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Here you will learn about Opportunity Cost through websites, videos, and images. In our everyday life, trading is happening all around us. By studying about opportunity cost, you will get to know how you trade with yourself. Moreover, opportunity cost is not only appears as just an economic term, it shows up every time we make a decision because analyzing the opportunity cost will help maximize profit.

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This video presents to the viewers of what opportunity cost means. By giving out definition and examples, the video suggesting that everything has it own cost by this way or another. For example, if you were waiting in line for a free ice cream, it means that you gave up your opportunity to do something else with your time. Understanding this from the concept of opportunity cost, economists are able to determined how much benefit a person could gain in a trade with others.
I choose this video because it could help people understanding the concept of Opportunity Cost in a short period of time.

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Website 1: Alberta declares beer trade fight with Ontario over access to liquor store

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Website 1: Alberta declares beer trade fight with Ontario over access to liquor store

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This article informs that because of iniquity from Ontario liquor store give local brewers access to store over Alberta brewers. In specification, giving Ontario beverages preferential shelf of refrigerated locations, requires Alberta brewers to provide commercially confidential information to their larger competitors to be listed and gives Ontario small brewers a significant discount on listing costs. An owner said that he has faced numerous non-tariff barriers when trying to ship his product to Ontario. Since 2016, Alberta launch a support policy for brewers in the province. So that, the number of brewers has nearly tripled
I choose this article as there is a opportunity cost for Alberta. Alberta had to fix their support in the beer policy  in order to meet the agreement, this would lead to a decrease in brewers.

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EDMONTON -- The Alberta government is opening a new front in its beer war with other provinces by targeting Ontario for what it says are its unfair trade barriers to Alberta-made suds and other alcoholic products.

The initiative emerged on Monday as Alberta announced a full retreat on its own craft beer subsidies that were found by a judge last spring to be unconstitutional.

"Alberta has the most open liquor policy in the country, offering Albertans a choice of over 3,700 Canadian products ... Alberta merchants stock and sell 745 alcoholic beverages from Ontario," said Economic Development and Trade Minister Deron Bilous at an Edmonton brewery on Monday.

"Ontario is the largest market in the country, three times larger than our own, yet we can only find about 20 Alberta liquor products listed for sale in Ontario."

The complaint under the Canadian Free Trade Agreement is being made against Ontario because it has the biggest liquor market in Canada but it could be expanded to include other provinces with similar barriers, Bilous said, adding he's hoping for an amicable solution.

Under the CFTA, Ontario will have 120 days to respond to the complaint made in a letter sent Monday morning. The complaint may then proceed to a CFTA panel for a ruling on corrective actions or allowed retaliatory measures, with a provision for either side to appeal that ruling, explained Jean-Marc Prevost, Bilous' press secretary.

The Liquor Control Board of Ontario said in a statement Monday that it is aware of the Alberta action and that "breweries from anywhere in Canada are equally able to access our listing process."

In his letter to Ontario Trade Minister Todd Smith, Bilous complains that Ontario gives local brewers access to stores over Alberta brewers, gives Ontario beverages preferential shelf or refrigerated locations, requires Alberta brewers to provide commercially confidential information to their larger competitors to be listed and gives Ontario small brewers a significant discount on listing costs.

Smith said he is surprised by Alberta's move.

"Just last week, I sat across from representatives from the government of Alberta and not once did they mention this to me," he said in a statement.

"The government of Ontario is committed to reducing interprovincial trade barriers, as we made clear in our fall economic statement when we said we wouldn't stand in the way of pipeline projects moving forward.

Neil Herbst, owner of Alley Kat Brewery of Edmonton, said he has faced numerous non-tariff barriers when trying to ship his products to Ontario, giving as an example a $400 laboratory fee assessed on a shipment of $1,600 worth of beer.

Also Monday, Alberta Finance Minister Joe Ceci said he will cancel by Dec. 15 a program of grants for small Alberta craft brewers in order to bring provincial beer regulations in compliance with Canadian trade law.

The province will return to a system similar that was in place before 2015, with markups (a tax collected for the province) of $1.25 per litre applied to all beer sold in Alberta by producers of more than 50,000 hectolitres per year.

Smaller brewers, regardless of province of origin, will be able to apply for markups of between 10 and 60 cents per litre.

