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1. Genghis Khan - was the leader of the Mongols (1162-1227 CE). At the Mongols peak, they controlled 11 to 12 million square miles. Genghis Khan also conquered Asia and China and expanded the empire to Poland, Vietnam, Syria and Korea. He had many successes like establishing free trade on the Silk Road, religious freedom, banning torture, creating a universal writing system, creating a international postal system, being tolerant/accepting of religion, and he outlawed slavery. Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire weren’t strict towards religion and didn't demand a specific lord to worship. Genghis Khan was open and tolerant of other belief systems such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Muslim, etc. The Mongol empire and Mongols practiced Shamanism and animism and worshipped Tengri - god of the sky, and therefore were Tangerines. Genghis Khan also favored to employ foreigners over his own Chinese because he didn’t trust the Chinese as much. Overall, towards others religions Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire were tolerant and this allowed for the prosperity of the Mongol empire.

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi - was the second unifier in the Tokugawa Shogunate and passed an edict to expel all Christian missionaries from Japan, executed 26 Christians in Nagasaki that defied the first edict- the 26 martyrs. He did not accept western people, rather he wanted and was interested in western technology. The Dutch were strictly limited to the islands of Deshima, and no other groups were allowed to do business with Japan.

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Kublai Khan - (1260-1294) grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered Southern Song. There were issues with taxes being so high, which affected the economy since farmers couldn't afford the asking price. Kublai Khan restored the economy by replacing his Mongol retainers and tax merchants with Chinese officials. Under his rule there were a lot of improvements like an extension of the Grand Canal and science advancements and improvements of Chinese goods. With this, the spread of religion improved. Kublai Khan favored Buddhism because he met with many Buddhist leaders and Buddhism was popular in China. Kublai Khan was very specific in the way he treated his people and foreigners. He was tolerant of other religious groups, but kept a close eye on the Chinese. Kublai Khan kept the Chinese and Mongols separate, yet tolerated them. He followed Chinese practices and even looked like a Chinese man as well. Although Kublai Khan allowed for the Chinese to obtain power at a local level, he put very little trust in them and restricted them, making them angry. He also valued foreigners over the Chinese. Despite Kublai Khan also being religiously tolerant (similar to Genghis Khan) of the Chinese by allowing them to stay, he did not want to convert or become a Chinese. Chinese culture, lifestyle, etc. was used under Kublai Khan, but he never considered himself Chinese. On the other hand, towards the Muslims, Kublai Khan was aggressive and limited them. Persecution of the Muslims, such as “slaughtering animals” (Asia Society) lasted for about 10 years (late 1270’s - 1287). During this time, Kublai Khan became “increasingly supportive of Buddhists” (Asia Society).

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26 Martyrs: 26 Catholics were killed under Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s orders - they were executed by crucifixion and paraded around Japan. This historical event shows how hostile and aggressive the Japanese were towards outside influence and how they contrast to the Mongol’s openness and tolerance. The 26 Martyrs also demonstrates how isolated Japan was by restricting any and all foreign influence and limiting who was allowed to trade with Japan.

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The Pax Mongolica describes the effects of stabilizing the Mongol empire of the Eurasian territory that they conquered in the 13th-14th centuries AD. It guaranteed travelers to travel safely and it worked because for about 100 years under the Mongol rule, traders were not in danger. Because the Mongol empire was tolerant and open towards various religions, different religions coexisted along the Pax Mongolica and people, scholars, missionaries, religions, beliefs, ideas, etc. spread along this road. Buddhism, Confucianism, etc. was able to prosper and spread along this road specifically as well.

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Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi: (1587 he issued the edict) the edicts enforced anti-Christian laws. When Christians and Roman Catholics first started to convert in Japan, he didn’t have much of an issue with it since he needed the trade with Portugal and Spain. After the destruction of temples, he started to see them as a threat/danger. 1597 he ended up crucifying 26 Christians (Martyrs of Japan). The Edict's purpose was to limit all foreign and outside influence, and to isolate Japan. These laws also negatively compare/contrast to the Mongols.

