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El Rio Fuerte is located in Mexico in the state of Sinaloa.  It is home to the beaded lizard.

Waters of the river, controlled in part by the Hidalgo Dam, are used for extensive irrigation projects on the gulf lowlands around Los Mochis. EL Rio Fuerte is a fluvial landform.   This river has been around for more than 10000 years.  The rock that are found here are igneous rocks which are Granite, Basalt, Pumice, Gabbro, and Diorite.

It flows generally southwest for a distance of 290 kilometers (180 mi), with its river mouth on the Gulf of California at Lechuguilla Island, 43 kilometers (27 mi) west of the city of Los Mochis
https://youtu.be/KaZgz0UZduM

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Cusarare Waterfall is a beautiful erosional landform located on the Sierra Tarahumara in Chihuahua Mexico. The rocks present here are hard rock on top of a softer sedimentary rock.

'Cusarare' meaning 'Place of the Eagles' to the Raramui and is home of the Golden eagle which is a majestic bird only found in the rural areas.  Ancient ruins and cave dwellings are nearby which brings many tourists to see this wonder.
It is known that this waterfall was already present in the early 1500 when some of the first Spaniards came to this indigenous area.  This waterfall could be around 10000 years old.  This waterfall is 98 feet tall.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=5525B0EB74F23D6A7DC35525B0EB74F23D6A7DC3&q=cusarare

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Copper Canyon/Barrancas del Cobre is located in the state of Chihuahua in northwestern Mexico.  It is part of a group of six other distinct Canyons.  It has six rivers that flow  and drain into the western side of Sierra Tarahumara and into the Rio Fuerte in California.

This area is covered in metamorphic rocks which are physically and metamorphically changed due to exposure of extremely high temperatures.   This is a Canyon which means it was cause by erosion from a river a long time ago.
New Spanish arrived in the Copper Canyon area in the 17th century and encountered the indigenous locals throughout Chihuahua. For the New Spanish, America was a new land to explore for gold and silver and also to spread Christianity. This canyon was already there when the Spanish conquistadors arrived.

https://youtu.be/wVbwYlZmoOA

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Waitomo Glowworm Caves, New Zealand: Kimberly Richardson

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Waitomo Glowworm Caves, New Zealand: Kimberly Richardson

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Precise Location: Waitomo Caves is situated some 7 miles (7.5 mile) northwest of the town of Te Kuiti in the King Country region of the North Island of New Zealand in a small village coincidently named Waitomo Caves.

Landform- Cave

About- The caves have been a tourist attraction since discovered in 1887 by Maori Chief Tane Tanorau and British surveyor Fred Mace. There are two levels to the caves – upper and lower. While the lower level is flooded and generally accessed by boat, the upper level is dry and features impressive rock formations such as the Banquet Chamber, the Pipe Organ and the Catacombs. Most guided tours journey through these caves, as well as an area known as ‘The Cathedral’. The Cathedral, situated on the lower level, is famed for its outstanding acoustics and once housed a performance by the famous New Zealand opera singer Kiri Te Kanawa.
The feature that brings tourists here year after year are the glow worms that give it the name. They bring spectacular color and splendor to the caves. Waitomo Cave’s famous glow worms are also known as Arachnocampa luminosa. They are carnivores, but can survive without food for weeks, sometimes even months. When they do finally eat, they catch midges, flies and mosquitos by setting a sticky mucus trap. Something super cool about them is the fact that they only show themselves in almost total darkness.

Age- They are approximately 30 million years old, formed during the Oligocene period by a combination of natural phenomena. While I could not find the precise phenomena mentioned anywhere, one can assume it had to do with a spring breaking through limestone as “Waitomo” means “water” in Maori. Maori is one of the native languages of New Zealand, and from the Maori tribe.

Type of Rock- Sedimentary as the caves are limestone.

Video- https://youtu.be/QjqGlLVIAtg

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Possum Kingdom Lake : (Kimberly Richardson)

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Possum Kingdom Lake : (Kimberly Richardson)

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Location:

The foothills of Palo Pinto mountains, less than 90 miles West of Fort Worth, Texas

About- The lake was built in late 1930’s, finished in 1941, after the Morris Shepard Dam was completed. This was during the era of the Works Progress Administration who built many lakes, parks and public places. One specific feature of the lake and probably the most well-known is Hell’s Gate.

Hell’s Gate- Hell’s Gate is defined by the two giant cliffs that stand guard over the entry to a cove on the south end of Possum Kingdom Lake. One of these cliffs, Devil’s Island, serves as the first location for the Red Bull Cliff Diving event held every summer at the lake. An old channel of the Brazos River cut a gap in a sandstone formation in the Possum Kingdom area. Water from the impounded Possum Kingdom Lake covered the area and created this spectacular scene when the Morris Shepard Dam was built by the W.P.A. for flood control. It is approximately 92 feet or 28 meters in height.

Type of Rock- Sedimentary

Age- Approximately 80 years

Type of landform-  Man-made lake or reservoir and Hell’s Gate is known as the Clearwater Plateau, although some people refer to it as two cliffs, they are in fact plateaus.

Video- https://youtu.be/5x3BILtuvuM This is a travel/tourist video, however it was the only video I could find that talked about both the lake and Hell’s Gate formation. It gets a bit goofy at one point, but the aerial views are very nice.

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Jacob’s Well, Wimberley, Texas: Kimberly Richardson

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Jacob’s Well, Wimberley, Texas: Kimberly Richardson

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Jacob’s Well is an artesian spring and is the second largest fully submerged cave in Texas that flows from the bed of Cypress Creek. It is considered to be one of the most significant natural geological areas in the Texas Hill Country. The spring delivers several thousand gallons of water per minute.
Cave divers discovered it consist of two principal conduits, or passageways. One measures approximately 4,500 from the surface with a maximum depth of 137 feet. The second one extends about 1,000 feet from the point where it diverges from the main conduit. Allegedly, some of the deeper caves in the well have such narrow openings that you have to remove your oxygen tank to get inside. As a result of these dangers , the caves under Jacob’s Well have claimed the lives of numerous divers since the early 1900s. Despite this, it continues to attract new divers every year. At least a dozen divers have died.

Type of Rock- Sedimentary

Type of Landform- Underwater Cave/Artesian Spring

Formation-It was formed when a perpetual artesian spring eroded a thick layer of limestone forming a pool that has been used as a swimming hole since at least the early 1900’s. The exact age of the cave/spring however I cannot find information on.

Video: https://youtu.be/srE_u9CmIso

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The Congo River is located in west-central Africa with a length of 2,900 miles. It is the continent second longest river. It rises in the highlands of northeastern Zambia between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyssa. The Congo River flows out of equatorial zones where heavy rainfalls occur almost all of the year.

The Congo River was formed by the waters of the Lualaba River and the Chambeshi River. The headwaters of Cogo bein in the East African Rift. The river was formed 1.5- 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene period. Igneous and metamorphic are basement rocks in the Congo River.

Video Link: https://youtu.be/XMbeQT8Nzxo

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The Great Rift Valley is mostly in Kenya, it starters in Tanzania in the south and runs north into Ethiopia. The climate is mild with temperatures usually below 28 degrees. The great rift Valley is 3,000 miles long and is the largest valley in the world. A valley is the type of landform that region is lown land between hills, mountains, or other highlands.

The Great Rift Valley was formed when a meteor struck and left a gaping hole in the earth. Geologists know that the Great Rift Valley was formed by violent terranean forces. The valley was formed approximately 35 million years ago. The Great Rift Valley is a metamorphic landform.

Video Link: https://youtu.be/_bfonjIvhOU

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The Atlas Mountains are a series of mountain ranges in northwestern Africa. They generally are southwest to northeast from the geologic backbone of the countries of Maghrib, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The mountains extended more than 1,200 miles from Moroccan port to Tunisian. The mountains have high points that reach 4,167 meters.

The Atlas mountain system takes the shape of an extended oblong, enclosing within its ranges a vast complex of plains and plateaus. The Atlas Mountain is an igneous rock that was formed between 66 and 1.8 million years ago during the Paleogene and Neogene period. The Atlas mountain is elevated by plateaus rock.

Video Link: https://youtu.be/VQUAKHaK0pg

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LOCATION:  Stretches 350 kilometers from the edge of Melbourne, Australia to the western border of Victoria, Australia.

HOW OLD: They are about 1 million years old.

TYPE OF LANDFORM: Volcanic basaltic rock formation.

HOW IS IT FORMED: Formed by the cooling and cracking of volcanic lava. The valley walls of Jacksons Creek expose Pleistocene volcanic rock of the New Volcanic Group. These basalt lavas, commonly known as trap rock, fractured during cooling into vertically standing, hexagonal basalt columns.

TYPE OF OF ROCK: The Organ Pipes themselves are formed of the hard, dark rock called basalt, a volcanic rock derived from lava. Much of the basalt is pocketed with small air bubbles.

FACTS:
(Organ Pipes National Park)

Over the last one to two million years, the slow cutting by Jackson Creek of its valley down into the basaltic plains and through the underlying trap rock exposed these geological structures.