Alberta dropped its graduated markup system to go to a flat markup on all beer in 2015. It at first exempted brewers in Saskatchewan, B.C. and Alberta, then changed its rules so it applied to all Canadian brewers but introduced a subsidy program solely for Alberta' small brewers.

It lost a CFTA panel ruling initiated by Artisan Ales, a Calgary-based beer importer, which argued the grant program unfairly tilted the market against its product.

Last June, a Court of Queen's Bench judge ordered the province to pay a total of $2.1 million in restitution to Great Western Brewing of Saskatoon and Steam Whistle Brewing of Toronto, finding that the subsidies created a trade barrier against their products.

At the time, Ceci said the province would consider appealing that ruling.

His department says Alberta now has 137 liquor manufacturers, including 99 brewers. It says the number of brewers has nearly tripled since the subsidy program was introduced in 2016.

The province says it will introduce more supports for Alberta liquor manufacturers in the next few weeks.

-- By Dan Healing in Calgary

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Alberta declares beer trade fight with Ontario over access to liquor stores

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EDMONTON -- The Alberta government is opening a new front in its beer war with other provinces by targeting Ontario for what it says are its unfair trade barriers to Alberta-made suds and other alcoholic products. The initiative emerged on Monday as Alberta announced a full retreat on its own craft beer subsidies that were found by a judge last spring to be unconstitutional.

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Video 2: The costs and opportunity of leaving Canada

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Video 2: The costs and opportunity of leaving Canada

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The video gives ideas of how young Canadians leave the country to work someplace else would affect the country. First of all,  Canada had spent thousand and thousand of dollars to the community schools and college to train students with skills needed for the environment. Moreover, the fact that young people leaving the country to work in Asia will make Canada suffer a loss of skilled workers. On the other hand, it could also be a win for Canada if the young people comeback to work with experience and network from the international.
I choose this video as nowadays, it is a trend that people from around the world relocate to where they found best for themselves and leave their country behind

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The costs and opportunities of leaving Canada

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A panel discussion on the Generation X brain drain to Asia.

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Website 2: Pandemic is an opportunity for Canada to reduce economic dependence on China

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Website 2: Pandemic is an opportunity for Canada to reduce economic dependence on China

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The article says that China has shown signs of taking advantages of the COVID-19 chaos to extend its influence globally. It is projecting that China will only get more powerful and assertive against a Western world mired in social and economic mayhem post-pandemic. Both Canada and the world have allowed the pursuit of profit to gradually force dependence on sometimes a hostile market, which is the bedrock of China's power. Since Pierre Trudeau established diplomatic relations with China, bilateral trade has become a torrent . The pandemic lockdown has taught Canada a lesson that prioritizing profit has come at the cost of resiliency. As Canada restarts its economy, the government would be wise to guide companies toward diversified markets.
I choose this article as it shows the opportunity cost Canada has lost when they depend on China to enrich themselves, which only can be recognized during this pandemic.

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This column is an opinion by Ethan Lou, the author of Field Notes from a Pandemic: A Journey Through a World Suspended. He is a former Reuters reporter and has served as a visiting journalist at the University of British Columbia. For more information about CBC's Opinion section, please see the FAQ.
There is no time more apt than now for Canada to re-examine its economic relationship with China.

Increasingly, signs are showing that China is taking advantage of the COVID-19 chaos to extend its influence globally. Post-pandemic, it will likely only get more powerful and assertive against a Western world mired in social and economic mayhem.

Both Canada and the world have allowed the pursuit of profit to gradually force dependence on a sometimes hostile market - that is the bedrock of China's power. Now that COVID-19 has disrupted international supply chains, when Canada rebuilds, it should be toward an economy less integrated with China's.

Middle powers like Canada, which have long been dancing between the majors, are increasingly impotent against tactics such as China's detention of this country's citizens, for example. China detained Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in 2019 on spying charges - widely considered to be retaliation over the Vancouver arrest of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou under an extradition request by the U.S.

So began a new era in bilateral relations, calling into question decades of diplomacy. That boldness by China would have been unthinkable just a decade or so ago.

It's a new boldness, born from China's economic rise and the increasing chaos in the West - and the pandemic is accelerating both.

China was hit badly by COVID-19, but it was hit first and it recovered first. And it recovered shrewdly - from outshining the United States at the World Health Organization, to its face-mask and vaccine diplomacy, to its alleged disinformation operations, to its bearing down on Hong Kong while the world's attention is divided, to restarting its economy while others' are suspended.

