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King Hamlet watched his son throughout the beginning of the play and had spoken to him on a few occasions. He watched the interaction between Hamlet and Gertrude. He didn't die like the others, but he did admit he had sins that he didn't repent before he was poisoned by Claudius. So, maybe he was super secretive before and this is kind of karma in a sense.

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Claudius spying on Hamlet and Ophelia behind arras

Claudius hired Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to watch on Hamlet

Claudius died from being stabbed by Hamlet with the poisoned sword and forces him to drink down the rest of the poisoned wine.

Gertrude was apart of Claudius' spying plans and was also apart of Polonius' spying plan in her bedroom

Gertrude died from drinking poisoned drink

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Hamlet watching Claudius during the play

Hamlet and Horatio watching Ophelia's burial

Dies from getting hit by Laertes' blade that had poison on the tip.

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Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were always watching Hamlet and reporting to Claudius

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern died from being killed by English Ambassadors after Hamlet altered the letter Claudius sent to England to kill Hamlet.

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"Everyone who spied...DIED" -Madysen  (9:56 pm on 11/22/20)

In Hamlet, spying is viewed as sinful which makes sense why people you know bleugh. Spying on others coincides with deceit which results in negative consequences *cough cough* such as death.

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Dramatic irony- The audience already is aware that Claudius is guilty of murdering his brother. Dramatic irony is used for suspense to keep the audience engaged waiting for the character to realize what they have known. During the play, Hamlet observes Claudius to see if he can get a guilty reaction out of him for killing his father because Hamlet still doesn't know for certain if Claudius is at fault.

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Frued and Repressed Desires (2nd Bullet Point)

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Frued and Repressed Desires (2nd Bullet Point)

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Steve
This can be interpreted as the audience partaking in their repressed desires. Eavesdropping and/or spying on others is a guilty pleasure that  they can partake in by watching a play.

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I am assuming that Iago set up this confrontation to enjoy the the distress of others. He plots and schemes just to prove he is brilliant.

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Another Shakespearean text that connects to this motif of spying/voyeurism is Othello.  For example in Act IV, scene i, Othello watches Iago's conversation with Cassio dealing with Cassio's whore/prostitute Bianca. Othello thinks the conversation is about Desdemona, while Cassio believes it is about Bianca. Unfortunately, Bianca storms in with Desdemona's handkerchief and throws it at Cassio. Desdemona is Othello's wife. As a result of this misconception, Othello wants to kill Cassio and Desdemona for her unfaithfulness.

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Symbol- A play in a play ("Murder of Gonzago"/"Mousetrap") is used to symbolize Claudius and Gertrude's guilt. For Claudius it is killing his brother. For Gertrude, it is becoming unfaithful/incestuous.

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Shianne
Polonius Watching Hamlet and Ophelia

"Take this from this, if this be otherwise. / If circumstances lead me, I will find / Where the truth is hid, though it were hid, indeed, / Within the center." (Hamlet 2.2.168-171)

- Polonius's eagerness to watch his daughter applies to voyeurism. He continuously watches Hamlet and Ophelia to report to Claudius and have an influence on Hamlet. The influence he has is to have control over knowledge Hamlet himself does not know, including the fact that Claudius was watching him and that his family knew he was mad.
Hamlet Speaking to Ophelia About Morality

"God hath given you one face, and you / make yourselves another."(Hamlet 3.1.155-156)

- Hamlet speaks to Ophelia about her own morality despite being someone who has watched others himself. Hamlet, saying that one may be two faced based on what they believe versus what their morals should be. Hamlet saying this applies to watching and its affects on others, including the negative affect it has on a character and a state as a whole.
Ghost Hamlet Watching Hamlet and Gertrude

"Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works. / Speak to her, Hamlet." (Hamlet 3.4.130-131)

- The Ghost watches Hamlet and influences him throughout the play, which applies to watching. By giving Hamlet advice about his mother based on his observations of Denmark, another negative connotation is given to watching, which is that someone will always know another's own secrets. Hamlet also derives a conclusion about revenge from his Ghost father's words, which show that watching is not the best way to get information or get the exact truth, which can be applied to the deaths of characters due to their watching.

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Steve + Shianne

There was an elaborate network of spies tasked with the longevity of queen Elizabeth. This may have not influenced Shakespeare's writing because the act of being a spy was to be secret. But the acts of espionage and watching other people were just as prevalent in his era as it is in ours today. https://www.history.com/news/queen-elizabeth-spy-network-england

Shakespeare essentially forces the audience to partake in spying or voyeurism, because the plays are performed before their very eyes. The purpose of a play is so that it may be watched. This is used to introduce dramatic irony, but at the same time, it pushes this idea of spying, because the audience takes part in it with the character.

Renaissance - During the new enlightenment era, people were developing new ideas on life. New ideas included religious differences, changes in art and views on society. Shakespeare's point of view influenced his audience by showing them the novelty in which people viewed others with. Shakespeare used different characters throughout Hamlet to show different purposes in watching, which related to the time.

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Steve
The psychology of spying, particularly voyeurism.

People tare typically aroused by watching others engage in sexual acts

Participants in a study reported a willingness to watch an attractive person undress if they would not be caught

Many people base their willingness to watch on their chances of being caught.

Voyeurs are more commonly men (which was very well displayed in the play)

Source: Psychology Today (Click on image to see full text)

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Do you enjoy R-rated movies with steamy sex scenes? Most people do. There's a little bit of voyeur in all of us.

Do you ever wear tight, form-fitting, or revealing clothing to show off some aspect of your body? Many people do from time to time at the beach, the gym, or socially. There's a little bit of exhibitionist in most of us, too.