The bottom of the valley of Jackson Creek also exposes a prehistoric buried creek valley, which is cut into 400 million year-old mudstones and sandstones.

The bottom of this buried valley contains ancient creek gravel. Both the ancient river valley and the Silurian sedimentary rock lies buried beneath the basaltic volcanic rocks of the New Volcanic Group.

Marine fossils found in the Silurian sedimentary rock demonstrate that they accumulated beneath a prehistoric ocean.

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqioQc9VGDQ

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The Grand Canyon of Texas!

LOCATION: Texas Panhandle near the cities of Amarillo, Tx and Canyon, Tx.

HOW OLD: about 250 million years old.

TYPE OF LANDFORM: a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment.

HOW IT IS FORMED: Palo Duro Canyon was formed by millions of years of water erosion by the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River and the West Texas wind.

TYPE OF ROCK: sedimentary rock

FACTS:

Palo Duro Canyon is the second-largest canyon in the United States, it is roughly 120 miles long and has an average width of 6 miles, but reaches a width of 20 mi at places.

The natural vegetation of the canyon consists of a variety of grasses and other xerophytic vegetation such as prickly pear, yucca, mesquite, and juniper. Cottonwood, willow, and salt cedar grow along the banks of Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1P7npb1-KGU

Erosion- the gradual destruction of something by natural forces (such as water, wind, or ice)

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LOCATION: about 1,000 km off the cost of  continental Ecuador

Facts:

The Galapagos are composed of 127 islands, islets and rocks, of which 19 are large islands and 4 are inhabited.

There have been several volcanic eruptions in the islands over the past 100 years; the most recent being that of the Sierra Negra volcano on the Isabella Island in 2018.

Being located near the equator the days and nights are of equal duration.

The Islands are in constant Flux. The oldest islands are gradually sinking back into the ocean, but the youngest ones are on the rise.

HOW OLD: Initially formed between 3 million and 5 million years ago

TYPE OF LANDFORM: Islands

HOW IS IT FORMED: The islands are formed by the juncture of three tectonic plates: the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca.

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bV0F0sjNSAU

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Location: Cambodja and Southern Vietnam

The Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam is a vast maze of rivers, swamps and islands, home to floating markets, Khmer pagodas and villages surrounded by rice paddies.

The Mekong is one of the longest rivers in the world. It originates at the Tibetan Plateau and flows nearly 3000 km in south eastern direction. The Mekong Delta is generally regarded as beginning at Phnom Penh in Cambodja, where the Mekong river meets the Tonle Sap river, and the Bassac River branches.

The Mekong’s flow comes chiefly from rainfall in its lower basin, which fluctuates seasonally with the monsooon winds. In April the flow is ordinarily at its lowest. In May or June—as the rain-bearing southerly monsoon winds arrive—the flow begins to increase, with an especially rapid increase in the eastern and northern highlands. The Mekong’s highest water levels occur as early as August or September in the upper reaches and as late as October in the southern reaches.

Granite samples collected from the Mekong River Valley reveal that the river's path was formed roughly 17 million years ago, most likely by increased erosion from monsoon precipitation.

A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ).

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzdJIhd98gM&t=97s

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Location: Victoria, Australia

The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia.

The Twelve Apostles were formed by erosion. The harsh and extreme weather conditions from the Southern Ocean gradually erode the soft limestone to form caves in the cliffs, which then become arches that eventually collapse, leaving rock stacks up to 50 m (160 ft) high.

The Twelve Apostles were formed 20 million years ago. Now, they are a popular tourist attraction. Unfortunately, one apostle or stack of limestone collapsed in 2005, but eight remain standing.

The Twelve Apostles are sedimentary because of the limestone that they are made out of. Limestone is a sedimentary rock.

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCe4diTfzRk

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Location: Tanzania, Africa

Mount Kilimanjaro formed as a result of the active continental rifting and is comprised of three volcanic cones. Volcanic activity is thought to have commenced around 1 million years ago when molten lava began to burst through fractures created by the progressively thinning lithosphere.

Mount Kilimanjaro is made up of ash, lava, and rock, with large quantities of basalts and andesites. It began to form nearly 750,000 years ago when molten lava erupted through the Earth’s crust and began to push rock and sediment upwards.

Mount Kilimanjaro is actually comprised of three separate volcanoes: Shira, Mawenzi, and Kibo. Shira was the first of the volcanoes formed and it was thus also the first to go extinct, with its last eruption occurring over 500,000 years ago.
Mount Kilimanjaro is sedimentary because of the rocks above it.

A volcano is a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust.

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrFge9-WMII

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Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah- Elizabeth Estrada

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Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah- Elizabeth Estrada

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Is an American national park located in southwestern Utah. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau.

Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce Canyon National Park is much smaller, and sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet (2,400 to 2,700 m).

The Bryce Canyon area was settled by Mormon pioneers in the 1850s and was named after Ebenezer Bryce, who homesteaded in the area in 1874.[3] The area around Bryce Canyon was originally designated as a national monument by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was redesignated as a national park by Congress in 1928. The park covers 35,835 acres (55.992 sq mi; 14,502 ha; 145.02 km2)[1] and receives substantially fewer visitors than Zion National Park (nearly 4.3 million in 2016) or Grand Canyon National Park (nearly 6 million in 2016), largely due to Bryce's more remote location. In 2018, Bryce Canyon received 2,679,478 recreational visitors, which was an increase of 107,794 visitors from the prior year.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn7Zv1ZNF4s

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Snow Monsters, Mount Zao, Japan- Elizabeth Estrada

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Snow Monsters, Mount Zao, Japan- Elizabeth Estrada

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Records of the onsen date back as far as 110 AD. A more obscure and much colder version of this pastime takes place every winter in Japan’s northern Tohoku region. Intense, relentless Siberian winds blow clouds and fog over the region’s native Maries’ fir trees, enveloping them in a thick, granular coating of ice called rime. The result: Once-verdant forests are transformed into throngs of “snow monsters,” or “juhyo,” as they’re called in Japan. Formed around Igneous rocks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEMmncTL2Vo

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The Eye of the Sahara, Mauritania Richat structure- Elizabeth Estrada

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The Eye of the Sahara, Mauritania Richat structure- Elizabeth Estrada

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It is an eroded geological dome, 40 kilometers (25 mi) in diameter, exposing sedimentary rock in layers which appear as concentric rings. Igneous rock is exposed inside and there are spectacular rhyolites and gabbros which have undergone hydrothermal alteration, and a central megabreccia. The structure is also the location of exceptional accumulations of Acheulean archaeological artifacts.

The carbonatite rocks have been dated as having cooled between 94 and 104 million years ago. A 2011 multianalytical study on the Richat megabreccias concluded that carbonates within the silica-rich megabreccias were created by low-temperature hydrothermal waters, and that the structure requires special protection and further investigation of its origin

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcB7Dr44HOk

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Shenandoah National Park is located in Virginia. It was established in 1935 and completed by the beginning of WWI. In the early 20th century, America’s national park system was born and Shenandoah National Park was established in 1935. Skyline Drive and the core of the park were completed by the beginning of WWII.  In 1976, Congress declared almost half of the park as protected wilderness.

The oldest rocks in Shenandoah National Park have survived the rise and fall of several mountain ranges. These are a complex set of igneous and metamorphic rocks whose minerals and textures preserve the story of their long and varied history. They occur mostly along the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, forming the “foundation” upon which all other rocks in the park lie. In certain places, though, these rocks extend all the way to some mountains’ summits.

They have a variety of minerals that can be distinguished with the naked eye. Feldspar generally appears white-pink and forms angular, blocky crystals with flat surfaces that reflect light. There are several types of feldspar, including plagioclase and orthoclase, but these are not always easy to distinguish without magnification. Quartz is usually clear-white and appears somewhat glassy or waxy. These two minerals make up most of the rock. Pyroxene appears as little black, blocky crystals, while biotite mica forms thin, shiny flakes. Garnets may also be present, looking like small, dark red dots within the rock. You may also notice a layered, or banded, texture to these rocks, composed of alternating zones of different minerals. This is a structure called “foliation”, which is a result of very strong deformation at high temperatures and pressures.

These rocks are mostly igneous in origin, meaning the crystals grew together as molten magma cools deep underground. During the formation of an ancient mountain range, over one billion years ago, these rocks were deformed by the incredible pressures generated by mountain building, a similar process to the formation of today’s Himalayas. This deformation resulted in the foliation (banding) that you see today, as the minerals reoriented themselves in response to these pressures. In some places, the rocks were under so much heat and pressure that they melted again, and cooled to form new igneous rocks that do not have this foliation.

Video: https://youtu.be/tQpOC9IcFOY

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Zezere Glacial Valley is located in Manteigas, Portugal. Zezere Glacial Valley is U shaped and one of the best examples of how ice moulded the mountain landscape. This glacier tongue is 13 kilometres wide and opens out through steep slopes, majestic granite rocks and finishes at the bottom of the Zêzere River valley. The unique structure of this rocky gorge embraces pasture landscapes amongst the fragas, typical mountain houses, and the town of Manteigas. The Zezere glacial valley is more than 30,000 years old.