Meanwhile, harsh pandemic lockdowns threaten to return to Europe and Canada. The United States, China's chief counterweight, is beset by all manner of instability.

In 2017, Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland, then foreign affairs minister, told Parliament the rules-based international order the West has upheld since the end of the Second World War is becoming less stable, and that Canada needs to chart its " clear and sovereign course." Post-pandemic, that could prove to be particularly prescient.

Heavy price of trade

Canada recently abandoned free-trade talks with China, a move revealed Sept. 18 by Foreign Affairs Minister Francois Philipe-Champagne. That revelation is largely symbolic, however, as free trade was never close to realization to begin with.

And on the same day, Canada's ambassador to China, Dominic Barton, said this country needs to "do more in China."

What Canada needs to realize is the heavy price of the trade it already has.

Since Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, the father of Canada's current leader, established diplomatic relations with China, bilateral trade has become a torrent - that cheap manufacturing, that vast market of 1.3 billion people. Thus Canada enriched itself.

But while China has become Canada's second-biggest trading partner, this country is only the Asian giant's 16th-largest trading partner. When China stymied Canadian canola seed and soybean imports in 2019, it hurt major industries in this country. But for China, the lack of such grains from Canada was insignificant.

That asymmetrical relationship has also made the affair over Huawei's Meng Wanzhou all the worse. There is little Canada can do to pressure China, but an arsenal of options in terms of what China can do, has done and will continue to do to Canada. China recently blocked an experimental COVID-19 vaccine shipment bound for Canada, for example.

Profit at the cost of resilience

Pandemic lockdowns have devastated economies because companies had sourced parts and labour from all over the world based on where they were the cheapest, and did not stockpile so as to maintain efficiency by eliminating warehouse costs. That lesson is the same one to be learned from Canada's current troubles with China: prioritizing profit has come at the cost of resiliency.

As Canada restarts its economy, the government would be wise to guide companies toward diversified markets. It needs to further cultivate alternative trading partners, such as fast-growing India and Brazil, and those with similar values, such as the European Union. And it needs to do so actively and aggressively.

The goal is not to replace China, which is impossible, and this is also not an argument for disengagement. This is about reducing dependence and, in doing so, patching a vulnerability.

This is also about loosening the hold China has over others, a tiny step to steering it toward a more constructive international role.

Post-pandemic, the world needs more engagement with China, not less - but not through asymmetrical relationships - and it needs a rule-abiding China mindful of the adage that with great power comes great responsibility.

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OPINION | Opinion: Pandemic is an opportunity for Canada to reduce economic dependence on China | CBC News

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This column is an opinion by Ethan Lou, the author of Field Notes from a Pandemic: A Journey Through a World Suspended . He is a former Reuters reporter and has served as a visiting journalist at the University of British Columbia. For more information about CBC's Opinion section, please see the FAQ.

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Website 3: "Forever chemicals" can have far-reaching consequences, need more regulation in Canada, scientists say

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Website 3: "Forever chemicals" can have far-reaching consequences, need more regulation in Canada, scientists say

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The article talking about PFAS, which stands for per - and polyfluorinated substances are sometimes called "forever chemicals" because they last so long in the environment and are found in everything from non-stick cookware to microwave popcorn bags, firefighting foam and stain-repellent fabrics. Its convenience could some with a price for the environment and people health. "They told me the rates [of PFAS] in my groundwater at that time were 27,000 parts per trillion, and they thought that was an error because it was too high," said Wynn-Stelt. "So they tested again, and it came back at 38,000 parts per trillion. It's tested as high as 88,000 parts per trillion." The list of diseases and conditions with well-established links to PFAS is long, said Birnbaum, who has a PhD in microbiology and was an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.

Her catalogue includes:

Testicular, kidney, prostate and ovarian cancers.

Ulcerative colitis.

High cholesterol.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Thyroid disruption.

Hormone changes.

Liver obesity.

Immunotoxicity.

Lower birth weight and size.

Delayed puberty.

Decreased fertility.

Early menopause.

Reduced testosterone.

Changes in bone density.

I choose this article because it reflects the hidden opportunity cost that has not been revealed from the revolution in chemical industry. It is not only affecting the animal but also affecting the consumer as well

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When Sandy Wynn-Stelt and her husband moved to a Christmas-tree farm in Rockford, Mich., in 1992, they thought they were buying their dream home.

