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"SOUTH AND WEST ASIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION"

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- Arabian Horticulture gave rise to the production of different products in Europe.
-It was Al-Filahat and Ibn al- Awa, who discovered the method of grafting,soil conditioning,and the curing of diseased vines and tress.
-Civilization is also indebted to the Arabs from Syria and Phoenicia for their cosmetics such as lipsticks,nail polishes,eye shadows, and others.
Crafts:
-The Arabs raised small-scale crafts to perfection.
-These small -scale crafts are made up of glassware,ceramics,and textiile weaves.
-Arabs were also keen in silk weaving.
-Arab in linens made of Muslim cotton, and shiraz wool became bywords for quality among Europeans.

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-The astolabe was used by the Arabs to record the exact time of sunrises and sunsets, to chart the period for fasting and time for praying.
-Further explorations gave them the ability to know the comparative speeds of sound and light.
-Al-Biruni, an Arab also concluded the possibility of the earth's rotation on its own axis-
a theory that was later proven by Galileo six centuries later.
Medicines:
- It was the Arabs who pioneered and improved the therapeutic arts of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
-Al-Razi was considered an authority on infection.
-also came the invention of mercurial ointment and the use of animal gut for sutures or stitches.
-Ibn sina, an Arab, was considered in europe as the greatest writer of medicine during Middle Ages
-Arab got the use of the herbal medicines such camphor,cloves,myrrh,syrups,juleps,and rosewater cinnamon,rosemary, and others centuries ago.

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-Ancient India claimed to have been the origin of judo and karate.
-Something similar to karate was called Kalaripayate
-Monks travelled barefoot and unarmed, they accepted this arts as an alternative to violence.
-The Buddhist monks,however, tempered the originally violent nature of kalaripayate.
-The monks did not use daggers and knives.
-Judo and Karate are reflections of Buddhist attitude toward life, because the meditation deeply intervenes in its practice.
Mathematics:
-The arabs made contributions in the field of mathematics.
-The Arabic numeral and the arab zero provided new solutions for complex mathematical problem; and the Arab decimal system simplified a course in Science.

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-The Game has been known in india by the name Chatur-Anga is,the four Angas or member of an army to be elephants,horses,chariots, and foot soldiers.
-The word "checkmate" was evidently from Shan Mat, which means, the "king is dead".
-The other terms include astapada, which means eight steps and used to describe the eight step squares that the modern chessboard has.
Playing Cards:
-The popular card game also originated in ancient india and was known as Kridapatramas.
-The game was recorded to be one of the favorite pastimes of the royalty and nobility of the indian Royal Courts.
-All these cards were painted with the themes from the Rayamana and Mahabharata.
-These were hand-made and painted in the traditional style.

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*In the Field of Sports.
- The history of Asian Sports dates back to the Vedic era.
-The origin and development of these sports activities are closely realated with the work,defense,and entertainment of the time.
-Several games are now famous throughout asia adm the world had their origin in india.

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*Dance and Music in South and West Asia.
- The dance among indians invokes images of Nataraja as the Indian God Shiva is described.
-India has numerous classical dance styles.
-The oldest of which is the Natyashastra from which all the other indian classical dance styles are derived from.
-The subtle movement of the lips.eyes,and hands of the dancers make perfect expression of these feelings.
-Theology ,the study of  religious faith,practice,and experience and worship are integrated in Indian Dances.
-Arabian music is independent and alive.

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*Arabic Sculpture and Architecture.
-Islamic architecture embraces both non-spritual and religous forms.
-The Islamic Architectural styles are usually seen in their Mosque,tomb,Palace, and Forts.
-The Dome features arched spaces, a circular dome, and decorative arabesque patterns.
-Other known Islamic Architecture are the Great Mosque of Damascus, the Great Mosque of Samarra, and Abu Dalaf in Iraq.

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-Indian Architecture began with the Harappan Civilization.
-The Harappan "Great Baths" and urban planning skills proved them to be skilled in the construction while the stonr images of their gods and seals reveal their artistry.
-Indian reveal their architectural skills among thein unique temples,mostly built in places where numerous number of people approach like near rivers and centers of pilgrimage.

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-Agra Red Fort
a colossal structure on the bank of river Yamuna

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*Indian Sculpture and Architecture.
-Arjuna's Penance
is known as one of the bigest stone carvings in the world.

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*In The Field Of Literature.
-Indian literature is believed to be the oldest in the world.
-It has produced huge volumes of literary work.
-Indian Literature classified into Shruti literature and Smiriti Literature.
-The Vedas are the most renowned asset of mankind.
-The Rig Veda as the oldest literary work in the history of the mankind.

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*The field of Painting
-Indian visual arts were first discovered in primitive cave or rock paintings.
-The paintings of the Ajanta Caves are the most significant early Indian Paintings.
-Indian paintings provide an artistic variety that covers from the early civilization to the present day.
-Indian paintings have evolved from being basically religious in purpose to a fusion of various cultures and traditions.
-Murals are large artworks done on the walls of solid structures,just like the Ajanta Caves and the Kailashnath Temple

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Literature

Painting

Architecture

Dance and Music

Sports

=Chess
=Playing Cards
=Martial Arts
=Mathematics
=Astronomy
=Medicine
=Horticulture
=Crafts