Zezere Glacial Valley is a U-shaped valley landform. U-shaped valleys are the result of excess sediment and glacial erosion, which typically occurs in pre-existing V-shaped valleys. A glacier can take anywhere from 10,000 to 100,000 years to flatten out the bottom of a V-shaped valley and create a U-shaped valley. This erosion process occurs during periods of low temperatures, which are the result in the formation of glaciers along the mountain top. After forming, these glaciers begin to move, sliding slowly down the side of the mountains and into the valley below. Because the V-shaped valley constrains the movement of the glacier, its force is concentrated in the floor. This downward concentration of strength allows the glacier to dig into the ground, creating the flat-bottomed valley that is characteristic of U-shaped valleys. As the floor of the valley widens, the sides surrounding it are also eroded, leading to the high and steep sides seen today. Additionally, U-shaped valleys tend to be straighter than V-shaped valleys because of the non-bending movement of glaciers.

Video link: https://youtu.be/vOWFzJ0S0zc

https://youtu.be/RWBoLiihWdE

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The Putorana Plateau is located in Russia. It is a wild, uninhabited tableland the size of Nevada, cut by canyons, rivers, and waterfalls. Putorana was created 250 million years ago by a process known as plume volcanism, in which a huge body of magma rose to the surface from 1,800 miles (2,897 kilometers) inside the Earth, then erupted through fissures to form a blanket of basalt(igneous rock) 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) thick. Over millions of years cracks in the rock filled with water, forming the rivers and long, narrow lakes that distinguish the region today. Part of Putorana was designated a nature reserve in 1988, and at 7,290 square miles (18,881 square kilometers) it is the fourth largest of Russia's 134 reserves and national parks.

Though its topography is reminiscent of the plateaus and mesas of America's Southwest, Putorana is no desert. It is crisscrossed by scores of unspoiled lakes and streams teeming with arctic grayling, char, and other fish. Its valleys are thick with long-lived larch trees that shelter brown bears, moose, wolverines, and great herds of migrating reindeer. The Putorana Plateau has an elevation of 5,505 ft, length of 500mi, and width of 310 mi.

Some scientists believe the enormous quantity of magma, ash, and gases released during the creation of Putorana may have drastically altered Earth's climate, playing a role in the so-called great dying, the largest mass extinction ever, which killed off perhaps 95 percent of all ocean species and 70 percent of all land vertebrate families.

Video: https://youtu.be/H6pGdckOpxs

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Basaltic Prisms of Santa Maria- Gaby Hernandez

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Basaltic Prisms of Santa Maria- Gaby Hernandez

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Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla in Huasca de Ocampo, Hidalgo is made up of igneous rock, known as prismatic basalt, formed into a fifty meters high vertical wall of gigantic columns, decorating the walls of a gully known as Alcholoya.

This area was first geologically and graphically documented by Alexander von Humboldt in May 1803.  These basaltic prisms were formed by the accelerated cooling of lava millions of years ago. The canyon walls are lined by polygonal columns between 98 and 164-ft high. Each column has five or six sides.  The visible columns are backed by even more polygonal basalt columns. They are at the waterfall formed by the San Antonio Dam, which falls through the prisms and into the river.

These are very rare but can be seen in a few other places in the world including the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland, the Devil’s Postpile in California, and Fingal’s Cave in Scotland.

Video: https://youtu.be/VyEITafeers

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The Great Dune of Pyla is located 60km from Bordeaux in the Arcachon Bay area, France.  It happens to be the tallest sand dune in Europe. Also known as the Great Dune of Pilat, the sand dune is enormous. It measures 500m in width,3km in length, and rises to a height of 107m above sea level. It began to form more than 4,000 years ago.

This dune is relentlessly moving inwards, slowly pushing the forest back to cover houses, roads and even portions of the Atlantic Wall. The rate of the movement is discontinuous. It sometimes moves as fast as 10m in a year and sometimes very slow like less than a metre. During the last 57 years, the dune has moved some 280m, giving an annual displacement of 4.9m per year.

The Great Dune of Pyla is a sand dune which is created when wind deposits sand on top of each other until a small mound starts to form. Once that first mound forms, sand piles up on the windward side more and more until the edge of the dune collapses under its own weight. Sand dunes aren’t igneous, sedimentary, nor metamorphic, however later on sand dunes can become sedimentary rock through cementation.

Video link: https://youtu.be/eI2hdixCW50

Website: https://www.dunedupilat.com/en/the-dune/

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Mount Saint Helens is a stratovolcano located in the Cascade Range in Washington state. It is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles south of the city of Seattle and 53 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. It is the deadliest volcanic eruption in U.S. history.

Mount Saint Helens began about 40,000 years ago with dacitic volcanism, which continued intermittently until about 2,500 years ago. This activity included numerous explosive eruptions over periods of hundreds to thousands of years, which were separated by apparent dormant intervals ranging in length from a few hundred to about 15,000 years. The range of rock types erupted by the volcano changed about 2,500 years ago. Since then, Mount St. Helens repeatedly has produced lava flows of andesite, and produced basalt on at least two occasions. Other eruptions during the last 2,500 years produced: dacite and andesite pyroclastic flows and lahars as well as dacite, andesite, and basalt airfall tephra. May 18, 1980, was the last time Mount St. Helens erupted after experiencing a couple of months of earthquake activity and weak volcanic flare-ups, it erupted violently, decimating everything in its path. The 1980 volcanic explosion claimed more than 50 lives, destroyed thousands of acres of land and wiped out entire animal and plant communities

Mount St. Helens is a stratovolcano also known as composite volcano, which are conical volcanoes with steep sides composed of multiple layers of intermediate to felsic lava, ash, and other volcanic debris. Stratovolcanoes are most found commonly along subduction zones, which are boundaries between two tectonic plates where an oceanic plate is sinking into the mantle beneath another tectonic plate. They are formed from viscous lava that doesn’t flow easily causing it to build up around the vent forming the conical volcano.

Video link: https://youtu.be/AYla6q3is6w

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The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountain ranges in eastern to northeastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. They once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before experiencing natural erosion.

Along with the Rockies, the Appalachian Mountains  home to the Appalachian Trail are the most famous mountain range in the country; they extend for 1,500 miles from northeastern Alabama to the Canadian border. However, unlike the Rockies, the continent's oldest mountain range is gentler, without significant peaks or heights: The bases of the Rockies' High Plains are either as high or higher than the majority of the summits of the Appalachians. Along with their lower mountain range, the Appalachian Mountains are composed of a range of sloping ridges, crests, valleys and forests.
Although the Appalachian Mountains were once as high as the Rocky Mountains, erosion from the past 100 million years has carved down the mountains to lower ranges that lack, relatively speaking, the ruggedness or height of the Rockies. The Appalachian Mountains were originally part of the Pangaea; when the Pangaea broke apart, the Atlantic Ocean was formed, which helped accelerate the erosion of the the high mountains formed from the Pangaea. This eventually became North America's eastern coastline, with the eroded, lower mountain range becoming what we know today as the Appalachian Mountains. Divided into four main categories -- the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau -- the exposed portions of the mountains are made up of volcanic strata and Paleozoic sedimentary layers.

A significant physical characteristic of the Appalachian Mountains is its ridges: Two divisions of the range, the Blue Ridge and the Valley and Ridge, are composed of narrow, rocky formations that distinguish the mountains from surrounding valleys. The Blue Ridge separates the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge divisions of the Appalachians, while the ridges of the Valley and Ridge division are made from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks shaped by "thrust and folded" rock structures. The tops of the ridges, which are hundreds to more than a thousand feet higher than the surrounding valleys, tend to be covered by rough, jagged sandstone.
The Appalachian Mountains are surrounded by valleys, which are better purposed for human occupation than other parts of the mountain range. As top layers of the valley beds are made mostly of siltstones and shales, with some valleys supported by layers of dolomite and limestone, valleys are more easily eroded away than the tougher sandstone-covered ridges. Their top layers are softer, with more eroded rock layers, and crisscrossed by dozens of rivers, such as the New River.
Much of the Appalachian Mountains are forested, and these trees create a thick, canopy cover along the mountain range. At higher elevations, the mountains are covered by evergreen forests made up of fir and spruce, while the lower parts of the mountains include more broadleaf trees, such as beeches and oaks. The parts of the mountains not covered by trees include the highest peaks of the Northern Appalachians, and in the south where "Balds" -- as these parts are nicknamed -- are composed of open, extensive meadow lands on top of summits.

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLGJBR0SlbA

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Crater Lake is located in the western state of Oregon. The lake partly fills a 2,148-foot-deep (655 m) caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama. There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years. With a depth of 1,949 feet (594 m),the lake is the deepest in the United States.

Mount Mazama, part of the Cascade Range volcanic arc, was built up mostly of andesite, dacite, and rhyodacite over a period of at least 400,000 years. The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama. About 12 cubic miles (50 km³) of rhyodacite was erupted in this event. Since that time, all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera.

Lava eruptions later created a central platform, Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and other, smaller volcanic features, including a rhyodacite dome that was eventually created atop the central platform. Sediments and landslide debris also covered the caldera floor.