"It was surrounded by Christmas trees," Wynn-Stelt said. "Who doesn't want to live on a Christmas tree farm?"

What they didn't know was that the home of their dreams was on land contaminated by a type of toxic chemical used at a nearby Wolverine footwear factory to waterproof shoes.

The chemical in question is part of a class of widely used chemicals known as PFAS, which stands for per- and polyfluorinated substances. They're sometimes called "forever chemicals" because they last so long in the environment and are found in everything from non-stick cookware to microwave popcorn bags, firefighting foam and stain-repellent fabrics. But their convenience, it seems, could come with a price for the environment and your health.

Several studies have suggested that exposure to some PFAS may be linked to cancer, but research is still emerging on their impacts.

Wynn-Stelt said her husband was, indeed, diagnosed with cancer 24 years after they moved to Rockford and Wynn-Stelt herself underwent cancer surgery to remove her thyroid and surrounding lymph nodes earlier this fall.

"In 2016, my husband was diagnosed with Stage 4 liver cancer and died three weeks later," she said.

Because causal links between PFAS and cancer have not been proven, it's hard to definitely say what role PFAS played in the Wynn-Stelts' cancer. But about a year after Wynn-Stelt's husband Joel died - and following a drinking water advisory for the area around the Wolverine facility - state officials visited her house and tested the well water for chemicals.

When they came back three weeks later with a team in tow, she knew the news wasn't good.

"They told me the rates [of PFAS] in my groundwater at that time were 27,000 parts per trillion, and they thought that was an error because it was too high," said Wynn-Stelt. "So they tested again, and it came back at 38,000 parts per trillion. It's tested as high as 88,000 parts per trillion."

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency advises that some common early-generation PFAS be limited to 70 parts per trillion.

Health Canada set the drinking water guidelines for those same legacy PFAS at 1,000 parts per trillion.

The level in Wynn-Stelt's blood was five million parts per trillion - 750 times higher than levels in the average person, she said.

Earlier this fall, Wynn-Stelt underwent cancer surgery to remove her thyroid and surrounding lymph nodes.

The level of PFAS in Wynn-Stelt's blood is considered extremely rare, but most people have at least a small amount. A recent Health Canada biomonitoring study said 98.5 per cent of Canadians have them in their blood.

But PFAS are not well understood here despite the fact that some scientists say a number of these forever chemicals pose significant risk to human health.

What sets these chemicals apart is how stable they are. They're built around two atoms, carbon and fluorine, and the bond that forms between them is one of the strongest bonds possible in organic chemistry.

That means they're hard to break down. It's part of what makes them useful and able to resist oil, guard against water damage and put out fires. And the strength of that bond is why, for so long, it was assumed these chemicals couldn't react with living tissues and, hence, were safe.

It's now clear that's not the case.

'Plethora' of health effects

The amount of these chemicals that enter the body each time you cook with that non-stick pan, or eat a fast-food hamburger wrapped in PFAS-containing paper, may seem insignificant. But the problem is the way these chemicals build up in the body over time. That's because they are bioaccumulative, which means they're absorbed by living organisms faster than the body can break them down and excrete them.

Leading toxicologist Linda Birnbaum, the recently retired director of the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, said PFAS "cause a plethora of effects in multiple tissues, both males and females, many life stages and across the vertebrate kingdom."

The list of diseases and conditions with well-established links to PFAS is long, said Birnbaum, who has a PhD in microbiology and was an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.

Her catalogue includes:

Testicular, kidney, prostate and ovarian cancers.

Ulcerative colitis.

High cholesterol.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Thyroid disruption.

Hormone changes.

Liver obesity.

Immunotoxicity.

Lower birth weight and size.

Delayed puberty.

Decreased fertility.

Early menopause.

Reduced testosterone.

Changes in bone density.

Missing data

But unlike pesticides or pharmaceutical drugs, a significant portion of the more than 6,300 different types of PFAS on the market have little to no data on their use, toxicity and chemical structure and are not currently regulated or restricted in Canada, according to a report by the Canadian Environmental Law Association.

In fact, those details are considered trade secrets.

Muhannad Malas, program manager for toxic chemicals at advocacy group Environmental Defence, said there are a number of Canadian regulatory gaps that allow PFAS to enter our environment largely unchecked.

