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Platys: flat; helminthes: worms)

Kingdom: Animalia.

Habitat: mostly parasitic, few are free living in sea water or fresh water.

Grade of organization: Organ- system grade of organization.

Symmetry: Bilateral symmetry and Body is dorso-ventrally flattened.

Germ layer: Triploblastic. ...

Coelom: Absent (acoelomate)

Major groups

Major subgroups. Early classification divided the flatworms in four groups: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda.

Life Cycle
The free swimming larvae: The egg capsule opens to release the flatworms. They have larval forms emerging from the egg that differ considerably from the adult parasite. The first larval parasitic stages: They exhibit many forms, no reproductive cycle occurs in hosts.

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Notochord. a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates.

Pharyngeal Gill Slits. ...

Endostyle. ...

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord. ...

Postanal Tail.

Major Groups
The Phylum Chordata includes the well-known vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). The vertebrates and hagfishes together comprise the taxon Craniata. The remaining chordates are the tunicates (Urochordata), lancelets (Cephalochordata), and, possibly, some odd extinct groups

Life cycle
A chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; chordates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle. Chordates are deuterostomes, as during the embryo development stage the anus forms before the mouth.

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Characteristics of Echinoderms. Echinoderms are characterized by radial symmetry, several arms radiating from a central body . The body actually consists of five equal segments, each containing a duplicate set of various internal organs.

Major Groups

Asteroidea (sea stars or starfish)

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Echinoidea (sea urchins)

Crinoidea (sea lilies or feather stars)

Life cycle

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An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.
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Major groups: Arthropods are a phylum within the animal kingdom. They include four classes:Chelicerates (such as spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs), the extinct Trilobites, Crustaceans (such as lobsters, crabs, and shrimp), and Uniramians (millipedes, centipedes, and the most numerous group of all, the insects).

Life cycle
Life cycles. Developmentally, arthropods proceed from an egg, through larval and/or nymphal stages, to the adult. Generally, the term "larva" applies to stages in which major morphological changes occur, and these stages are often fixed in number.

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Primitive Body Cavity. Roundworms are classified as pseudocoeloms, because they do not have a full-fledged body cavity. ...

Shape and Body Structure. Nematodes are often confused with flatworms because of similarities in physical appearance. ...

Simple Digestive System. ...

Protective Cuticle. ...

Parasitism & Crytobiosis.

Nematodes commonly parasitic on humans include ascarids , filarias, hookworms, pinworms , and whipworms. The species Trichinella spiralis, commonly known as the 'trichina worm', occurs in rats, pigs, and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis.

Life cycle: Nematodes are dioecious, with separate male and female genders. There are four stages of a nematodes life: egg stage , four larval or juvenile stages, and an adult stage. During each juvenile stage, a molt happens where the cuticle is shed, allowing the nematode to increase in size.

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The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical. The following are present in all modern molluscs: The dorsal part of the body wall is a mantle  which secretes calcareous spicules, plates or shells.

Main groups

Class Polyplacophora - chitons.

Class Gastropoda - Snails, slugs, limpets.

Class Bivalvia - Clams, oysters, scallops.

Class Cephalopoda- Squids

Mollusca life cycle:

The life cycle of the squid varies among species, however, that of most squid follows a similar pattern. Female squid spawn, leaving fertilized eggs in the water. Depending upon environmental conditions, the eggs hatch within about two weeks. Larvae, called rhynchoteuthion, emerge.

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Symmetry and Size. Annelids are all bilaterally symmetrical animals. ...

Coelom. Nearly all annelids have a fluid-filled cavity between the outer body wall and the gut, and this is referred to as a coelom (Figure 1).

Body wall.

Parapodia.

Nervous system.

Sense organs.

Circulation and respiratory structures.

Segmental organs

Three major characteristics

Class Polychaeta: marine annelids;

Class Oligochaeta: marine, freshwater and terrestrial annelids including earthworms;

Class Hirudinea: marine, fresh water and terrestrial leeches

Unique features

leeches were used to suck "bad blood" as a medical purpose (to get rid of the disease)

the most important creatures on Earth are earthworms

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General Characteristics of Porifera. These are multicellular organisms which are sessile/sedentary in nature. Most of them are marine while a few are fresh water forms. Body is cylindrical, asymmetrical or has radial symmetry.  Three major classes are calcareous sponges, glass sponges and demosponges.  Unique features:

Choanocytes.

Water canal (aquiferous) system.

Organic and inorganic skeletons.

Totipotency. Plasticity.

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Cnidaria A phylum that comprises the sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals, and which is known from the late Precambrian. Cnidarians are basically radially symmetrical and have tentacles. The body contains a gastrovascular cavity and the body wall is diploblastic.   Cnidarians are divided into three major classes. These are the Hydrozoa (hydras and other colony-forming species), the Scyphozoa (jellyfish), and the Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals).  Unique features:  In Greek means 'stinging structure'.
2. Most marines, few fresh water species.
3. e.g : Obelia sp.
4. Eumetazoans
5. Diploblastic(2 well developed tissue layer)
a)Inner gastrodermis/endoderm
b)Outer epidermis/ectoderm
*Gelatinuous mesoglea between layers
6. Radial symmetry
7. Acoelomat