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The Book of Sir Marco Polo: covers his travels through Asia and his time on the court of Kublai Khan. This book also shows the different cultures, lifestyles, and religions practiced within the Mongol empire and how Marco Polo was treated by Kublai Khan, etc. This book also demonstrates Mongol religious policies towards foreign people.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu - was the third unifier in the Tokugawa Shogunate and made three exclusion decrees in the 1630s which included a complete ban on Christianity. Ieyasu was not a favor of western people, only western technology, and the strategy of limiting the Dutch to only the islands of Deshima was still in use. Both Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyoshi had strict regulations and feelings towards Christianity and outside, "foreign" influence.

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Secret History of the Mongols: the most detailed and strongest source of pre-classical Mongolian and middle Mongolian. This book also discusses the value and belief systems of the Mongols, how they were tolerant and open to various religious groups and how they treated others.

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Cartwright, Mark. "Toyotomi Hideyoshi." World History Encyclopedia, 5 June 2019, www.worldhistory.org/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/. Accessed 17 June 2021.

De Rachewiltz, Igor, translator. The Secret History of the Mongols. E-book.

"11 Cultural Breakthroughs Genghis Khan Achieved during His Reign." Mental Floss, www.mentalfloss.com/article/68894/11-cultural-breakthroughs-genghis-khan-achieved-during-his-reign. Accessed 17 June 2021.

"Genghis Khan." History, 6 June 2019, www.history.com/topics/china/genghis-khan. Accessed 17 June 2021.

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi. The Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. E-book.

Johnson, Jean. "The Mongol Dynasty." Asia Society, asiasociety.org/education/mongol-dynasty. Accessed 17 June 2021.

"Kublai Khan." History, 10 June 2019, www.history.com/topics/china/kublai-khan. Accessed 17 June 2021.

"Pax Mongolica." Silk Road, www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml. Accessed 17 June 2021.

Polo, Marco. "The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian." Internet Archive, 6 Dec. 2010, archive.org/details/bookofsermarcopo001polo/page/n117/mode/2up. Accessed 17 June 2021.

"Tokugawa Period." Britannica, 9 Nov. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Tokugawa-period. Accessed 17 June 2021.

Johnson, Jean. “The Mongol Dynasty.” Asia Society, https://asiasociety.org/education/mongol-dynasty. Accessed 18 June 2021.

The Guardian. “China insists Genghis Khan exhibit not use words "Genghis Khan."” The Guardian, 13 October 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/14/china-insists-genghis-khan-exhibit-not-use-words-genghis-khan. Accessed 18 June 2021.

Hance, Jeremy. “How Genghis Khan cooled the planet.” Mongabay, 20 January 2011, https://news.mongabay.com/2011/01/how-genghis-khan-cooled-the-planet/. Accessed 18 June 2021.

“Remembering the 26 martyrs of Japan.” Gloria Romanorum, 17 February 2017, http://gloriaromanorum.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-feast-of-26-martyrs-of-japan.html. Accessed 18 June 2021.

Pocketmags. “Toyotomi Hideyoshi.” Pocketmags, July 2018, https://pocketmags.com/us/history-revealed-magazine/july-2018/articles/389691/toyotomi-hideyoshi. Accessed 18 June 2021.

Cite

Wikipedia. “Tokugawa Ieyasu.” Wikipedia, 15 June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu. Accessed 18 June 2021.

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The picture above shows Genghis Khan meeting with other rulers, proving his religious tolerance and acceptance.

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This picture of the 26 Martyrs from Japan demonstrates their isolationist policies and proves how religiously strict they were, contrasted to the Mongols.

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The picture of the Mongol empire and the Pax Mongolica shows how goods, ideas, technologies, religions, etc. were able to spread effectively. Religious practices prospered by being spread along this road.

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Mongol Empire and Tokugawa Shogunate