While PFAS are prohibited from being manufactured in Canada, exemptions allow them to be imported as materials in consumer and industrial products, including firefighting foam, said Malas.

But these uses account for most of the problem.

"The exemptions basically exempt the main sources of exposure and releases in Canada," he said.

Legislative gap

Another problem: When a company wants to bring a new product into Canada, the onus is on Health Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada to determine within just three months if it's safe.

With about 90,000 chemicals used domestically in Canada and the U.S., it's an "unrealistic exercise," said Malas.

We now have several thousands of these PFAS substances that Canada doesn't even know the identity of - and doesn't even have the authority to regulate. - Muhannad Malas

Given chemical companies are the ones with deep pockets, it should be up to the industry to provide enough data for the government to be able to quickly make a decision about its toxicity, he said.

He said the main shortcoming of Canada's approach to chemicals is that it doesn't address the issue of substitution.

"So when we eventually ban a substance or regulate it or restrict it, we haven't done an adequate job ... to ensure that the chemicals that replace it are safer chemicals," he said.

"We now have several thousands of these PFAS substances that Canada doesn't even know the identity of - and doesn't even have the authority to regulate.

"That's a very significant legislative gap."

That means Canada doesn't have the authority to know which chemicals are used in which non-stick pan, rain jacket or pair of stain-resistant pants.

Dr. Philippe Grandjean, a professor of pharmacy and environmental medicine at the University of Southern Denmark who studies the effects of toxic chemicals on the body, said Canada's guidelines for those legacy PFAS in drinking water also don't go nearly far enough at 1,000 parts per trillion.

"If you want to protect children against immunotoxicity, you have to go down to a limit of about one part per trillion or below," he said.

Health Canada said in a statement to CBC Radio that in setting drinking-water guidelines, it has "conducted a thorough review of all relevant animal studies and epidemiological studies."

Asked to explain why it hasn't taken a more stringent approach, Health Canada said that although epidemiological evidence has shown an association between the exposure to two common early-generation PFAS and dysfunctions of the immunological system, "it was deemed insufficient to reach a conclusion about a causal relationship."

Arctic inhabitants particularly at risk

Because these chemicals accumulate in the body, concentrations get higher as they move up the food chain, said Amila De Silva, a scientist at Environment and Climate Change Canada, who has a PhD in environmental chemistry.

It's one of the reasons why people living in Canada's Arctic, who eat marine animals such as seals and belugas, are among the most vulnerable to PFAS chemicals.

"What's going on in the industrialized nations is having a direct impact on us, on our food, and we are consuming the contaminants. It's on our dinner plates," said Lucy Grey, the Inuit research adviser for the Kativik Regional Government in northern Quebec.

"People were saying, 'Stop eating the belugas.' But you can't really do that either, because now you're taking away the nutritional value. And understand the importance, culturally and traditionally. Then you're going to replace it with what? Store-bought foods that are very expensive?"

You can be in the cleanest place on Earth ... and still, if we scoop up some of that snow, there's PFAS in there. - Amila De Silva

And that's not the only way these chemicals reach people in the Arctic. Ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns deposit pollutants, including PFAS, from elsewhere on the globe to the areas on the planet's two poles.

"You can be in the cleanest place on Earth - the cleanest place on Earth is 2,000 metres above sea level on an ice mountain on Devon Island, and still, if we scoop up some of that snow, there's PFAS in there," De Silva said.

In 2014, Melanie Lemire, an environmental epidemiologist at Laval University in Quebec City, discovered high levels of a certain PFAS in Indigenous children in Quebec's northwestern region.

Since then, she's turned her research attention north to Nunavik, where she and her colleagues conducted a biomonitoring study on PFAS levels in pregnant women.

"Several of these chemicals are very harmful for the development of the child, so that the pregnancy period is a key time for prevention," said Lemire, who holds a PhD in environmental science.

PFAS chemicals can pass the placental barrier to reach the baby and also get into breast milk.

Lemire compared their results from pregnant women in Nunavik to PFAS levels in women around the same age from elsewhere in the country. The pregnant mothers in Nunavik had overall PFAS levels double those of others.

Firefighting hot spots

Every airport in Canada of a certain size is legally required to have a firefighting crew on standby, and those crews have to practice.