Eventually, the caldera cooled, allowing rain and snow to accumulate and form a lake. Landslides from the caldera rim thereafter formed debris fans and turbidite sediments on the lake bed. Fumaroles and hot springs remained common and active during this period. Also after some time, the slopes of the lake's caldera rim more or less stabilized, streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain, and dense forests began to revegetate the barren landscape. It is estimated that about 720 years was required to fill the lake to its present depth of 1,949 feet (594 m). Much of this occurred during a period when the prevailing climate was less moist than at present.

Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor, suggesting that at some time in the future, Mazama may erupt once again.
Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Eq-xBvLqXs

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Location: Tasman Bay / Tè Tai-o-Aorere off the northern coast of the South Island of New Zealand

About my Landform: The Split Apple Rock is made of granite from the Cretaceous. It is in the shape of the apple, which has been cut in half.

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Split Apple Rock is made of granite from the cretaceous. Granite is an igneous rock; therefore, the Split Apple Rock is made of igneous rock.

Approximately how old: The Split Apple Rock is estimated to be around 120 million years old

What type of landform: The Split Apple Rock is surrounded by an island.

How is it formed? There is an old legend, called the “Māori’ legend. This legend states that the boulder was split by two feuding gods who were fighting to possess it. Other people chalk it up to coincidence. All of that being said the real more boring answer is the water seeped through the cracks of the huge boulder. When the water froze it expanded causing the rock to split into two.

Split Apple Rock | Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand - Bing video

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Location: Arizona

About my Landform: In the Coyote Buttes ravine some 5,225 feet or around 1,590 meters above sea level, stands Arizona’s The wave. It is a sandstone structure that is stretched and a light brown color. There are very few living things here nowadays. This is a place that many people visit. It is a well-known hiking area, and that many people love to trip at. The estimated route is about 6.4 miles. An interesting fact about the wave is it originally got its name because it resembles the ocean waves.

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Wave is a sandstone structure, and sandstone is a sedimentary rock. That being said, The Wave is made of sedimentary rock.

Approximately how old: The Wave is over 180 million years old

What type of landform is it: The Wave is a ravine

How is it formed? The Wave was created during the Jurassic Period. At this time, layers of sand sandwiched laminae deposits made up of thin layers of sedimentary rock, organic tissue, and other materials. The sand lithified to form cross-bedded sandstone, and this sandstone compacted the laminae within it. The wave was created mostly by wind.

3D Hike to The Wave at Coyote Buttes - Paria Canyon, Arizona - Bing video

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Location:  Scotland

About my Landform: Situated on the uninhabited island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides, Argyll, is the Fingal’s Caves. The Fingal’s Caves are 72 feet tall and 270 feet deep. It has  hexagonal columns of basalt shaped in neat six-sided pillars that make up its interior walls.  The fractured column forms a walkway just above the water level for visitors. This allows them to go deep inside the cave to explore. The Fingal’s Cave was discovered in 1772 by British sailors stopping at Staffa to get water.

Is it igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic: The Fingal Caves are made of basalt columns. Basalt is primarily formed by the extrusion of lava flows onto the surface of the earth during a volcanic eruption. The basalt that the Fingal Caves are made of igneous rock.

Approximately how old: The Fingal’s Cave was created some 60 million years ago by the very same ancient lava flow that created the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland.

What type of landform: The Fingal's Cave is a sea Cave

How is it formed? The Fingal’s Cave is formed entirely from a hexagonally jointed basalt column within a Paleocene lava flow. In this case it involved cooling on the upper and lower surfaces of the solidified lava which resulted in contraction and fracturing.

Fingal's Cave - Bing video

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The world’s highest lake navigable to large vessels, lying at 12,500 feet above sea levels in the Andes Mountains of South America, astride the border between Peru to the west and Bolivia to the east.
Lake Titicaca is a geological wonder formed during the pre-ice age about sixty million years ago.
The lake was formed when massive earthquakes shook the Andes Mountains splitting the range in two and forming a hollow that eventually got filled with water from the melting glaciers, creating bodies of water and ultimately rivers and the immense Lake Titicaca.
There are many ways that lakes are formed.  Many lakes such as Lake Titicaca were formed by glaciers which have left behind a bowl-shaped depression which fill with water.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_hnJr-5DX0

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Location:
Cannon Beach, Oregon

What Is It & How Did It Form?
Haystack rock is made from the igneous rock basalt that formed from magma of the Grande Ronde mountains. After the basalt formed wave erosion eroded the basalt and haystack rock was formed. Haystack rock originated from the Colombian river basalts but is now considered part of the Grande Ronde basalt formation. Haystack rock is a sea stack located at cannon beach, Oregon. The tide pools around the rock are home to many intertidal animals one of which is the starfish. During the low tide you can reach haystack rock from the beach.

The lava flowed through low-lying valleys and over the smaller Cascade Mountain Range. As it reached the ocean shore, it sank down into the soft sediments, cooling and hardening into thick black basalt. Over the millions of years that followed, tectonic plate movement pushed the basalt formation upwards, and erosion carved away the softer sediments and stones, leaving the dramatic rocky coastline that is still in transition today.

Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic?
Haystack rock is made from the igneous rock basalt.

How Old?
Composed of basalt, Haystack Rock was formed by lava flows emanating from the Blue Mountains and Columbia basin about 15-16 million years ago.

Video:
https://youtu.be/O4uBXHbb2fo

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Location:
Badwater Basin is in Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, Inyo County, California, noted as the lowest point in North America and the United States, with a depth of 282 ft (86 m) below sea level.

What is it and How Did It Form?
The salt flats here cover nearly 200 square miles (518 square km), and are composed mostly of sodium chloride (table salt), along with calcite, gypsum, and borax.  The current state of Badwater Basin is results wholly from its distant geological past. Closely linked combinations of tectonics, volcanism, and erosion worked over nearly two billion years to shape Death Valley and the Badwater Basin into what they are today.

Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic?
About 1.8-1.7 billion years ago, these volcanic and sedimentary rocks were severely metamorphosed—altered, recrystallized, and partially remelted by the Earth's internal heat and by the load of overlying younger rocks. The original rocks were transformed to contorted gneiss, making their original parentage almost unrecognizable. 1.7 billion-year-old metamorphic rocks. Quartz-feldspar gneiss dominates the mountain face above Badwater.

How Old?
Approximately three million years ago, the dynamics of crustal movement changed, and Death Valley proper began to form. At that time, compression was replaced by extensional forces. This "pulling apart" of Earth’s crust allowed large blocks of land to slowly slide past one another along faults forming alternating valleys and mountain ranges.

What Type of Landform?
A basin is a depression on the Earth’s surface (a valley surrounded by formations with more heights). It also usually encompasses the term “hydrographic basin”, since by the action of gravity, the waters deposited by the rain flow into the same lake or river.

Video:
https://youtu.be/nZrI14lXFHk

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Location:
Lincoln County, Oregon

What Is It & How Did It Form?
Devils Punch Bowl, a dangerous, foaming collapsed sea cave, is just one of the many natural wonders along the 363 miles of the Oregon Coast. As a soft rock, the waves continuously ate away at the sandstone until the rocks collapsed, forming one of Oregon’s most well-known, natural attractions. The ceiling of the cave collapsed many years ago, likely due to the persistent pounding waves of the Pacific Ocean, leaving the breathtaking curve of rock open to the sky.

Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic?
The area around Devil’s Punchbowl is especially prone to landsliding because the sedimentary bedding slopes towards the ocean, providing natural surfaces for sliding.

How Old?
The cavernous rock formation of Devils Punch Bowl could be as old as 18 million years and is formed from a mix of sandstone and siltstone.

Video:
https://youtu.be/3Xsg3WUPYyQ

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The Marble Caves of Chile are made of marble. Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are formed when sedimentary rocks get compacted with heat and pressure.

The Marble Caves of Chile were created by the process of water erosion for more than six thousand years. Overtime, the waves of Lake General Carrera splashed against the calcium carbonate rocks; causing the rock to turn into caves, tunnels and pillars of marble. The marble on the water level slowly dissolved in water as it seeped through the small cracks.

The Marble Caves are a Karts type of landform and a geological formation of unusual beauty. The interaction of the marble and blue water of the lake formed a place of bewildering beauty – countless caves, mazes, columns and tunnels in the marble. It is estimated that the total weight of the Marble Caves combined, would be 5 billion tonnes (5.5 billion tons).

The lake is glacier-fed, and it is the profusion of glacial silt in the water that plays a major role in the vibrant blue color and stunning clarity of the waters. The sunlight that streams into the openings of the Marble Caves reflects off of the water and splashes the walls of the cave with different shades and patterns of blue. The shades you see swirling across the walls of the caverns also depend on the lake’s seasonal water levels and the amount of sunlight; shallow waters will create a lighter blue, while deeper waters will result in a darker blue.

https://youtu.be/EK1TEeGrrYk

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The rocks that we see today on the walls of the Sumidero Canyon began to form about 136 million years ago from sediments and calcium minerals (limestone), which is formed by the action of some marine animals such as corals.

