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"Such laughter became a challenge, an interpretive method for beginning to unravel the complex ways in which people comprehend their own lives and circumstances" (Goldstein, 3).

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Elaborate Interpretation of the Americas

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Elaborate Interpretation of the Americas

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“Although Glória and many of the women in her generation have spent much of their youths and adult lives working in the homes of wealthy people, the relationship between domestic workers like Glória and their employers is anything but straightforward. This relationship has been described as an affectively ambiguous one, and its ideological and cultural subtleties have been noted in the literature pertaining to Brazil.” (Goldstein, 160)

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"What also became a clear feature of this moment of transition is that the elites were consciously attempting to show the rest of the world that they belonged to the group of civilized nations, those that have embraced a modernity beyond slavery...automatic reliance on 'the economy' as an explanation used by the middle and upper class as part of a tortured defense regarding the 'naturalness' of domestic work and the inability for the economy to absorb the lower-class population in any other productive manner." (Goldstein, p.9)

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Hidden Transcripts of power and resistance in capoeira.png

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"there was nothing left to do but laugh. This laughter was mad and absurd, similar to the conditions under which they lived" powerpoint 36 part 20

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"For the middle class in Rio de Janerio, employing a domestic worker is not only perceived as a necessity; it is also a class marker, a form of identity in the deepest sense" This is a defining feature of the middle-class and is an aesthetic of domination.

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"Employers like Dona Beth in the reading don’t refer to the obvious class and racial inequalities between them, but rather speak about wanting to help their maids, in a paternalistic way."

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Paternalism: "Sister" "Daughter"
No contracts, low wages, insufficient legal protections

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"Humor can indeed, as Scott and Thompson argue, function as a weapon of the weak. But it is important to remember that laughter also falls within the arsenal of the powerful. In other words, humor, as an expression and deployment of (class) power, is potentially both conservative and liberatory" (Goldstein, p. 7)

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Quote from Reading of Class37 page 155

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Goldstein writes that humor can be considered a "weapon of the weak" because it is a disguised form of protest for the poor or powerless individuals in contrast to the elites' acts of public domination.

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“Humor is a vehicle for expressing sentiments that are difficult to communicate publicly or that point to areas of discontent in social life.  The meanings behind laughter reveal both the cracks in the system and the masked or more subtle ways that power is challenged.  Humor is one of the fugitive forms of insubordination” (Goldstein, p. 5).