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1. Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight, Fright, Flight
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest and Digest

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Neurotransmitters for Sympathetic Nervous System

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Neurotransmitters for Sympathetic Nervous System

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1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine
4. Dopamine

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1. Acetylcholine

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Locations where Neurotransmitters are released from, in the Sympathetic Nervous System

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Locations where Neurotransmitters are released from, in the Sympathetic Nervous System

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1. Acetylcholine is released at the ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings.
2. Norepinephrine is released at postganglionic nerve endings.
3. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla.
4. Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus.

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Locations where Neurotransmitters are released from, in the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Locations where Neurotransmitters are released from, in the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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1. Acetylcholine is released at both the ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings.

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Receptors of the Sympathetic Nervous System (Main Locations)

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Receptors of the Sympathetic Nervous System (Main Locations)

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1. Alpha 1 Receptos: Most arteries and veins, glands, smooth muscles, and eyes.
2. Alpha 2 Receptors: Adrenergic nerve endings.
3. Beta 1 Receptors: Heart.
4. Beta 2 Receptors: Lungs, smooth muscle, uterus, and coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels.

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Receptors of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Main Locations)

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Receptors of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Main Locations)

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1. Muscarinic Receptors: Cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands.
2. Nicotinic 1 Receptors: Ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves in the synapse area.
3. Nicotinic 2 Receptors: Somatic neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

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End organ responses of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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End organ responses of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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1. Arteries: Vasoconstriction (except arteries to skeletal muscle and coronary arteries which are dilated).
2. Heart: Increased heart rate, AV conduction, and contractility.
3. Intestines: Decreased GI motility and secretions (decreased defecation).
4. Pupil of the eye: Mydriasis.
5. Lower respiratory passages: Bronchodilation.
6. Urinary bladder: Relaxation (decreased urination).
7. Urinary sphincter: Contraction (decreased urination).
8. Adrenal medulla: Release epinephrine and some norepinephrine.

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End organ responses of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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End organ responses of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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1. Heart: Decreases heart rate, AV conduction, and slight decrease in contractility.
2. Intestines: Increased GI motility and secretions (increased defecation)..
3. Pupil of the eye: Miosis
4. Lower respiratory passages: Bronchoconstriction.
5. Urinary Bladder: Contraction (increased urination).
6. Urinary sphincter: Relaxation (increased urination).

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Drug Classifications of the Sympathetic Nervous System (Receptor and Action)

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Drug Classifications of the Sympathetic Nervous System (Receptor and Action)

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1. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
-Receptor: Alpha 1 Receptor stimulated
-MOA: contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels constrict, and increases blood pressure.
2. Adrenergic Agonists:
-Receptor: All Alpha and Beta Receptors
-MOA: vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure, cardiac stimulant, and bronchodilator.
3. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
-Receptor: Alpha 1 Receptor
-MOA: binds and blocks, relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases blood pressure, relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow.
4. Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
Receptor:
*Low dose- Dopaminergic Receptors
-MOA: located in the kidneys causing vasodilation, increasing renal blood flow.
*Moderate dose- Beta 1 Receptors
-MOA: in the heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output.
*High dose- Alpha 1 Receptors
-MOA: causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.
5. Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:
-Receptor: Beta 2 Receptor
-MOA: relaxation of smooth muscle of the lungs (bronchodilation) and relaxation of smooth muscle of the uterus.
6. Selective Beta-1 Blockers:
-Receptor: Beta 1 Receptor
-MOA: blocks receptor, antagonizes Beta 1 effects of NE and EPI, decreases for of contraction, decreases cardiac output, decreases heart rate, decreases conduction, and decreases blood pressure.
7. Nonselective Beta Blockers:
-Receptor: Beta 1 and Beta 2 Receptors
-MOA: blocks receptors, decreases force of contraction, decreases cardiac output, decreases heart rate, decreases conduction, decreases blood pressure, and can cause bronchoconstriction.

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Drug Classification of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Receptor and Action)

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Drug Classification of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (Receptor and Action)

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1. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonist:
-Receptor: Muscarinic Receptors
-MOA: directly stimulate/bind and mimics Acetylcholine.
2. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonist:
-Receptor: no specific receptor
-MOA: inhibit acetylcholinesterase and increases Acetylcholine.
3. Anticholinergics/Parasympatholyics:
-Receptor: Cholinergic Receptor
-MOA: acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism.

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1. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists: phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
2. Adrenergic Agonists: epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
3. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker: prazosin (Minipress®)
4. Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist: dobutamine
5. Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist: formoterol (Foradil®)
6. Nonselective Beta Blocker: propranolol (Inderol®)
7. Selective Beta Blocker: metoprolol (Lopressor®)
8. Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist: bethanechol (Urecholine®)
9. Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents: neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
10. Anticholineric: dicyclomine (Bentyl®)