The Canyon as such, began to form 70 million years ago thanks to the action of tectonic movements called Horst-Graben, but it was until 15 million years ago, when the marine waters began to retreat from this region, that the formation that persists nowadays started.The walls exceed 1000 meters, in whose strata you can see marine sediments. This means that in ancient times, this region of Chiapas was covered by a shallow sea.

The erosion by the Grijalva River which flows through the canyon, left chasms and cavities of extravagant shapes, as well as enormous crags and underground channels that, when finding permeable rocks, gave rise to internal sources of storage that emerge on the walls of the canyon in the form of waterfalls.

https://youtu.be/1J3aJxXe_oY

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The Sierra de Órganos comprises an area in the Mexican state of Zacatecas that corresponds to the physiographic province of the Mexican Plateau, and is part of the mountain system of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

The terrain topography is rugged and reaches elevations up to 2,560 meters above sea level , its lowest point being 2,120 meters above sea level. This gives rise to steep hills and peaks that form small plateaus, from which they give off vertical inclinations that can be very pronounced and close small valleys, from which the rock formations that saw their origin in various climatic and geological factors can be appreciated.

They come from igneous rocks formed with magma, which by the action of the wind, have been eroded in an irregular way, giving the sensation of being monoliths separated from each other. The steep elevations and rock formations of strange beauty are similar to that of cacti or the pipes of those musical instruments from which it takes its name, a spectacle that gives them an impressive personality. The Sierra de Órganos is a type of landform of small plateaus, I could not find how old it is.

https://youtu.be/Z602O8kimUo

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The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in northeast Africa. It forms the largest continuous area of its elevation in the continent, with little of its surface falling below 1,500 m, while the summits reach heights of up to 4,550 m.

Much of the Ethiopian Highlands are part of a large igneous province—a region with a significant accumulation of large lava rocks.

Ethiopian Highlands is 75 million years old.
It was formed as magma from the Earth's mantle uplifted a broad dome of the ancient rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI5tP3JJwn4

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Ahaggar, also spelled Hoggar, large plateau in the north centre of the Sahara, on the Tropic of Cancer, North Africa. Its height is above 3,000 feet (900 m), culminating in Mount Tahat (9,573 feet [2,918 m]) in southeastern Algeria.

Mount Tahat is Hoggar, the highest local peak. Mount Tahat's nearest city is Tamanrasset, which is located 56 km to its south. Mount Tahat is of volcanic origin. It is located in the arid zone of the central Sahara. Growing in a rock environment and plateaus, it rises to 2918 or 3003 meters above sea level according to sources.

Mount Tahat is metamorphic.

The Tuareg inhabit this region. To the north lie the Tassili n'Ajjer mountains, which contain cave paintings dating from a period between 8000 and 2000 BC.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnJmReZTU8Y

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North Africa
The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert and the third largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic. Located in North Africa, it covers large sections of the continent - covering 9,200,000 square kilometers which are comparable to the area of China or the US.

Desertification and prehistoric climate. One theory for the formation of the Sahara is that the monsoon in Northern Africa was weakened because of glaciation during the Quaternary period, starting two or three million years ago.

The vast, hostile Sahara remains the mother of all deserts. These older rocks underlying the present-day Sahara are mostly granite, schist, or gneiss, all mixtures of igneous and metamorphic rocks forged deep beneath the surface.

Sahara Desert is At Least 4.6 Million Years Old, New Research Shows. The Sahara Desert is the largest warm desert in the world, but its age has been controversial, with estimates ranging from the Miocene epoch (23-5.3 million years ago) to the Holocene epoch (11,650 years ago – present).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58UK5bM9adU

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Valle de la Luna (Moon Valley), Chile (Karen Flores)

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Valle de la Luna (Moon Valley), Chile (Karen Flores)

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El Valle de la Luna (Valley of the Moon) is located 13 km (8 mi) west of San Pedro de Atacama, in the north of Chile in the Cordillera de la Sal, in the Atacama Desert. It has various stone and sand formations which have been carved by wind and water, which made this sedimentary structure. This valley used to have lakes that have since dried out leaving behind the composition of salt that makes it look like a snow layer.

The valley itself is 22 million years old, and scientists believe the salty lakes were left behind from when an ocean covered this part of Chile. The Atacama Desert is also considered one of the driest places on earth, as some areas have not received a single drop of rain in hundreds of years. A prototype for a Mars rover was tested here by scientists because of the valley's dry and forbidding (unfriendly) terrains.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5wAnWpcyG8

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Mount Pelée, Caribbean island of Marinique (Karen Flores)

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Mount Pelée, Caribbean island of Marinique (Karen Flores)

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Mount Pelée was formed about 300,000 years ago and has erupted three times. The eruption in 1902 lasted until 1905 and killed over 30,000 people. It is still known as a dormant volcano, which means that it can still erupt (active).

Mount Pelée is a volcano that formed due to the subduction of oceanic crust of the North American Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate at a rate of 2.2cm/year. Subduction is a sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. As the oceanic plate descends (lowers), magma is generated which gradually works its way to the surface and eventually erupts as a volcano.

Volcanoes are made of igneous rock, which is formed when hot molten rock (thick liquid that was created by heat), ash, and gases escape from an opening in the Earth's surface. The molten rock and ash solidify as they cool, which form the volcanos shape. As a volcano erupts, it spills lava that flows downslope.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqtPWZ_iztM

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The Cypress Hills are a geographical region of hills in southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Canada. The hills are part of the Missouri Coteau (plateau) upland. The Cypress Hills have been a significant human habitation site for more than 8,500 years to natives of the land. The hills have been called many names by different tribes, but its current name may have been settled in the 1750s.

The Cypress Hills reach a maximum elevation of 1,466 meters (4,810 ft), rising about 600 m (1970 ft) above the surrounding plains. The hills were created by the remnant (remains) of a more widespread plateau, which are created by magma deep inside the Earth that pushed toward the surface but fails to break through the crust. Most of the plateau has been removed by erosion, which is caused by small pieces of rock (sediment) that move from one place to another.

The plateau is capped (fixed in place) by the resistant conglomerate (a number of different rocks cemented together) and sandstone beds of the Cypress Hills Formation. That formation was deposited (placed) by rivers that flowed from the mountains of southwestern Alberta and northwestern Montana during late Eocene to middle Miocene time (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago). This landform consists of sedimentary rock, which includes conglomerate and sandstone.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJxeaTonTS8

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The Andes, Andes Mountains are also known as the Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is 4,349 mi long, 124 to 435 mi wide, and has an average height of about 13,123 ft. The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.The Andes Mountains have been divided into three sections: Southern, Central, and Northern Andes. The Andes are considered to be orographic knots which means it is a collection of numerous mountains chained together.

The Andes are the result of tectonic plates, caused by the subduction of the oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The Andes are considered to be mountains because the Earth's crust was elevated and to be about 50 million years old. They have both volcanic and nonvolcanic mountains. They are made of sedimentary rocks that include sandstones, siltstones, shales, limestones, and quartzites.

Video:

4K Video - The Andes Mountains in Ultra HD

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Colca Canyon is located in southern Peru in the middle of the Peruvian Andes. It has a depth of 3,300-6,600 ft. It is one of the deepest canyons in the world. To get a better understanding of the Colca canyon it is twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. The walls of the Colca Canyon are made from sandstone and granite.

The Colca Canyon was formed by the erosion of volcanic rock caused by the Colca River along the line of a fault on the crust of the earth. Its location near the Valley of the volcanoes, an area of about 40 volcanoes, means that it is a geologically active area. The Colca Canyon is a Canyon landform and is an igneous rock. It is believed that the Colca Canyon is about 12 to 8 million years old.

Video: Colca Canyon, Peru in 4K Ultra HD

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The Chisos Mountains, also known as the Chisos, are a mountain range located in the Big Bend area of the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, United States.

The mountain system covers 40 square miles (104 square km) and is contained entirely within the boundaries of Big Bend National Park, making it the only mountain range in the United States fully contained within a national park. The Chisos Mountains are the southernmost mountain range in the mainland United States.

The Chisos Mountains were created by volcanic activity during the Eocene Epoch 35-44 million years ago. Their characteristic shapes were created by the erosion of sedimentary rocks that exposed the harder igneous intrusions beneath. Their current shape we appreciate today was sculpted by the unrelenting erosion of water over millions of years, reminding us of how all things change through time. The highest point in the Chisos Mountain range is Emory Peak at 7,825 ft (2,385 m) above sea level.

Chisos may be a Native American word meaning “ghost” or “spirit,” or it may derive from the Castilian hechizos (“enchantment”). The mountains were a favoured stronghold of Mescalero, Apache, and Comanche raiding parties. After these peoples were subdued, the area was used for cattle ranching until it was made part of the national park in 1944.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVFeMJogFN8

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Iztaccíhuatl is a 5,230 m dormant volcanic mountain in Mexico, located on the border between the State of Mexico and Puebla within Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park.