But the firefighting foam that airports used exclusively until 2019, and that many likely still use, often contained a cocktail of PFAS chemicals. It was great for putting out aircraft fires. Unfortunately, it was also great at leaching into local groundwater.

There could be as many as 152 to 420 contaminated airports around Canada, according to a 2018 study.

On top of those, military bases are also known to be sources of PFAS contamination. The Canadian Department of National Defence says there are 26 different military properties across the country where PFAS contamination is either suspected or confirmed.

Places such as Lac Megantic, Que., where a parked train rolled into town and exploded back in 2013, and Smiths Falls, Ont., where there was a fire at nearby Rideau Valley Marketplace in 2016, are also local PFAS hot spots.

That has implications for the health of people living in these areas whose groundwater becomes affected but also for firefighters.

Back in 2012, Lt. Heather Buren from the San Francisco Fire Department learned of the risk to her and other firefighters stemming from years of direct exposure to PFAS and other toxic chemicals they encounter.

In that year alone, five of her local female firefighting colleagues developed breast cancer.

"I went through the whole process of helping [with] treatment for one of my friends and co-worker firefighter," Buren said. "And it brought her to her knees, and it ... made me start to look up and have to turn and face, I guess, you'd really call it a fear. I mean, of course, right, a fear of getting sick and wondering, 'Is my job causing this?'"

San Francisco has more female firefighters than any other major U.S. city. Their rate of developing breast cancer was found to be six times higher than in the U.S. general population. While some studies suggest a link between PFAS exposure and kidney, liver, breast and testicular cancers, proving direct causation is difficult.

"We also know that, among men, rates of certain cancers, including reproductive cancers, tend to be higher among firefighters than the general population," said Rachel Morello-Frosch, a professor at the University of California Berkeley who holds a PhD in environmental health sciences.

Morello-Frosch conducted a study comparing PFAS exposure among female firefighters in San Francisco to those of women who work in offices. She and her colleagues found seven of the 12 PFAS chemicals they were looking for in 70 per cent of the overall study population but 100 per cent of the firefighters, where they were present in higher levels, too.

So far, Buren remains healthy, but her results from the study were troubling.

"Some of my levels on two or three of the different ones were some of the highest in the studies," she said. "I chuckle, but it's not funny."

Effects on immune response

Although implications for vulnerable groups such as firefighters are severe at any time, the PFAS threat may be particularly pressing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dr. Grandjean's studies on toxic chemicals include their effects on immune responses such as those that occur when both children and adults receive routine vaccinations.

Essentially, his research shows exposure to these forever chemicals can hamstring the immune system's response, decreasing the amount of antibodies normally produced.

With the pandemic's arrival, Grandjean and his colleagues began to examine the connection between PFAS chemicals and severe cases of COVID-19.

Their study, which is awaiting peer review, found one PFAS chemical in particular, PFBA, seems strongly associated with severe outcomes. A 2013 autopsy study done in Spain found that the same PFAS chemical seems to accumulate in the lungs.

Grandjean's previous peer-reviewed research also found that PFAS chemicals dampen the antibody response to vaccinations, a troubling possibility as the world waits for a vaccine for the novel coronavirus.

With or without a global pandemic, Muhannad Malas of Environmental Defence said improving our record on forever chemicals will require an update to the Canadian Environment Protection Act - something the group is lobbying the federal government to do.

"I think one of the main issues is that CEPA was written in 1999. And our understanding of how chemicals impact our health was completely different back then," he said. "We need to update the legislation to meet the new science in order for us to be able to deal with those chemicals."

I think it's a human right to have the option to be healthy. - Lucy Grey

Inuit research advisor Lucy Grey in Canada's PFAS-vulnerable Arctic puts it another way.

"I think it's a human right to have the option to be healthy," she said.

"I mean, we have a right to be healthy. We have a right to eat healthy. And when there is a foreign chemical, a contaminant that we don't really know yet how it interacts with our human health ... I would rather not wait to see how bad it is."
Written by Brandie Weikle and Sonya Buyting. Produced by Sonya Buyting.

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'Forever chemicals' can have far-reaching consequences, need more regulation in Canada, scientists say | CBC Radio

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When Sandy Wynn-Stelt and her husband moved to a Christmas-tree farm in Rockford, Mich., in 1992, they thought they were buying their dream home. "It was surrounded by Christmas trees," Wynn-Stelt said. "Who doesn't want to live on a Christmas tree farm?"

