3 pathology stages:
1. Entering the host
2. Lung phase
3. Intestinal phase

What organs can they effect?

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Identify larvae in the faecus- How would you identify them?
Thiabendazole can be effectice as treatment

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Family: Ancylostomidae
Describe unique characteristics that would help you identify this family

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Conspicuous bursa

Two lateral lobes and dorsal lobe with fleshy rays

Spiculae needle shaped

Gubernaculum present

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Conical tail

Vulva post-equatorial

two ovaries

Thousands of eggs produced per day for up to 9 years

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Describe how reproduction takes place.
How do the eggs develop?
Describe the 3 stages of larvae that can be identified
Differentiate between the species Nectator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

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Zoology for Students: Ancylostoma duodenale (Hook-worm)

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Is this a common parasitic infection? Describe the distribution of this infection in terms of socioeconomic circumstances. How would you advise the general community members to control this parasite infection? What would your advise be to health care practitioners (doctors, clinics, nurses)? Does your advise differ for the community compared to the advise for the health care practitioners? If yes, why?

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Socioeconomic factors are characteristics that define the quality of life in a society. They influence the behaviors, attitudes, trends, tastes and lifestyles of individuals. ... Education, income and occupation are the main parameters of socioeconomic status, according to the American Psychological Association.

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Three phases are identified:
1. Cutaneus phase
2. Migration/lung phase
3. Intestinal phase
YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE EACH PHASE IN DETAIL

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Identify eggs in feces

Treat with diet supplementation and mebendazole

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Is this infection zoonotic?
What other vertebrate animals can be host animals?
Common at nursery schools
How can you identify this infection in humans?

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Example of a species belonging to this family: Haemonchus contortus

Morphology:
Male
Very distinct spicule morphology
Female
Eggs deposited in morula stage (Does these eggs have a shell like structure?)
Are there any intermediate hosts?
During what larval stage do the eggs hatch?

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Haemonchus contortus adults (female & male)

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Fill in the gaps:
This parasitic infection can infect cattle, _____, goats and other wild__________. Take note that cattle and other wild ruminants belong to the family_________, and sheep and goats belong to the family________. The infection can cause various pathogenic reactions such as anemia,________, intestinal disturbances, _______, blood loss and eventually a _______________ reaction

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Example of a species that belong to this family : Ascaris lumbricoides

Morphology:
Large in size and cylindrical in shape
Anterior ends are pointed
The mouth of this nematode has 3 fine dentriculated lips (One dorsal and two ventro lateral)

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RWJF Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases

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• Little damage by penetration, larvae wander and die in wander and die in wander and die in wander and die in _____________ locations such as the spleen, ______, lymph nodes and brain that causes inflammation
• Migration into ___________ cause hemorrhage , small pools of blood in heavy infections, resulting in ___________ and clogging of air passages.
• With secondary infections death can occur.
•Food from content of gut, moderate infections causes ____________ and __________.
• Abdominal pains and allergic reactions are possible to occur (rashes, ________, asthma, insomnia, __________).
• Fatal blockages leads to _____________.

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How do you diagnose this infection?
What hosts are infected?
Describe the pathogenesis
Describe what diagnosis and treatment would be appropriate

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Species: Enterobius vermicularis

Morphology:

Male and female worms are identical, with 3 lips each.

males from this species have 1 spiculum

Females have a vulva between 1/3 and 2/3 of the anterior end of their bodies

Two uteri with thousands of eggs are present

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Pinworm (threadworm) lays eggs under Microscope (no sound)

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Please explain the epidemiology,  pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of pin worms in detail

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Please explain the epidemiology,  pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of pin worms in detail

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Species from this family: Wurchereria bancrofti

Morphology:
Fill in the gaps:
Long and slender worms that can cause ___________ also known as filariasis in various regions of the world inclusing Africa,___________, Turkey,___________,India,___________, and South America. These worms have a smooth _________, with ________ shaped ends. Their heads are wider with ____ papilla. They are usually located in the _____ system in the lower half of the body.  Females are ___________________, producing thousands of microfilaria released in the ____________.
Describe the phases of infection from a mosquito to a human

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Morphology, life cycle and transmission of wuchereria bancrofti(ZOO)

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Describe the 3 phases in detail:
1. Incubation
2. Acute or chronic inflammation
3. Obstructive phase

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Elephantiasis Afflicts 120 Million in Africa, Asia

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More than one billion are at risk of contracting the debilitating and disfiguring ailment, elephantiasis. Infection is rampant in parts of Africa and Asia, but as Rachel Smalley reports for VOA from London, stepped-up efforts to combat the parasitic disease are under way.

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Describe how you would diagnose the infection and what the treatment is

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Describe how you would diagnose the infection and what the treatment is

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What do you think is the best way to control the intermediate host?

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Worms that belong to this Phylum is commonly referred to as _____ headed worms.
List the hosts they commonly effect

Morphology:

They have a retractable proboscis with a hook and lemniscus.

They do NOT have a digestive system.

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Please label the following figure and identify as male or female

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Please label the following figure and identify as male or female

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UMTMOOC - Nematode And Acanthocephalan Parasites (PART 3)

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Intestinal Nematodes Eggs Identification Training Quiz 1/4

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Intestinal Nematodes Eggs Identification Training Quiz  2/4

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Intestinal Nematodes Eggs Identification Training Quiz 3/4

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Intestinal Nematodes Eggs Identification Training Quiz 4/4