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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?
- Yes, it is really important and a must because IPV protects kids from polioviruses 1, 2, and 3. The use of IPV will help preserve immunity to poliovirus type 2. This will help prevent wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus reemergence. Both the OPV and the IPV have significant but unique advantages, and both vaccines are required to put a stop to polio once and for all. Unlike IPV, which protects only the individual, OPV protects both the individual and the community, making it a vital tool in the fight against wild poliovirus transmission.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?
- it is essential because its purpose is To protect the unborn child from whooping cough, Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is advised during pregnancy, preferably between 27 and 36 weeks' gestation. In the event that Tdap was not given to you during your pregnancy, it should be given to you as soon as possible following the delivery of your child.

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Yes. According to DOH (n.d), it is important to obtain both OPV and IPV as this would ensure a person's, especially a child's, protection from polio. OPV is being administered orally, which provides protection in the mouth, intestines, and in the blood. Protection in the mouth and intestines is necessary as polio viruses infect the mouth and multiply in the intestines. IPV on the other hand is an injectable vaccine, which provides protection in the blood. It further strengthens the protection that OPV has provided and helps in increasing the overall protection of an individual against polio virus. According to WHO (n.d), administering both vaccines together provides the best form of protection from polio. The IPV’s additional dose will help in protecting a child against polio disease and may even give a child benefits of both vaccines.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus vaccine protects a child from tetanus, which can be a serious disease, and also from diphtheria and pertussis or whooping cough. It protects a child from painful muscle stiffness caused by tetanus and keeps the child from missing school or child care (CDC, 2019).  According to WHO (2006), the purpose of administering tetanus vaccine to women of childbearing age and to pregnant women is for them to have protection against tetanus and to also protect their newborn infants against NT (3,4). Tetanus vaccination induces protective antibody levels in more than 80% of recipients after two doses (1–3).

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Vaccine (Shot) for Tetanus. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/tetanus.html

DOH (n.d). Inactivated polio vaccine. Retrieved from https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/IPV_FAQs.pdf

WHO (2006). Maternal immunization against tetanus. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/immunization_tetanus.pdf

WHO (n.d). Polio and the introduction of IPV. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomyelitis/inactivated_polio_vaccine/Key_mess_FAQs.pdf

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"Keep reminding patients that a short period of discomfort (from vaccine) whole lot better than visit to the ICU" - William Schaffer, MD. 

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1.    Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

The World Health Assembly, the governing body of the World Health Organization (WHO), settled to eliminate polio from the entire globe in May 1988 at its annual conference in Geneva. The worldwide elimination initiative is associated with both preventing future cases of poliomyelitis induced by poliovirus and instituting methods to prevent its reintroduction. And one the actions that were taken by the World Health Organization is by vaccines; the OPV and IPV. To give a brief description about OPV and IPV; the OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) contains a mixture of live attenuated poliovirus strains from each of the three serotypes, chosen for their potential to mimic the immune reaction continuing to follow wild poliovirus infection, but with a significantly lower incidence of spreading to the central nervous system. And IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine) produced from wild-type poliovirus strains of each serotype that have been inactivated (killed) with formalin. Otherwise, I strongly agree that obtaining both OPV and IPV is important. Because Polio is highly contagious disease. The majority of people who contract polio have no serious troubles. However, in some instances, polio can be highly hazardous, resulting in permanent disabilities and even death. Yet, disease such as polio can be prevented by obtaining vaccines. Vaccines provide good immunity from diseases. Moreover, it is better to be vaccinated and be safe rather than feeling sorry because your child is suffering from the debilitating condition brought by the disease. And according to WHO, both vaccines are highly effective against all three types of polioviruses.

2.    Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus can cause a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. And if an individual doesn’t receive proper treatment, the toxin's effect on respiratory muscles can interfere with breathing. If this happens, she/he may die of suffocation. And a tetanus infection may develop after almost any type of skin injury, major or minor. This includes cuts, punctures, crush injuries, burns and animal bites. It is essential for a child and pregnant woman to get tetanus vaccine because it saves them from having maternal and neonatal tetanus. After two doses of tetanus vaccination, well over 80% of people who receive have protective antibody levels. 2 doses provide safeguards for 1–3 years, although a few research suggests perhaps longer protection. And the thing is that tetanus vaccine is safe to administer during pregnancy. In addition, based on a study, an unvaccinated child that was in the study also died of tetanus. As the study recommends and advocate, total integration of every community in the ongoing Expanded Programme for Immunization. Lastly, according to Ducharme, (2019) a young boy in Oregon spent 47 days in an intensive care unit (ICU), resulting in more than $800,000 in medical costs, because he was not vaccinated against tetanus, according to a case study published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Therefore, it is important to get vaccinated and prevent this preventable disease from occurring. Childbearing and parenting is one of the crucial yet joyful experience that a woman may have. To grow and being a child is something that a person always want to go back because childhood is something that is precious, memorable and something that is worth treasuring. To sum up, these precious and joyful experiences shouldn't be robbed to anyone and this is possible by acquiring vaccines.