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Website 4: The Opportunity Cost of Being a Student-Athlete

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Website 4: The Opportunity Cost of Being a Student-Athlete

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The article says what it is like to become a college athletics student at an NCAA member university. Athletics is not the only area where student-athletes must excel. Their grades in the classroom must also meet NCAA and individual university requirements, Moreover, there are numerous obstacles that student-athletes deal with everyday.  The stress and anxiety that they deal with when they are not playing can take a large toll on the athletes mentally. Student-athletes sacrifice a lot besides their time in order to make it to the NCAA. Many attend schools that are far from home, making it difficult to spend much time with their families and friends. Depending on the time of the year that makes travelling home nearly impossible.
Besides living with the sport they love, this article has shows to the readers how hard it is for a student-athlete to making money out of their passion. Opportunity cost exists in every decisions we make is the reason why I choose this article.

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By Patrick Sexton

From childhood, student-athletes dream of being on the biggest stage, under the lights, playing in front of thousands of screaming fans with the opportunity to be the hero for their team. But what exactly does it mean to be a student-athlete?

When it comes to athletics in the United States, a majority of athletes must attend college and play within the National Collegiate Athletic Association. This is no easy task. Athletes must dedicate years honing their athletic skills in order to be recruited by an NCAA member university.

"I don't think people fully understand how difficult it is to be a Division I student-athlete," said UW-Madison hockey player Jack Berry. "For hockey there are only 60 Division I schools and there is probably over a million youth hockey players in Canada and the United States alone.

However, athletics is not the only area where student-athletes must excel. Their grades in the classroom must also meet NCAA and individual university requirements.

"The time and work you have to put in to become good enough to be recognized and recruited is astronomical, and on top of that you have to have the grades in school to be able to get into a school. It's extremely difficult," Berry said.

For fans and supporters of college athletics, student-athletes seem to be living an incredible life, attending a quality academic institution, playing the sport they love while also living the life of a college student. However, there are numerous obstacles that student-athletes deal with on a daily basis. The stress and anxiety that they deal with when they are not playing can take a large toll on the athletes mentally.

One student-athlete, Steen Cooper, felt stressed from having to attend hours of practice, only to not play during games.

"I initially went to Minnesota State University-Mankato to play hockey, but after my freshman year I was consistently being held out of the lineup," said Cooper. "Going to the rink every day to workout, practice and watch video only to watch my team play from the stands on the weekend was extremely stressful and it took a huge toll on me mentally."

After being held out of the lineup of the Division I school, Cooper ultimately decided to transfer to University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, a Division III school, so he could get back to playing the game he loved.

Being a college student is difficult enough on its own. Students have to register for classes, complete their schoolwork, manage a social life and possibly get a job.

Student-athletes must manage all of these aspects of a regular college student on top of all of their athletic requirements. UW-Madison hockey player Seamus Malone said this is extremely difficult.

"Between workouts, practices, video and treatment, we probably spend around 5 hours a day at the rink," said Malone. "That time restricts what classes you can take, when you can take them and just your overall energy levels."

"It can be really tough to try and find the energy to get your homework done at night after a full day of class, workouts, practice, video and treatment. It's exhausting."

While student-athletes do attend college for athletics, they are still full-time college students. UW-Madison Senior Associate Athletic Director Jason King believes this is extremely important.

"I'm a little bit old school. I do believe in the philosophy that student-athletes come to the University of Wisconsin to get an education first and that's their number one priority, or should be their number one priority," said King.

King acknowledges that the time demands that come with being an NCAA student-athlete are extreme. He said that Wisconsin and the NCAA as a whole are continuously working to improve.

"I would say that student-athletes in this day and age spend a ton of time honing their craft and are in the gym and reviewing video and things like that, so there are significant time demands associated with being a student-athlete," said King.

"I think, quite honestly, in the last few years the NCAA and college athletics is moving in the right direction," said King. "We started providing cost-of-attendance for student-athletes to put a few more dollars into student-athletes pockets and we now provide a student-athlete breakfast and dinner for all student-athletes everyday."

Student-athletes sacrifice a lot besides their time in order to make it to the NCAA. Many attend schools that are far from home, making it difficult to spend much time with their families and friends. Depending on the time of year that student-athletes are in season, finding time to travel home is extremely difficult.