The name "Iztaccíhuatl" is Aztec for "White woman", reflecting the four individual snow-capped peaks which depict the head, chest, knees and feet of a sleeping female when seen from east or west. Depending on atmospheric conditions, Iztaccíhuatl is visible much of the year from Mexico City some 70 km (43 mi) to the northwest. The first recorded climb was made in 1889, though archaeological evidence suggests the Aztecs and previous cultures climbed it previously. It is the lowest peak containing permanent snow and glaciers in Mexico.

The volcano began to form about 900,000 years ago. The growth of Iztaccihuatl was in two phases. The older phase (900,000 to 600,000 years ago) constructed a large shield volcano with a summit caldera. Cones and lava flows erupted on the flanks of the shield. The younger phase (younger than 600,000 years ago) consists mostly of lava flows and pyroclastic material erupted from the summit of Iztaccihuatl and on the flanks of the volcano.

The last time Iztaccíhuatl erupted was in 1868. Iztaccihuatl is a stratovolcano made of layers of viscous lava flows, flow breccias, and tephra. Andesite and dacite are the common rock types.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNSGYY9zhl0

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The Heart Reef is located in the heart of the Great Barrier Reef in Hardy Reef off the Whitsunday Islands in Queensland, Australia. This unique coral formation has been naturally formed into the shape of a heart. It is approximately 60 kilometers from the Airlie Beach mainland.

Hardy Reef itself is a significant site within the Great Barrier Reef, because it is the home of some of the best coral reef formations and marine species. Heart Reef is a stunning composition of coral in the Great Barrier Reef, naturally formed in the shape of a heart. The Heart Reef is just a small portion of The Great Barrier Reef, an extremely ancient host of living things, in which living coral grows on dead coral dating back as far as 20 million years ago. This site was discovered in 1975 by a local pilot of Air Whitsunday's, John Ramsden. This is how this site is viewed, as visitors are unable to snorkel or dive there due it's protected status.

It can be said that Heart reef was a process of deposition meaning sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. The present form is the result of millennia of sea level changes, continental shifts and layer upon layer of coral growth.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg01_CDOuSQ

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Lake Coatepeque is of volcanic origin and is located 18 kilometers south of the city of Santa Ana in El Salvador. It has an altitude of 745 meters above sea level, an area of 25.3 square kilometers, and a depth of 115 meters.

This lake is thought to be around 50,000 years old. Lake Coatepeque (also called Lago de Coatepeque and Laguna de Coatepeque) was created by two eruptions, collapsing the mountain peak approximately 70,000 and 50,000 years ago. The last volcanic activity at Lake Coatepeque is believed to have been approximately 10,000 years ago. Today the only evidence of volcanic activity at Coatepeque are small fumaroles, which is an opening in or near a volcano, through which hot sulfurous gases emerge, and hot springs found on domes (Isla del Cerro, Cerro Pacho and Cerro Afate) at the southern end of the lake.

Lago de Coatepeque is considered a closed basin lake, which means it has no outflow to other external bodies of water. While no outlet has been identified, some believe water from the lake may be finding its way to an underground river that connects to El Salvador's Rio Agua Caliente. Part of the Central American volcanic chain, Coatepeque crater sits on the eastern slope of 7,812-foot (2,381 meter) Santa Ana volcano. Forming an oval shape in a northeast to southwest direction, Laguna de Coatepeque measures 3 x 4 miles (5 x 6 kilometers) with a depth of 394 feet (120 meters). Fed by rainfall and mountain runoff, water level fluctuations up to 33 feet (10 meters) have been measured and are thought to be associated with movement along the region's fractures and fault lines.

A natural lake is a fairly large body of water occupying an inland basin (low-lying geographic area).
Lakes are extremely varied in terms of origin, occurrence, size, shape, depth, water chemistry, and other features and can be form by various processes.

Lakes formed by volcanic activity tend to be relatively small. They may form within the crater of an active but quiet volcano, in a caldera, which is a large depression produced by the explosion of a volcano and collapse of an underground magma chamber, on collapsed lava flows, and in valleys dammed by volcanic deposits.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWgflPD-Idc

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Kata Tjuta is located in central Australia.

Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, is a group of large, domed rock formations located in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. Uluru also known as Ayers Rock, located 16 miles to the east, and Kata Tjuṯa form the two major landmarks within the  Uluru- Kata Tjuta  National Park.

The 36 domes that make up Kata Tjuṯa cover an area of 8.37 sq mi, which are composed of conglomerate, a sedimentary rock consisting of cobbles and boulders of varying rock types including granite and basalt, cemented by a matrix of sandstone. The highest dome is Mount Olga which is about  3,497 ft.

Kata Tjuta is estimated to have formed 300 million years ago. At the start around 500 million years ago, the whole area was covered in the sea. Then sand and mud fell to the bottom and covered the seabed. After the sandy fans created Kata Tjuta and Uluru. It is made of sediment that originated from the Mount Currie conglomerate. The reason why Kata Tjuta is orange-red is because of patina which means that it is coated in iron oxide. This landform would be considered a dome because it has an elliptical uplifted geologic feature.

Video: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park - UNESCO World Heritage Site

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The Flinders Ranges are the largest mountain range in South Australia, which starts about 200 km north of Adelaide. The discontinuous ranges stretch for over 430 km from Port Pirie to Lake Callabonna.

The Flinders Ranges began forming about 800 million years ago, when an ancient sea deposited sediments in a basin known as the Adelaide Geosyncline. Around 300 million years later, the basin sediments were folded into mountains during an orogeny, which is a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by compression to form a mountain range. The mountains have since eroded. However, the folded and faulted rocks remained and were uplifted in the last five million years to create a rugged landscape filled with sandstone, mudstone, limestone, and quartzite.

The range spans 430 kilometers (270 miles), with nearly all the peaks exceeding 300 meters (1,000 feet). One of the most notable features is the Wilpena Pound, an orange-tinted sandstone valley surrounded by high rock walls. The mountains are surrounded by low-elevation flat lake systems such as Lake Frome and Lake Torrens, which drain from rivers in the Northern Flinders Range. Half a billion years of weathering have then shaped the ranges we see today: rolling hills and rugged, ragged escarpments. The highest mountain in the range is St Marys Peak.

Mountains can be formed in many ways. Some form when lava spills from a volcano and piles up on Earth's surface as it hardens. Others form when pieces of Earth’s crust pull apart from one another, a process called "rifting." Most commonly though, mountains form when tectonic plates collide, folding and pushing layers of land into mountain ranges. The Flinders Ranges, the largest range in South Australia, is a classic example of a folded mountain range.

Fold mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together, often at regions known as convergent plate boundaries and continental collision zones.

Orogeny is a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by side to side compression to form a mountain range.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0DsFIqKmww

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The Yellow River Delta is located in the northeast of Shandong Province in China. Due to the large quantity of silt carried by the Yellow River, the delta extends into the sea at a rate of 2.2 km/year with a land accretion of 3240 ha per year. Flowing northeast to the Bo Hai Sea from the Bayan Har Mountains, the Yellow River crosses a plateau blanketed with up to 300 meters (1000 feet) of fine, wind-blown soil. The soil is easily eroded, and millions of tons of it are carried away by the river every year. Some of it reaches the river’s mouth, where it builds and rebuilds the delta.

The Yellow River Delta has wandered up and down several hundred kilometers of coastline over the past two thousand years. Since the mid-nineteenth century, however, the lower reaches of the river and the delta have been extensively engineered to control flooding and to protect coastal development.

Between 1989 and 1995, the delta became longer and narrower along a southeast-bending arc. In 1996, however, Chinese engineers blocked the main channel and forced the river to veer northeast. By 1999, erosion and settling along the old channel caused the tip of the delta to retreat, while a new peninsula had formed to the north.

By 2009, natural processes had shifted the river slightly more north, and the shoreline northwest of the new river mouth had filled in considerably. By 2015, the new lobe of land near the new channel had grown considerably, even as parts of the old channel eroded.

Originating in the Bayankala Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, the Yellow river flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea.

Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or another river. Although very uncommon, deltas can also empty into land.

Deltas are incredibly diverse and ecologically important ecosystems. Deltas absorb runoff from both floods (from rivers) and storms (from lakes or the ocean). Deltas also filter water as it slowly makes its way through the delta's distributary network. This can reduce the impact of pollution flowing from upstream.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAlSe3XLMvQ&t=28s

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Lake Okeechobee means "big water" in the Seminole Indian language. Lake Okeechobee has a surface area of 730 square miles, it is the largest lake in the southeastern United States. Despite its impressive size, the lake is shallow, with an average depth of only 9 feet. Lake Okeechobee is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Florida.

Lake Okeechobee and its wetlands are at the center of a much larger watershed, the Greater Everglades, that stretches from the Kissimmee River through the Everglades and finally into Florida Bay. Lake Okeechobee is also a key component of South Florida's water supply and flood control systems.

It has been estimated that Lake Okeechobee is about 6,000 years old and is a remnant of the ancient Pamlico Sea. The lake was just dry land and didn’t show any signs of underwater life. For 2,000 years, wetlands started to form that resulted to the building up of peat deposits. As the rainfall increased over the years, the water table and sea level in Florida rose. During the next years, water from wetlands flow into the peats that resulted to the creation of the lake.