References:

·https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_promotion/IPV_FAQs.pdf

· https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis

·https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/immunization_tetanus.pdf

· https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2260220/

· https://time.com/5548001/tetanus-case-study/

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1.  Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Yes. Oral Polio Vaccine is a live attenuated polio virus but it is signifcantly weak to reduce the effect to the child. The weakened virus then the child to produce antigen that will then recognize if the virus enters the body. Similar to IPV however this is done via injection which is an inactivated or killed virus and is given at 3 and 1/2 months of age in the left leg intramuscularly. The significance of this is that immunizing children as early as possible provides protection during the key age. They were born in their first few months after birth. It is always safe to prevent infection from occurring rather than it is too late to protect our children from this debilitating virus which can cause severe complications.

1.  Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

The the sole purpose of vaccination given to pregnant women and women of reproductive age to protect them from tetanus and to prevent their newborn newborns from NT. Tetanus in pregnant women can impair several physical functions such as it can cause severe muscle spasms, trouble swallowing, changes in heart rate and blood pressure as well as seizures which is very critical in terms of pregnancy. Being vaccinated will offer protection to the mother so as not to pass the antibodies to the baby and because of that neonatal tetanus can also be prevented which is known to have high mortality rate among infants especially in underdeveloped countries.

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Yes, both the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) are necessary to provide effective polio protection. OPV is the most important preventive measure, as it protects the mouth, intestines, and blood. This produces antibodies to all three types of poliovirus in the blood, which protects the person against polio by preventing poliovirus infection from spreading to the nervous system. IPV gives protection in the blood by producing serum immunity to all three forms of poliovirus, it also protects against poliomyelitis, strengthening a child's immune system further.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?
It is essential for them to get vaccinated because tetanus is contracted by being exposed to the bacteria's spores through any broken skin or dead tissue, such as a wound or the cutting of the umbilical cord. This vaccine is given to pregnant mothers at the beginning of their pregnancy to improve maternal antibody response, passive antibody transfer, and neonatal antibody levels. Children should also get vaccinated because they often play outside, making it much easier for them to encounter the Clostridium tetani bacteria. If they have been immunized, they are protected from tetanus infection.

Reference:
World Health Organization. (n.d.).

Poliomyelitis. Retrieved November 16, 2021 from https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis

World Health Organization. (n.d.).

Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Example. Retrieved November 16, 2021 from https://vaccine-safety-training.org/tetanus-vaccine-example.html

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Indeed, both the OPV and IPV vaccines are required for polio protection. IPV and OPV  elicit different sorts of immune responses, but when combined, they strengthen a child's defenses. The extra dose of IPV will protect children considerably more effectively against polio, providing them the benefits of both vaccines. OPV is administered orally and provides protection in the mouth, intestines, and blood. Polioviruses infect the mouth and grow in the intestines, thus protection in the mouth and intestines is critical. IPV is an injectable vaccine that protects the bloodstream. This improves and strengthens OPV's protection while also contributing to an improvement in overall protection. This improves and boosts OPV's protection while also assisting in the overall reduction of polio. As a result, two Polio vaccinations are preferable to one, and a study discovered that a booster dose of inactivated polio vaccine strengthens the immune system and reduces viral shedding in children who have already received the oral polio vaccine.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

A tetanus vaccine is required for children and pregnant women to protect themselves and their newborn newborns against tetanus. More than 80% of those who receive tetanus vaccines develop protective antibodies. If a pregnant woman's previous tetanus and diphtheria immunization were 5 years or more ago, a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine is recommended, in addition to frequent wound management therapy to prevent tetanus. Pregnant women and women of reproductive age are also given the vaccine to protect themselves from tetanus, as well as their newborns from neonatal tetanus, which is acquired through the use of an
unsterile cutting instrument on the unhealed umbilical stump. These babies usually have no temporary immunity passed on from their mother because their mother usually hasn't been vaccinated and therefore has no immunity.

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?
Yes, because OPV and IPV vaccinations are interchangeable. OPV-vaccinated children should receive an IPV vaccination or an IPV-containing vaccine to complete their polio immunization program. IPV and OPV induce diverse immune responses and so have different advantages and disadvantages. To complete eradication and know the benefits of both, they should be used collectively. When a child receives OPV, the vaccine virus multiplies in the mouth and intestines of the youngster. Blood antibody response, oral immune response, and intestinal immunity are the three types of immunological responses that the child mounts. After only one or two doses, children have a remarkable humoral response (blood antibodies) to IPV, which is an inactivated (dead viral) vaccination. IPV is just as effective as OPV at preventing viruses from being excreted in children's mouths. In contrast to OPV, IPV does not produce the same level of gut immunity. Individuals who have just received an IPV vaccine are immune to paralysis, but they may excrete the virus, allowing it to spread.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?
In the first few months of life, infants are most at risk of contracting pertussis and developing serious, perhaps life-threatening complications. To help protect neonates during this vital period, pregnant women should receive the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis immunization (Tdap). Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, causes severe and fast coughing that continues until all of the air has been expelled from the lungs. Tdap during pregnancy gives the highest protection for both mother and child. The infant is forced to inhale with a loud "whooping" sound when there is no more air in the lungs, thus a child, as well as a pregnant mother, must obtain the tetanus vaccine to prevent an infant from contracting the disease.

