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ASD is neurodevelopmental disorder
ASD has two components that make up the diagnosis. The components that make up this diagnosis are: deficits in social communication and social interactions, restricted or repetitive behavior.

Each individual will have varying amounts of each component that influences them.

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There is a clear biological factor.

Environmental factors are debated. Some people believe that there are environmental factors while others believe that there are none.

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Decrease in ability to adapt to changes in the environment, along with social interactions.

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There are many common secondary conditions. Those are: epilepsy, sleep disorders, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, sensory processing dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and self-injurious behaviors.

Also, the affect of ASD or ASD in combination with one or more secondary condition can result in the individual having a developmental disability( long term problems that are below average for that developmental point in life) or an intellectual disability ( hindrance in the adaptive ability and in intelligence arising before age 18).

Intellectual disability is has many different ways that it can be caused: prenatal, perinatal, sickness, and injury.

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One effective treatment is schedules. This allows for a visual representation of what is going on and what will be happening.

Another effective treatment is peer training package. With this treatment, it is going to the peers of the individual with ASD and  teaching them how to best engage the individual  that they know with ASD.

Yet another effective treatment is the behavioral package. With this approach, the goal is to decrease problem behavior by teaching acceptable alternative behaviors.

There are many more effective treatments for ASD.

Since intellectual disability is so prevalent for individuals with ASD the following will be effective TR interventions for intellectual disability.

One effective intervention is integrated leisure activities. Which has been shown to promote higher adaptability and a higher self-concept.

Another effective intervention is a one year group leisure program. During the course of the year individuals increase all areas pertaining to quality of life while decreasing stress.

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Congenital is a condition that is present at birth
Acquired is a condition that is developed throughout one's life.

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The timing of the diagnosis can have an impact on how the individual responds to the diagnosis.
If received at early age before learning how to use the sense, it can be easier to learn how to adapt to the diagnosis.
If received after learning how to use the sense, it could cause a feeling of loss, and slow the learning process.

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Hearing loss has many causes. It can be caused by biological factors, illness, disease, medication, maternal infection during pregnancy, birth complications, head trauma, injury.

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There can be problems with the inner, middle, outer ear loss, acoustic nerve, and auditory processing area.  There are four types and four degrees of hearing loss.
Types

There is also lateral and bilateral hearing loss. Lateral hearing loss is loss on one side. Bilateral hearing loss is loss on both sides.
Hearing loss can also be defined by time. Such as pre-lingual (before learning to speak) and post-lingual( after learning to speak).
The way in which the hearing loss happened is another way of categorizing. If it happened over time that is progressive. If it happened quickly, that is sudden.
If the hearing loss is stable/unchanging it is stable. if the hearing loss changes over time it if fluctuating.

Degree

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Is a measurement of how well someone can see.
i.e someone who does not need glasses would receive a 20/20

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Visual impairments are caused by disease/ conditions that affect the eye. There are many causes of visual impairments. Some examples are: refractive errors ( near/far sighted, astigmatism, prebyopia), cataract (clouding of eye), amblyopia (brain and eye do not work together resulting in loss of vision in eye), quality of vision impairments ( all of folling are forms. night blindness/hyposensity to ligh/ color blindness/ floater. stray lights/seeing stars)

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Recreational Therapy Interventions for Sensory Impairments 

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Recreational Therapy Interventions for Sensory Impairments 

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There are many TR interventions that can be used for sensory impairments.

one is adaptive technology. Here individuals are taught how to use the technology effectively for themselves, promoting independence.

Another is community integration sessions. This focus on being functional in the community and can include going on outings in the community.

Yet another way is leisure. Individuals may feel they are unable to partake in leisure due to their sensory impairment. Here people are taught ways that they are able to partake in the leisure of their choice.

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A type of  muscular dystrophy (MD). Progressive muscle weakness and deterioration.

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Is problems with the brain and muscle weakness that appear stating either in infancy or early childhood.