A lake is a body of water that is surrounded by land. There are millions of lakes in the world. They are found on every continent and in every kind of environment—in mountains and deserts, on plains, and near seashores. Lakes vary greatly in size. Some measure only a few square meters and are small enough to fit in your backyard. Such small lakes are often referred to as ponds. Other lakes are so big that they are called seas.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHwF4nbspJM

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The Tibetan Plateau is also known as the Plateau of Tibet or the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, or the inland plateau of Asia. It is the largest and highest plateau in the world with an average elevation of around 4,500 meters (14,800 ft). The Tibetan Plateau is known as "the roof of the world" and "the third pole". Most of its area is in China's Tibet and Qinghai provinces.

The formation of the Tibetan Plateau is tied to Himalayan orogeny. A orogeny is a process in which a section of Earth's crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range. The Tibetan Plateau has been lifted up twice by tectonic plate movements. About 70 million years ago geologists estimate, the northward-moving Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate.

The geological history of the Tibetan Plateau is related to the Himalayas. The Himalayas belong to the Alpine Orogeny and are therefore among the younger mountain ranges on the planet, consisting mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock.

A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earths land. A plateau is also known as a high plain or a tableland. Often one or more sides have deep hills.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwwxLDmXDis

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Indus Valley Plain (Pakistan) (Tanya Paredes)

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Indus Valley Plain (Pakistan) (Tanya Paredes)

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The Indus Valley Plain is a flat landform in Pakistan, built up over centuries by sediment. Most of it is in the Punjab province. The plain is the western part of the Northern Plain in Pakistan formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. It is extensively farmed for wheat, rice sugarcane and Cotton.

A valley is a low area between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it.

The valley of the Indus and its banks have risen higher than the surrounding land as a result of the aggradational work of the river; and though the river is lined with flood-protecting bunds along its course, the alluvial sands and clays of the soil tend to give way before floods, leading the river to change course frequently. The level surface of the plain is disturbed at Sukkur and Hyderabad, where there are random outcroppings of limestone.

This type of valley is called a Flat Floored Valley.

A plain is a broad area of relatively flat land.

Video: https://youtu.be/9UBCGkXP6c8

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Seven Hills of Rome (Italy) (Tanya Paredes)

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Seven Hills of Rome (Italy) (Tanya Paredes)

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Seven Hills of Rome, group of hills on or about which the ancient city of Rome was built. The original city of Romulus was built upon Palatine Hill. The other hills are the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine.

Palatine Hill, Italian Monte Palatino, four-sided plateau rising 131 feet south of the Forum in Rome and 168 feet above sea level. It has a circumference of 5,700 feet. The city of Rome was founded on the Palatine, where archaeological discoveries range from prehistoric remains to the ruins of imperial palaces.

A plateau can be formed by a number of different processes that could include upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers.

These landforms are sedimentary and where founded on April 21, 753 BC.

A hill is a naturally raised area of land, not as high or craggy as a mountain.

Video: https://youtu.be/jDoV7uVSpzE

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Mount Everest is a peak in the Himalaya mountain range. It is located between Nepal and Tibet, an autonomous region of China. At 29,032 feet, it is considered the tallest point on Earth. In the nineteenth century, the mountain was named after George Everest, a former Surveyor General of India. The Tibetan name is Chomolungma, which means “Mother Goddess of the World.” The Nepali name is Sagarmatha, which has various meanings.

Mount Everest consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia.

Earth scientists estimate that Everest is 50 to 60 million years old. The mountain was formed by the upward force generated when the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates collided, pushing up the rocks that formed the highest mountain on Earth.

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. The Himalayan mountain range and Tibetan plateau formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate which formed Mount Everest.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXo46KlqW78

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The Nile River flows from south to north through eastern Africa. It begins in the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria (located in modern-day Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya), and empties into the Mediterranean Sea more than 6,600 kilometers (4,100 miles) to the north, making it one of the longest river in the world. The Nile River was critical to the development of ancient Egypt. In addition to Egypt, the Nile runs through or along the border of 10 other African countries, namely, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, and South Sudan. Its three main tributaries are the White Nile, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara.

The Nile River has been a central feature of life in northeast Africa for thousands of years. Even today, families come to gather water from the riverbank, surrounded by ruins left by ancient civilizations.

The Nile River flows over 6,600 kilometers (4,100 miles) until emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. For thousands of years, the river has provided a source of irrigation to transform the dry area around it into lush agricultural land. Today, the river continues to serve as a source of irrigation, as well as an important transportation and trade route.

The Nile River is known to be "a critical lifeline that literally brought life to the desert," and it is said that "without the Nile, there would be no Egypt."

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjdOlv82kPE

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Plitviče Falls, Croatia (Celeste Valdivia)

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Plitviče Falls, Croatia (Celeste Valdivia)

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Plitvice Lakes are a remarkable and popular natural attraction and a part of Plitvice Lakes National Park, situated in the county of Karlovac in central Croatia. There are 16 of lakes in the system, with two large and others relatively smaller ones. They are formed by the water that flows down from the hills. The lake system is geographically divided into the northern and the southern one. The name of the lakes takes source from the Croatian word meaning 'shallow' and this name has been used for the lakes since the end of the 18th century. Plitvice Lakes are known for their interesting eco-system which includes a variety of minerals and elements of different color which make the lakes change the color of their water.

The picture above shows a waterfall which is a river or other body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below. The plunge of pool below is a lake. A lake is a large body of water surrounded by land.

The waters flowing over the limestone and chalk have, over thousands of years, deposited travertine barriers, creating natural dams which in turn have created a series of beautiful lakes, caves and waterfalls. These geological processes continue today. The forests in the park are home to bears, wolves and many rare bird species.

Embedded in a mosaic of forests and meadows in the lower elevations of the Dinarides, Plitvice Lakes National Park conserves a strikingly beautiful and intact series of lakes formed by natural tufa barriers. Tufa barriers are attached crystals that become the site of crystallisation, where calcium carbonate from the water will continue to be deposited. The tufa barriers are the result of longstanding and ongoing interaction between water, air, sediments (geological foundation) and organisms. The extension of the dynamic, constantly evolving lake system, the proportion of the tufa barriers, jointly with the numerous dynamic waterfalls and clear water courses and the expression of colours, make Plitvice Lakes National Park an aesthetically outstanding natural spectacle of global importance.

Following an extension in 2000, Plitvice Lakes National Park covers the entire catchment area and most of the underground system of the lake system. The lakes, the fragile heart of the property, are surrounded by a belt of well-preserved forest, contributing to the maintenance of water supply and quality and thereby supporting the on-going and dynamic process of calcium carbonate deposition and tufa creation.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMs3zS__fIc

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Gullfoss (translated to ‘Golden Falls’) is one of Iceland’s most iconic and beloved waterfalls, found in the Hvítá river canyon in Southwest Iceland. Gullfoss waterfall is listed as one of the top 10 waterfalls in the world by the World of Waterfalls. The mighty Hvítá (White River) is a glacial river flowing southward straight from Langjökull (Long Glacier) giving Gullfoss an awesome flow rate.

A waterfall is a river or other body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below. This type of waterfall shown in the picture is Tiered, Cataract.

The waterfalls drop a total of 32 meters in two stages as it flows through the rugged, at times 70 meters high, canyon. About a kilometer from Gullfoss, the river turns very sharply to the right where it flows down through a dramatic, wide canyon before the vast volume of water is very powerfully forced into a narrower channel.

This waterfall has a very important place in the hearts of most Icelanders. Not surprisingly, the potential to utilize the colossal hydro-electricity generating potential has created something of a bi-polarity between those who wished to exploit this site and those who wanted it to be preserved. The well-known poet and lawyer, Einar Benediktsson, supported exploitation and local farmer’s daughter, Sigríður Tómasdóttir, was determined that Gullfoss be preserved. Some say she even threatened to throw herself down! There is a stone memorial to Sigríður above the falls.

In the summer, approximately 140 cubic metres (459 cubic feet) of water surges down the waterfall every second, whilst in winter that number drops to around 109 cubic metres (358 cubic feet). With such energy, visitors should not be surprised to find themselves drenched by the waterfall’s mighty spray should they get too close.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNF4jHFC6SI

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The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea, encompassing 3 Mexican states, plus portions of Belize and Guatemala.

The Yucatan Peninsula itself belongs to the Yucatan Platform a large chunk of land that is partially submerged. The Yucatan Peninsula is the portion that is above the water.

The Yucatan Peninsula is a karst landscape dominated by limestone bedrock. As a result, there is very little surface water (and the water that is present is not usually suitable for drinking water) because drainage in these types of landscapes is underground. The Yucatan is thus covered with caves and sinkholes called Cenotes that were used by the Maya to access the groundwater.

A peninsula is a piece of land that is almost entirely surrounded by water but is connected to the mainland on one side. This formation is similar to an island, however, it is only surrounded by water on 3 sides.

The Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometers (6 to 9 miles) in diameter at the end of the Cretaceous Period.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7zlTAS9nJs

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The Yangtze is the most important river of China. It is the country's principal waterway, and its basin is China's great granary and contains nearly one-third of the national population. The meaning of the Yangtze River's Chinese name Changjiang is 'Long River'. It is as long as 6,397 km (3,975 miles), making it the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world after the Nile and the Amazon.

