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. languages spoken by migrants and temporarily settled workers including Myanmar, Bengali, Thai, Korean, Arab and Urdu.

. used to attract specific customers and to express identity

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. names of specific major brands are of Indian origin and are displayed in larger size in the romanised versions, followed by relatively small-size Tamil scripts.

. the culture and religion of the community is represented through artistic images.

.  Tamil businesspersons embodied  ethnolinguistic consciousness and sentimentalism.

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. comparatively larger presence of the Chinese community in and around the city

.  the bulk of the private businesses is controlled and run by the Chinese community

. to ensure their language remains visible in the linguistic ecology

.  useful advertising tool to attract the Chinese customers

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 Ethnolinguistic aspects and the identity marker

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 Ethnolinguistic aspects and the identity marker

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7. English understandably increases foreigners and tourists to the city in huge numbers, such significant role multiplies its potentially economic and transactional role.

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7. English understandably increases foreigners and tourists to the city in huge numbers, such significant role multiplies its potentially economic and transactional role.

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6. The English language apparently performs a moderating role, facilitating communication across the length and breadth of the linguistic landscape.

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6. The English language apparently performs a moderating role, facilitating communication across the length and breadth of the linguistic landscape.

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5. From the view of the socio-demographic milieu of Malaysia, the English language plays both informative and symbolic functions 

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5. From the view of the socio-demographic milieu of Malaysia, the English language plays both informative and symbolic functions 

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4. The English language wields enormous value and is viewed as valuable social capital.

# data[].attributes.subject
4. The English language wields enormous value and is viewed as valuable social capital.

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3. Mahathir (1999, p.40) who emphasised on the use of the English language because Malaysia needs  to compete on equal terms with the world’s most advanced countries 

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3. Mahathir (1999, p.40) who emphasised on the use of the English language because Malaysia needs  to compete on equal terms with the world’s most advanced countries 

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2. English is a common language in the city’s business hub too.

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2. English is a common language in the city’s business hub too.

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1.English remains the most prominent language in the linguistic landscape and has maintained it despite the overt and covert governmental emphasis on Bahasa Melayu.

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1.English remains the most prominent language in the linguistic landscape and has maintained it despite the overt and covert governmental emphasis on Bahasa Melayu.

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11.	Lanza and Woldamariam (2009, p. 189) postulate that ‘Language ideologies serve to rationalize existing social structures and dominant linguistic practices, particularly through their institutionalization in official language policy’; therefore we may infer that the very formation of signage policy that explicitly institutionalises and rationalises the dominance of Bahasa Melayu over all other Malaysian languages on signboards amounts to the profound role the dynamics of language ideology and identity politics play in the construction of linguistic landscape.

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11.	Lanza and Woldamariam (2009, p. 189) postulate that ‘Language ideologies serve to rationalize existing social structures and dominant linguistic practices, particularly through their institutionalization in official language policy’; therefore we may infer that the very formation of signage policy that explicitly institutionalises and rationalises the dominance of Bahasa Melayu over all other Malaysian languages on signboards amounts to the profound role the dynamics of language ideology and identity politics play in the construction of linguistic landscape.

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10. Wording of the policy not only asks for compliance to the compulsory use of Bahasa Melayu but also announces a strict punitive treatment for those who violate these rules.

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10. Wording of the policy not only asks for compliance to the compulsory use of Bahasa Melayu but also announces a strict punitive treatment for those who violate these rules.

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9.One can see the socio-political and national identity concerns behind the contents of the top-down government policies.

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9.One can see the socio-political and national identity concerns behind the contents of the top-down government policies.

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8.Other languages may be used but not at the cost of outshining Malay in prominence, visibility or saliency.

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8.Other languages may be used but not at the cost of outshining Malay in prominence, visibility or saliency.

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7.All immigrants of the country should be willing to assimilate to the ‘definitive race’ in terms of language and culture for true national identity to be established especially in the early throes of nation-building (Mahathir, 1970, p. 134).

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7.All immigrants of the country should be willing to assimilate to the ‘definitive race’ in terms of language and culture for true national identity to be established especially in the early throes of nation-building (Mahathir, 1970, p. 134).

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6. Occasionally policy shifts and reversals in the role and functions of the English language have also been the hallmark of the national policy (David & Govindasamy, 2005; Gil, 2002, 2004a, 2012).

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6. Occasionally policy shifts and reversals in the role and functions of the English language have also been the hallmark of the national policy (David & Govindasamy, 2005; Gil, 2002, 2004a, 2012).

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5. Several other researchers also point to the general and educational governmental policies of the country which have in different ways upheld the status of Malay language chiefly for nationalistic and political reasons (Asmah, 1987; Gil, 2005; Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997; Martin, 2005)

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5. Several other researchers also point to the general and educational governmental policies of the country which have in different ways upheld the status of Malay language chiefly for nationalistic and political reasons (Asmah, 1987; Gil, 2005; Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997; Martin, 2005)

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4. Asmah (1997, p. 15) argues that along with the establishment of a national identity, Malay was made the official language because of ‘its role as a lingua franca, its position as major language, its position of high literature and the fact that it once had been an important language of administration and diplomacy in the Malay Archipelago’

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4. Asmah (1997, p. 15) argues that along with the establishment of a national identity, Malay was made the official language because of ‘its role as a lingua franca, its position as major language, its position of high literature and the fact that it once had been an important language of administration and diplomacy in the Malay Archipelago’

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3.The earlier national policies were also geared towards neutralising supremacy of the English language vis-à-vis Bahasa Melayu.

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3.The earlier national policies were also geared towards neutralising supremacy of the English language vis-à-vis Bahasa Melayu.

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2. One generally witnesses a delicate balance and social harmony among the heterogeneous communities from both indigenous and immigrant origins; however, one cannot overlook the narratives of political consciousness, the upholding of a unified national identity and the insistence of Malay supremacy by the demographically dominant group.

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2. One generally witnesses a delicate balance and social harmony among the heterogeneous communities from both indigenous and immigrant origins; however, one cannot overlook the narratives of political consciousness, the upholding of a unified national identity and the insistence of Malay supremacy by the demographically dominant group.

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1. Shohamy (2006, p. 110) explains that, ‘The presence or absence of languages in public space communicates symbolic messages about the importance, power, significance and relevance of certain languages or the irrelevance of others’. As a multilingual, multi-ethnic and multiracial society, the likelihood of socio-political contestation and the competition for political supremacy are important issues to consider.

# data[].attributes.subject
1. Shohamy (2006, p. 110) explains that, ‘The presence or absence of languages in public space communicates symbolic messages about the importance, power, significance and relevance of certain languages or the irrelevance of others’. As a multilingual, multi-ethnic and multiracial society, the likelihood of socio-political contestation and the competition for political supremacy are important issues to consider.

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Other local languages – the ethnolinguistic dimension

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Other local languages – the ethnolinguistic dimension

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Status of English in linguistic landscape – the economic and commercial dimension

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Status of English in linguistic landscape – the economic and commercial dimension

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Status of Bahasa Melayu in linguistic landscape - the sociopolitical dimension 

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Status of Bahasa Melayu in linguistic landscape - the sociopolitical dimension 

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The three dimensions of the data: sociopolitical, economic and ethnolinguistic

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The three dimensions of the data: sociopolitical, economic and ethnolinguistic