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-ataxia(poor muscle coordination)
-poor muscle control
-spasiticity or tight muscles
-atypical gait
-drooling
-swallowing/ eating difficulties
-speech impairments
- difficulty with fine motor skills
-toe walking
-atypical muscle tone
-involuntary movements/tremors

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prenatal causes: genetic, infection, maternal bleeding, seizures, abnormal brain development, lack of oxygen, stroke, intrauterine growth restrictions
delivery causes: breech delivery, infections, lack of oxygen, stroke, multiple births, jaundice
early life causes: head injury, infections that affect the central nervous system, seizures, high speed accidents, child abuse

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Intellectual disability-about 53.5 percent of people with CP
Epilepsy/Seizure-about 42.5 percent of people with CP
Inellectual disablility and Epilepsy/ Seizures- about 27.5 percent of people with CP
Behavioral Problems-about 25 percent of people with CP
Learning Disabilities- about 40 percent of people with CP
Sensory Impairments- about 38.5 percent of children with CP and about 32 percent of adults with CP
Feeding Difficulties/ Malnutrition-  over 50 percent
Lung problems- about 35 percent of people with CP
Chronic Pain- about 28 percent of people with CP
Autism- about 9 percent of people with CP
not enough physical fitness, balance issues, fatigue, muscle weakness, stimulation processing problems, incontinence, speech difficulties, drooling, breathing difficulties, contractures, skin break down, lack of spacial awareness, depression

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Inclusions programs to promote inclusion with peers, improving social skills.
Leisure programs to promote recreation in one's life while keeping in mind adaptations that may need to be made.
sensory programs to work on the hyper-/hypo- sensitivity individuals with CP may have.
There are many successful forms of TR interventions that can be used for individuals with CP.

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An injury to the spinal cord that results in temporary or permanent loss of movement and/or sensations.

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Classification is biased off of the level (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccgeal) and type of injury(complete or incomplete, and tetraplegia or paraplegia).

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autonomic dysreflexia( life threating high blood pressure), pressure ulcers, respiratory complications, spasticity, poor temperature regulation, heterotopic (new bone growth in soft tissue area), deep vein thromosis (blood clots in the veins), orthostatic hypotension ( decrease in systolic blood pressure)

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Dyplegia: tense muscles and spams
Hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of the body
Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four limbs
Ataxia: loss of complete control of body movements
Dysarthria: unclear speech
Spasticity: muscle constantly contracted
Contractures: muscles that are shortened and hardened
Osteopenia: weak bones but not to the point of osteoporosis
Tetraplegia: quadriplegia
Paraplegia: paralysis of legs/ lower body
Complete injury: all aspects of injury are present
Incomplete injury: not all aspects of injury are present
Auonomic dysreflexia: overreaction of nervous system to external stimuli
Pressure ulcer: loss of blood supply to area of body due to excessive pressure which results in skin in that area dying

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Pressure Ulcer: a sore from to much pressure to one area for prolonged time.
Incontinence: loss of control of bowel and bladder.
Delirium: rapid on set, acute disturbed state of mind.
Dementia: memory loss,change in personality , daily living affected, poor reasoning.

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early on set happens before age 65, late onset happens after age 65.
Caused by formation of plaques in the brain cells.
Affecting ones ability to preform daily living skills, problem solve, memory loss.

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Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)

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Lewy Body Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)

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There are two types of Lewy body NCD: Parkinson's and NCD with Lewy bodies.
Parkinson's: problems in the brain with the nerve cells that produce dopamine(reward center) , movement is affected.
Lewy body NCD: excess of lewy bodies in the brain that result in problems with mood, behavior, movement, and thought.

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What is Lewy body dementia (Lewy body disease)? It is a brain disorder, different from Alzheimer's, that causes changes in thinking and movement.