Its huge elevation drop makes the Yangtze River suitable for the establishment of hydropower stations. Its elevation decreases from its source (5,250 meters) to where the Tongtian River (Yangtze) becomes the Jinsha River (Yangtze) at 3,540 meters to Tiger Leaping Gorge (1,800 meters) to Yibin (highest city on the Yangtze at 260 meters on the Sichuan Plateau) to Yichang (exit of the Three Gorges 60 meters).

As the largest river in China, the Yangtze is rich in aquatic organisms. It is reported that there are more than 4,300 kinds of aquatic organisms in the Yangtze River Basin, including more than 400 species of fish. The Yangtze sturgeon is particularly impressive.

A river is a ribbon-like body of water that flows downhill from the force of gravity. A river can be wide and deep, or shallow enough for a person to wade across.

The largest rivers can be thousands of miles long. The erosional power of rivers can form geologic wonders like the Grand Canyon.

All rivers have a starting point where water begins its flow. This source is called a headwater. The headwater can come from rainfall or snowmelt in mountains, but it can also bubble up from groundwater or form at the edge of a lake or large pond. The other end of a river is called its mouth, where water empties into a larger body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Along the way, rivers may pass through wetlands where plants slow down the water and filter out pollutants. The water that flows in rivers is fresh, meaning that it contains less than one percent salt. However, rivers still carry and distribute important salts and nutrients to support plant and animal life.

The Yangtze River in China is 40 million years older than was previously thought, according to new research. A study of minerals by a team led by Durham University reveals that the Yangtze River began to cut the Three Gorges area around 45 million years ago, making it much older than previously believed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMeg_zmDgdE&t=31s

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Nevado de Toluca,  Texcaltitlán, México, is a stratovolcano in central Mexico, located about 80 kilometers (50 mi) west of Mexico City near the city of Toluca. It is the fourth highest of Mexico's peaks, after Pico de Orizaba, Popocatépetl, and Iztaccíhuatl. The volcano and the area around it is now a national park.

It is believed that Nevado de Toluca may once have been as tall as Popocatépetl, until an enormous eruption nearly 25,000 years ago blasted the top of the cone off and reduced its height by as much as 900 m (3,000 ft). The same eruption generated thick lahars, or mudflows, which coated the sides of the mountains. An eruption approximately 500 years later deposited layers of pumice on the mountain's east and northeast slopes.

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Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep sides and are more cone-shaped than shield volcanoes. They are formed from vicious, sticky lava that does not flow easily. The lava, therefore, builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides. Stratovolcanoes are more likely to produce explosive eruptions due to gas building up in the viscous magma.

I couldn’t find how old the volcano is but i did find out that The last major eruption of Nevado de Toluca occurred about 10,500 years ago

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=15&v=rUqXncajsrE&feature=emb_logo

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The Mojave desert is a desert that is located in southeastern California and parts of Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. this desert occupies about 47,877 square miles.

It is considered the driest and the smallest desert in the USA. The Mojave desert is a hot and dry desert. Temperatures can reach as high as 134°F. This desert is home to a few varieties of animals such as bats, sheep, coyotes, jackrabbits, foxes, rattlesnakes, and chuckwallas.

The Joshua tree, a type of yucca, grows only in the Mojave Desert and can live 150 years.  The oldest rocks exposed in the Mojave National Preserve are between 1.7 and 2.5 billion years old. They consist of metamorphic rocks derived from pre-existing sedimentary, volcanic, and igneous intrusive rocks.

Deserts are areas that have little precipitation and are hostile living conditions for plants and animals. However, the plants and animals adapt. Plants in deserts adapt to conserve water. Animals like the black-tailed jackrabbit have extra-long ears that help to transfer out excess heat from their body into the air.

The four main types of desert, hot and dry deserts, semi-arid deserts, coastal deserts, and cold deserts. The temperatures in a desert can be hot or cold. Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks and break into pieces.

https://youtu.be/YNUoj0bbitE

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The Rio Grande River, also known as the Río Bravo del Norte, has is a river that has a length of 1,896 miles. Spanish explores named the river “The Fierce River of the North" in the 1500s. This river stretches from Colorado to Brownsville, Texas, and is located along the border between Mexico and Texas. The Rio Grande River starts in Brownsville, Texas, and gets its water from the Gulf of Mexico makes its way through the Texas border, and goes through the length of New Mexico. Finally, it reaches Colorado and makes its way back to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Rio Grande River is the 5th longest river in North America and feeds from the Gulf of Mexico. Colorado diverts 95 percent or more of the Rio Grande to irrigate the farms and pastures of the San Luis Valley.

A river is a large natural stream of water that flows in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another stream. Rivers can be found across the world. Most rivers begin as a tiny stream running down a mountain slope, or two tiny steams can meet and create a larger flow that can now be called a river. They can be fed by melting snow and ice, or by rainwater. Rivers offer humans a source of water used for irrigation in agriculture and drinking water, transportation, and leisure activities.

https://youtu.be/ksf8J5qH0hg

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The Pico de Orizaba is located in Veracruz, Mexico, also known as Citlaltépetl which means “star mountain.” Pico de Orizaba is an inactive stratovolcano that is the highest mountain in Mexico.

This stratovolcano rises at about 5,564 meters, or 18,255 feet. The last dated eruption took place in the 19th century, 1846. Pico de Orizaba evolved in three stages, the most recent initiated about 16,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Citlaltépetl consists of three superimposed stratovolcanoes and dome intrusions: Torrecillas (650–250 ka), Espolón de Oro (210– 16 ka), and Citlaltépetl (16 ka to present).

A stratovolcano is a tall, conical volcano composed of one layer of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. Stratovolcanoes typically form at convergent plate margins, where one plate descends beneath an adjacent plate along a subduction zone. These volcanoes are common in subduction zones. They form chains and clusters along plate tectonic boundaries where oceanic crust is drawn under continental crust or another oceanic plate. They are characterized by a steep profile and can have periodic explosive eruptions. Many of these volcanoes exceed 2500 meters high.

https://youtu.be/r407hiDc3Zs

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Location: Greece

Mytikas is the highest peak of the mount and it rises to 9,570 feet. There are a total of 52 peaks and deep gorges within this mount. The first ascent was in August 2, 1913. The shape of the mount was formed by rain and wind and has an almost circular shape.

Mountain is a landform created from Earth's tectonic plates smashing together.

The Olympus range is made up metamorphosed and deformed limestones from the Triassic and Cretaceous to Palaeogene. During the Eocene period, these were tectonically overridden by a series of much older basement gneisses, granites and metamorphic rocks. During the Neogene, uplift caused the Olympus limestones to be exposed in a type of 'window', with the overriding older rocks now seen as a concentric arrangement on the flanks of the Olympus Range.

Video: https://youtu.be/_IUG8AhrMjg

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Lac Rose (meaning Pink Lake) lies in Senegal in northwest Africa. It is named for its pink waters caused by Dunaliella salina algae and is known for its high salt content, up to 40% in some areas. The algae produce a red pigment to help them absorb sunlight, which gives them energy to create ATP. The lake is separated from the Atlantic Ocean only by a narrow corridor of dunes. The color is particularly visible during the dry season (from November to June) and less visible during the rainy season (July to October).

A lake is a body of water that is surrounded by land. There are millions of lakes in the world. They are found on every continent and in every kind of environment—in mountains and deserts, on plains, and near seashores. Lakes vary greatly in size and depth and can exist at many elevations.

The water in lakes comes from rain, snow, melting ice, streams, and groundwater seepage. Most lakes contain freshwater.

All lakes are either open or closed. If water leaves a lake by a river or other outlet, it is said to be open. All freshwater lakes are open. If water only leaves a lake by evaporation, the lake is closed.

https://youtu.be/L6GEnfIlaeM

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The Ganges Delta  is a river delta in the Bengal region of South Asia. It is the world's largest river delta, and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra River and the Ganges River. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the Green Delta.

A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment.

River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply. They are also ecologically important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.

https://youtu.be/j1SEueQhL4g

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The Chocolate Hills  are a geological formation Philippines.
There are at least 1,260 hills but there may be as many as 1,776 hills. these cone-shaped or dome-shaped hills are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in sizes from 30 to 50 meters (98 to 164 ft) high with the largest being 120 meters (390 ft) in height. The green grass turns brown during the dry season, hence the name.

Geologists categorize the landforms as "conical karst topography." Layman's terms: these hills are leftover limestone deposits from a time when streams and rivers were far above sea level. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed principally of calcium carbonate (calcite) or the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (dolomite). It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell fragments and other fossilized debris

Hills are like tiny mountains. They share many of their characteristics with mountains. For example, hills have to have a higher elevation than the land around them. They can also form through tectonic activity. However, erosion is another player in the formation of hills more than mountains.

Hills are smaller than mountains and are also not as steep. Although the heights of some hills might be close to some small mountains, their gently sloping nature prevents them from being a mountain.

https://youtu.be/pVS8hk6wY4o