References:
Polio and the Introduction of IPV-WHO. (n.d.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/immuniza on/diseases/poliomyelitis/inactivated polio vaccine/Key_me ss_FAQs.pdf

Tdap (Pertussis) vaccine and pregnancy. (2021, January 15). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/tdap-vaccine-pregnancy.html

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why
Yes, it is important to obtain both OPV and IPV. Oral Polio Vaccine is the main preventative measure against polio, and is administered orally to provide protection in the blood, mouth, and intestines. It gives both humoral and intestinal immunity. On the other hand, Inactivated Polio Vaccine is administered by injection into the arm or leg. It provides protection in the blood, prevents paralysis, and induces circulating antibodies. IPV does not replace the benefits that can be received from OPV and each causes a different kind of immune reaction which is why it is important to obtain both vaccines. This is because IPV enhances the protection given by OPV. If the child only receives one of the vaccines they will not be as well protected. Hence, obtaining both OPV and IPV increases the overall immunity of your child against polio.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?
It is essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine because pregnant women that will undergo labor and delivery might be exposed to unsterile medical equipment harboring Clostridium tetani which is the bacteria that causes Tetanus. Additionally, neonatal tetanus usually occurs because of umbilical stump infections. Children also need to get a tetanus vaccine because they are at a greater risk for skin injury. Skin injury puts them at risk for acquiring Tetanus because Clostridium tetani enters the body through a wound or puncture in our skin. The only preventive measure against it is immunization which is completely safe for both children and pregnant women to receive.

References

CDC. (2020). Tetanus: For Clinicians. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html

WHO. (2014). Polio and the introduction of IPV - who | world health organization. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomyelitis/inactivated_polio_vaccine/Key_mess_FAQs.pdf

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by infection with the poliovirus, which infects the nervous system. It is important to administer both oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) to ensure poliomyelitis protection. A trained health worker administers IPV via injection as a preventive measure against polio. On the other hand, OPV enhances a child's immune system and protects them from polio. The use of IPV and OPV together provides effective polio protection and brings us closer to polio eradication.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus is a dangerous nervous system infection caused by a toxin-producing bacterium, Clostridium Tetani. The disease, particularly in the muscles of the jaw and neck causes muscle contractions. Tetanus differs from other vaccine-preventable diseases in that it does not spread from person to person. It enters the body through breaks in the skin such as punctures, burns, and animal bites and can be found in soil, dust, and manure. The vaccine is intended to protect pregnant women and women of childbearing age from tetanus, as well as their newborn infants from neonatal tetanus. It is given to pregnant women, preferably during the third or late second trimester.

References:

World Health organization. (2021). Poliomyelitis. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Vaccine (Shot) for Tetanus. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/tetanus.html

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Yes, it is essential to obtain both oral and inactivated polio vaccines in order to ensure protection against polio. As we all know, polio is an extremely contagious disease that spreads easily from person to person. With this in mind, OPV actually produces antibodies against all three types of poliovirus in the bloodstream and in the occurrence of infection, it helps protect the individual against polio paralysis by halting poliovirus from spreading to the nervous system. On the other hand, IPV gives serum immunity against all three poliovirus strains, providing protection against paralytic poliomyelitis. As a result, both vaccines are extremely effective as they provide both safe and effective protection from polio.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

Pregnant women should receive the vaccine to protect themselves their infants from tetanus infection, particularly neonatal tetanus which can occur as a result of umbilical cord contamination during an unsanitary delivery or due to a lack of maternal immunization. Additionally, children are more susceptible to injury, such as stepping on rusty objects, increasing their risk of catching tetanus. Thus, the purpose of vaccinating pregnant women and children against tetanus is to protect them against this type of infection caused by Clostridium tetani.

References:

Poliomyelitis. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis

Maternal immunization against tetanus. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/immunization_tetanus.pdf

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Is it important to obtain both OPV and IPV? Why?

Yes, having both the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is important. The oral polio vaccine (OPV), which gives strong mucosal and serum immune protection, is the primary preventive measure against poliomyelitis. The inactivated polio vaccination gives serum protection against all three kinds of poliomyelitis, but mucosal immunity is less effective. Combining OPV with IPV gives the strongest protection against poliomyelitis by strengthening a child's immune system and preventing them from developing crippling and life-threatening health problems.

Why is it essential for a child and pregnant woman to get a tetanus vaccine?

All of us should get vaccinated with tetanus, unless contraindicated. Children and pregnant women especially should get these shots. Tetanus can be found not only on rusty nails, but also on soils, dirt, feces, and in short, everywhere. Children are prone to touching these things as they are curious and playful, hence they should be protected with tetanus shots. Pregnant women or those in the child-bearing stage should also get vaccinated in order to not only protect themselves, but also their babies during delivery to prevent the so-called, neonatal tetanus.