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TR Interventions for Individuals with NCD

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TR Interventions for Individuals with NCD

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Farrington Leisure interest inventory helps to increase participation by seeing what past and current leisure activities are enjoyed.
An activity that can be utilized is everyone looking at a picture and describing what they think is the past/present/future of the picture to make a story.
An activity that works on keeping memory is music therapy, the music is selected to create recall of memories in individuals.

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NCD can be hard on the family, because they are seeing the person that they love change for the worse and not be able to anything to help. Also, with the memory loss there may come a point when they no longer remember their loved ones, which is also hard on the loved ones.

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Is an anxiety disorder, from a traumatic situation that someone was a part, where symptoms are present for of one month or longer.
The causes are any traumatic event someone was a part of. The event could of happened to them or they just witnessed it.

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Problems coping with stressful situations.
Lowered interest.
Constant stress.
Feelings of disconnect.
Poor views of the future..

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Agoraphobia, ocd, social phobia, major depressive disorder, somatiztom disorder, substance-related disorder, panic disorder, suicidal feelings/ thoughts.

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There are five categories of schizophrenia: schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder.
The symptoms for schizophrenia are; delusions( beliefs that do not change even when faced with contraindicating facts), hallucinations ( vivid perceptions of things happen that are not actually happening), disordered thinking and speech ( impaired conversation), motor behavior ( problems with motor control), negative symptoms ( something appears to be missing in ones life).

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Unknown, but genetics is a strong probability.

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cogitative( thought process impaired by delusions), emotional (the negative symptoms negatively impact the emotional well-being of individuals with schizophrenia), and social (lack of empathy, social skills, and motivation)

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Hallucinations: false perceptions within reality that is not there.
Delusions: thoughts that are not changed even when presented with countering facts.
Psychosis: emotion and thought impairment that results in loss of reality
Anhedonia: unable to feel pleasure

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This is a disorder that ranges from mild to sever, and can come once or be a reoccurring problem.
The symptoms with vary, but here is a list of possible symptoms: loss of interest, change in sleep, depressed mood, tiredness, lowered cogitative abilities, thoughts of death, feelings of guilt, feelings of worthlessness.

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There are negative affects on:quality of life, cogitative, emotional, relationships, social support, daily activities, self-esteem, self care

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MDD is commonly found individuals with: a disability, chronic pain, illness, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, dementia, personality disorders.

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Excessive and uncontrollable worry more often then not for 6+ months.

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GAD has a negative impact on: mood, concentration, information intake, behaviors, short term memory, abstract thinking, emotions, sleep, motor function, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system.

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This is considered a disorder because compulsion is classified by as an activity carried out despite negative consequences or the desire to stop.

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The causes are debated, and no one has proven their idea of the cause. However, everyone agrees that there is a mental aspect to it.

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There are many areas affected by gambling disorder: social, occupational, behavior management, relationships, irrational thought process, personality, antisocial behaviors.

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The secondary problems vary from person to person but, here are some potential secondary problems: relationships, work, crime, antisocial behavior, money problems, substance problems, suicide.

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Anorexia nervosa: this disorder is marked by refusal to maintain at least a healthy body weight. This is due to fear of being fat. Due to the malnutrition women may not have their periods.
bulimia nervosa: This disorder is marked by repetitive large eating followed by expulsion of the large amounts of eating. Individuals with this disorder also have a high concern over their body weight.
binge-eating disorder: This disorder is marked by repetitive large quantities eaten.
pica: This disease is marked by repetitive eating of non food items.

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Eating disorders are caused by a mix of biological and environmental factors. The exact biological factors are not known. The social factors are things such as social, psychological, control, environment, and culture.

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There are many ways that eating disorders can affect ones system, but it will fall within one of the following categories: social, cogitative, emotional, and/or physical.

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There are many secondary problems that eating disorders cause: cardiac arrest/ arrhythmia, infertility, brain damage, death, birth/pregnancy complications, bone loss, loss of temp regulation and blood pressure regulation, depression, anxiety, social, perfectionism, esophagus problems, tooth decay, impulse control.

