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2. Interdental fricative consonants  /ð/ and e /θ/

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2. Interdental fricative consonants  /ð/ and e /θ/

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to make the sound
1.  To make this consonant, move the tip of the tongue up behind the top teeth so that it lightly touches the bottom edg
2.  Make sure that the tongue is on the teeth and not behind  them on the alveolar ridge or you make an /s/ sound. Be careful also not to press too hard because the air must move between the top teeth and the tongue .
3. the sound   /ð /  d. Noise is made as air passes through a narrow space made by parts of the mouth coming together.
=> /ð/ is voiced and  /θ/  is voiceless sound

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4.Palato-alveolar fricative consonants /ʃ, 3/

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4.Palato-alveolar fricative consonants /ʃ, 3/

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- The tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than the alveolar ridge.
-To make the target sounds /ʃ / and / 3 /:
1. Put the tip of your tongue a little back behind tooth ridge.
2. Push air through the gap between the tongue and the tooth ridge.
3. + Don’t use your voice for / ʃ /
+ Use your voice for / 3 /

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The lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth

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1. Labio-dental fricative consonants /f, v/

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1. Labio-dental fricative consonants /f, v/

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To make the sound /f/ and /v/ :
1. Touch your upper teeth with your lower lip
2. Blow out air between your lip and your teeth
3.
_ Don't use your voice for sound /f/ (voiceless sound)
_ Use your voice for sound /v/ (voiced sound

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+The narrowing is between the vocal folds.

+To make the sound /h/:
1.  Make a small gap at the back of your mouth.
2. Push a lot of air out very quickly through the small gap.
3. Do not touch the roof of your mouth with your tongue.

===> /h/ is voiceless sound.

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Two organs of speech come closer to each other; the air stream is restricted ; the air stream is let out through the narrow passage ; it creates friction.

Fricatives are continuant sounds,which means that you can continue making them without interruption as long as you have air in your lungs.

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The tip of the tongue touches the tooth ridge.

To make the sound /s/ and /z/:
1. Touch your top teeth with the sides of your tongue.
2. Put the tip of your tongue forward to nearly touch the roof of your mouth.
3. + Don't use your voice for /s/
+ Use your voice for /z/
====> /s/ is voiceless sound and /z/ is voiced sound.