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he California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.

The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.

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The Texas Annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845.

The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836.

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The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.

The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their Removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands.

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With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic.

Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north.

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The Oregon Trail was a roughly 2,000-mile route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, which was used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers in the mid-1800s to emigrate west.

By the 1840s, the Manifest Destiny had Americans in the East eager to expand their horizons.

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The great Mormon migration of 1846-1847 was but one step in the Mormons' quest for religious freedom and growth.

Mormon practices such as polygamy, in combination with the quick growth of the church, contributed to a growing intolerance among some Illinois citizens. Hostilities broke out and on June 27, 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by an angry mob while jailed in Carthage, Illinois.