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There are five main causes: social/cultural, personality, genetic, biological, and cogitative.

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Harmful to organs, social, physical, mental, cogitative problems, impulse control, sleep problems, lack of good judgement, lifestyle problems.

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Secondary Problems of Substance Disorders

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Secondary Problems of Substance Disorders

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Other people connected to the person with the substance disorder are affected, isolation, relationships, shame, depression, money problems, anxiety.

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CVA otherwise known as a stroke is when blood vessels that supply the brain are blocked or rupture depriving the brain of oxygen.

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for signs of a stroke
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speach difficulty
Time to call  911

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left CVA: right hemiplegia, causes language deficits and slow and cautious behavior
Right CVA: left hemiplegia, causes visual defects and quick impulsive behavior

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Many systems are affected by a stroke such as: motor( hemiplegia, musle power, motor planning, reflexes, muscle tone, gait, balance, coordination, apraxia), sensory( numbness, tingling, agraphia, processing problems, lack of sensory awareness), cognitive ( lowered ability in calculation/ consciousness/ concentration/ problem solving/ perception/ organizing/ time management/ orientation/ planning/ safety/ judgement), langue ( problems with reading, comprehension, writing, expression and reception of langue), visual (double vision, depth perception, field cuts)

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there are many possible secondary problems that can come with a stroke such as: inactivity, poor coping, loss of function, lack of recreation, academic performance, relationships, loss of independence, loss of self care skills, depression, irritability, trouble sleeping, emotional control.

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Is caused by trauma to the brain. causes of trauma can be things such as a gun shot, blow to head.

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Blast injuries: brain trauma causes by a blast from an explosive device.
acceleration-deceleration: brain trauma causes when the body comes to an abrupt stop from high speeds.
penetrating injuries:  brain trauma caused by penetration to the brain.
shaken baby syndrome: brain injury caused by shaking an infant/toddler.

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There are many systems affected TBI. weakness, muscle power functions, balance troubles, fatigue, attention, loss of arousal, memory, memory, planning, abstract reasoning, insight, irritability, depression, anxiety.

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there are many possible secondary systems that are affected by TBI: anoxic injury, hypoxic injury, cranial nerve injury, edema, hematomas, hydrocephalus, heterotopic ossification, seizures.

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Diabetes: the body is unable to keep up with insulin demands of the body
Type I diabetes: the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the body not being able to produce insulin. this happens during adolescence.
Type II diabetes: there is not a high enough amount of insulin or the body is unable to use insulin produced, this happens during adulthood.

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Type I: auto immune reaction
Types II: genetic, personal, and environmental factors

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hyperglycemia: blood glucose is above the healthy range
hypoglycemia: blood glucose is below the healthy range
hypertension: high blood pressure
amputations: where part of the body is surgically removed. when diabetes goes untreated amputation can be required
kidney disease: problems with the kidney, 45% of kidney failure is related to diabetes

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myelin nerve fibers are destroyed/ damaged due to an autoimmune disease, which affects nerve impulse time

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relapsing-remitting: will have flare up on and off throughout life.
secondary-progressive: less recovery time in between flare ups than relapsing-remitting.
primary-progressive: steady progression on symptoms without any time in between episodes
progressive-relapsing: a steady progression of symptoms with acute attacks.

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the obvious is that the central nervous system is affected. however due to the decreased communication or lack there of there can also be numbness, tingling, paralysis, loss of control, decline in cognitive ability, lack of regulation, stress and fatigue.

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Heart disease: any medical condition that involves the heart
blood vessel disease: narrowed/blocked/stiffened blood vessels that impair the circulation of blood.
heart arrhythmia: any abnormal heart beat.
congenital heart defect: problems with the structure of the heart or the major blood vessels.
cardiomyopathy: thickening/stiffing of the heart
heart infections: pericarditis (infection of the sounding tissue of the heart), myocardium ( infection of middle layer of heart walls) , endocarditis( infection of the inner membrane of the heart
valvular heart disease: damaged of one or more of the heart valves affecting their function of the heart valves.