But how many people are really deeply into watching sex or exposing themselves in public? That's been a mystery, but a Swedish study has investigated the issue, providing what, as far as I know, are the only real data on the subject.

Researchers at the Karolinska Institute (the university that awards Nobel Prizes) surveyed a random sample of 2,450 Swedes age 18 to 60. Seventy-six (3.1 percent) reported at least one incident of feeling sexually aroused by exposing their genitals to a stranger. Men were more exhibitionistic than women (4.1 percent vs. 2.1 percent).

One hundred ninety-one (7.7 percent) reported at least one incident of being sexually aroused by spying on others having sex. Again, men were more voyeuristic (11.5 percent vs. 3.9 percent).

It's no surprise that men are more voyeuristic than women. Voyeurs are called peeping Toms, not peeping Teresas. The audience for pornography is clearly voyeuristic, and according to porn industry estimates, 80 percent of pornography is viewed by men solo (usually with one hand busy). In the study, the single best predictor of voyeurism was frequent use of porn.

Compared with the population as a whole, voyeurs and exhibitionists are more sexually active. According to the study, they are more easily aroused, masturbate more often, and have partner sex more frequently. They're more sexual in general, so they're apparently more interested in exploring the fringes of sexual expression.

It's risky to be an exhibitionist and/or voyeur. In most places, it's illegal. It also invites derision, for example, the moniker "dirty old man." But in some places, voyeurism and exhibitionism are not only legal, but encouraged-at nude beaches, sex clubs, and swing clubs. In addition, several festivals celebrate voyeurism and exhibitionish, among them, Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Nudes-a-Poppin' in Indiana, and Fantasy Fest in Key West. I suspect there must be others. Anyone know of any?

Nude beaches, Mardi Gras, Nudes-a-Poppin', and Fantasy Fest are all about exhibitionism, with topless or naked women (and some men) enthusiastically flaunting it for eager men and their cameras. But these venues do not involve true voyeurism because voyeurism involves more than gazing at nudity, it means watching people having sex. For that, you have to visit sex or swing clubs.

Most major metropolitan areas and several rural locales have at least one swing club and one sex club. Many have more than one. Swing clubs typically admit only couples, and many sex clubs have one night a week reserved for couples. But most sex clubs admit singles and make their money from single men. Where I live, in San Francisco, a major sex club is the Power Exchange, which began as a BDSM club and still maintains a play dungeon in the basement, but it also has two other floors full of couches, beds, and little rooms and nooks where nookie is encouraged and can be observed.

The night I visited the Power Exchange-as part of a "field trip" during a sexology meeting-there were maybe a few couples in various stages of getting it on, being watched by dozens of men, many of whom openly masturbated. Admission to the Power Exchange costs $20 for couples but $40 for single men. Bowls of condoms were everywhere, and monitors circulated to make sure no women felt harassed. According to the staff, many patrons, both couples and single men, are out-of-towners, tourists attending conventions who want to play or watch people playing far from home where they're unlikely to run into anyone they know.

It's not clear if the Swedish results reflect the prevalence of voyeurism and exhibitionism in the U.S., but I suspect they do. Everyone who has ever seen an R-rated movie is at least a little voyeuristic, and sex clubs couldn't survive without a steady stream of exhibitionists to attract the crowds of high-paying single men.

Are you voyeuristic? Exhibitionistic? Have you ever visited a swing club or sex club? I'd be interested in hearing about your experiences-and I bet many other Psychology Today readers would, too.

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Voyeurism And Exhibitionism: How Common Are They?

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Do you enjoy R-rated movies with steamy sex scenes? Most people do. There's a little bit of voyeur in all of us. Do you ever wear tight, form-fitting, or revealing clothing to show off some aspect of your body? Many people do from time to time at the beach, the gym, or socially.

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Definition of Voyeurism: (noun)
1. the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity.
2. enjoyment from seeing the pain or distress of others.
Connotations of Voyeurism: There is a negative connotation with voyeurism because it is an intrusive act and being a voyeur is to be known as being a perv. A voyeur is a person who likes to see things which should be private, it's not necessarily sexual, though that is the common meaning.

Voyeurism Presented in Hamlet:

In Act III, (for now Scene 1) it is apparent that Polonius is fascinated with Hamlet and Ophelia's relationship so much that he must spy on them behind the arras with Claudius. After words, he then proposes the idea to eavesdrop on Hamlet and Gertrudes' discussion to find out what Hamlet's secret/reason for Hamlet's madness However, Polonius thinks the reason for Hamlet's madness is his love life so he is eavesdropping on all these discussions to hear about Hamlet's love life which is weird. Polonius be giving me peeping Tom vibes.

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Madysen Phillips

Definition of Spying: (verb)
1. work for a government or other organization by secretly collecting information about enemies or competitors.
2. observe (someone) furtively.
Connotations of Spying: For the most part, there is a negative connotation with spying because people view the act of spying as mischievous, secretive, and spies as untrustworthy people. However, a person's career has an impact on how one views a spy such as a FBI agent. People view FBI agents as cool and heroic because their mission is to protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States.

Spying Presented in Hamlet:

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were always spying on Hamlet to report back to King Claudius (the government). In Hamlet, spying is viewed as shameful and immoral which results in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's inevitable death.

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Steve
Before Polonius died, due to his spying, he loved to eavesdrop. He would surveil Hamlet and be very forthcoming with knowledge when speaking to Claudius. He died from being stabbed by Hamlet

Hired someone to watch his son Laertes

Polonius behind the arras

Claudius and Polonius watching Hamlet interact with Ophelia