Former student-athlete current member of the National Hockey League's Colorado Avalanche Tyson Jost found difficulty spending time at home due to his school schedule. Jost played hockey at the University of North Dakota, but was from St. Albert, Alberta. Jost could only return home for Christmas for five or six days, and in the summer for a month, because he had to be at school for workouts, practices and summer classes.

"I grew up with a single mom and she's my rock. To only be able to see her for like a month out of the year was really hard on both of us," Jost said.

Student-athletes do receive incredible opportunities at the NCAA level, from athletic scholarships for a college education, to provided meals, to cost-of-attendance stipends. Along with these incredible opportunities, student-athletes must also make incredible sacrifices. From the time they are young children, they must dedicate thousands of hours honing their athletic skills, academic prowess and lose time with family and friends.

Not everyone can be a student-athlete. It requires extreme dedication, a potential financial burden and a near guarantee of adversity in the form of physical and mental obstacles. That is the opportunity cost of being a student-athlete.
Cost-of-attendance While many NCAA schools have begun to provide cost-of-attendance for their student-athletes, there is not an equal amount provided to each student-athlete. At institutions that do provide cost-of-attendance, the amount that student-athletes receive is dependent on each individual school's financial policies. Not all NCAA member schools provide cost-of-attendance, according to University of Nebraska-Omaha hockey player and current professional Luc Snuggerud. "When I was at UNO, cost-of-attendance was something the boys talked about in the locker room all the time," said Snuggerud. "I was fortunate to be on full scholarship but many of my teammates weren't and since being a student-athlete was essentially our full-time job, we all could've used the extra cash." for student-athletes is what allows individual NCAA schools to provide student-athletes with additional funds outside of what a scholarship covers. The rule was approved in January of 2015 and was adopted by the 65 schools in the Atlantic Coast, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12 and Southeastern conferences.

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The Opportunity Cost of Being a Student-Athlete

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By Patrick Sexton From childhood, student-athletes dream of being on the biggest stage, under the lights, playing in front of thousands of screaming fans with the opportunity to be the hero for their team. But what exactly does it mean to be a student-athlete? When it comes to athletics in the United States, a majority...

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Video 3: Opportunity Cost - Formula & Analysis 

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Video 3: Opportunity Cost - Formula & Analysis 

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Opportunity cost can also be defined as the benefit or value you give up by picking one course of action over another. Opportunity Cost = Return on Most Profitable Investment Choice - Return on Investment Chosen to pursue. Opportunity cist analysis is an important tool in making business decisions, including determining a business capital structure, or how a business finances its operations, usually a mix of short and long-term loan, as well as equity. However, since opportunity cost analysis looks at the future, it is important to be very realistic about underlying assumptions.
I found out that not understanding the concept of opportunity cost is important, but also knowing how to analyze the possibility and calculate it is essential too

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The image expresses how an opportunity cost would cut off the profit if it is not carefully analyzed. Take application of chemical in daily life as an example. In the past,  scientists introduced to public a dying chemical, later then discovered that the chemical affect the consumer and make them die.  As a result, many of the manufacturer had to close their factory because of the discovery.

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The image expresses the importance of opportunity cost when taken account for deciding between options. Overall, the two doors are pretty much the same with the same font of writing on the door and also the materials. However, the only difference is the position of the door knock

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1. What did you learn about your topic that surprised you the most 

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1. What did you learn about your topic that surprised you the most 

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When researching about example of opportunity course in many aspect of life. I am quite surprise to think that science and technology is the most challenging to analyze exactly the opportunity cost as the problem could only be discovered in the future technology, not by current science.

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2. Provide a real-life example of how this topic is relevant or interesting for you? 

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2. Provide a real-life example of how this topic is relevant or interesting for you? 

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A real life example I can think of while searching about opportunity course is choosing a program at college for future career. It is relevant to me as finding a job after school is extremely important, and by consider opportunity cost, helps me choose a better a program to fit my studying ability also making sure that I could get a job afterward

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3. If you could pass on your knowledge to a family member or friend, what do you think is the most important thing to pass on?

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3. If you could pass on your knowledge to a family member or friend, what do you think is the most important thing to pass on?

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In my opinion, the most important thing about Opportunity Cost that other people should be aware of is that everything you do has a cost. Considering that opportunity cost to have wise decisions in your life