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there are many possible secondary problems with heart disease, they vary from person to person. some possible secondary conditions are: anxiety, mood disorders, depressive episodes, varying degrees of depression, sex life affected, back problems.

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cancer: is out of control growth of abnormal cells
cancer is named biassed off of the origin.

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the secondary problems depend on the treatment method. every method includes pain, dyspepsia, constipation, fatigue, poor sleep, anxiety,depression,grief.

sugary method complications: pain,partially collapsed lung,blood  clots, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anesthesia effects, confusions/delirium, infection.
chemotherapy method: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, mouth sores, low blood cell count, higher chance of infection, bleeding, bruising, anemia

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in situ: early stage
localized: limited to an organ
regional: start of the spread beyond initial organ to near areas
distant: spread beyond initial organ to distant areas
unknown: when not enough is known to apply any of the other labels.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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COPD is a chronic health condition that makes it hard to breath, there are two types of COPD.
Chronic Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchial tubes, along with an increase in mucus and mucus secreting cells.
Emphysema: break down of the alveoli walls, causing loss in elasticity of the lungs.

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the number one cause of COPD is smoking. The other causes are air allergens, extended fume exposure, chemicals, second hand smoke, and very rarely genetics.

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due to decreased lung ability, the body does not receive enough oxygen so strenuous activity may be limited.
social life may be affected do to the physical limitations.
sickness rate is also higher.
due to the potential decreased quality of life, emotional disorders may appear.

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epilepsy causes abnormal signals in the brain. seizure is when a part of the brain has brief and strong surge of electrical activity. both cause abnormality in the brain. For someone to have epilepsy they need to have 2+ unprovoked seizures.

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Focal:abnormal neuronal activity  originating in a localized area of the brain.
generalized: abnormal neuronal activity in more than one area of the brain, which can result in falls, loss of consciousness, muscle spasms

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life threatening condition where one of two things happens. one, abnormally prolonged seizures. two, does not fully regain consciousness between seizures.

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RA: inflation of lining of joints that results in joint damage, pain, loss of function, and possible permanent disability. there are three stages of RA.
stage 1: swelling  of synovial lining resulting in pain, warmth, stiffness, redness, and swelling by joint area.
stage 2: growth cells rapidly divide, resulting in the synovium thickening.
stage 3: enzymes are released that causes digestion of the bone and cartilage, causing joint to loose shape and alignment which cause increased pain and loss of movement.

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it is unknown but it has been determined that there are genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors

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musculoskeletal system affected can cause lower energy, sensory changes, organ problems, and psychological issues

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bone loss due to the third stage of RA, due to pain decreased activity and social

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link to sarah's video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXKxncKDtLA

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder: period of six month or more of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior. This behavior need to be disruptive to home, school or family.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder: period of six month or more of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior. This behavior need to be disruptive to home, school or family.

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There are main things that could cause ODD: abuse/neglect, natural disposition, lack of supervision, imbalance in chemicals in brain,  developmental delays, inconsistent/harsh discipline.

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Defiant, hostile, disruptive.

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Defiant, hostile, disruptive, easily loses temper, disobedient, rebellious, blames others, annoys others, easily annoyed

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there are many different approaches for treatment: medication, individual psychotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy, social skills training, and parent and family treatment.

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educational problems, relationship problems, depression, anxiety.

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ODD: what to look for. (2018). Retrieved December 15, 2018, from child mind institute website:      https://childmind.org/guide/oppositional-defiant-disorder/what-to-look-for/ Porter, H. R. (Ed.). (2015). Recreational Therapy for Specific Diagnoses and Conditions. Enumclaw,      WA: Idyll Arbor.