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Proteins are another nutrient which can produce energy, however their main function is to be the building blocks for tissues in the body.  There are three types of proteins that all have different functions, these being Enzymes, Hormones and Anti-Bodies.
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Structure:
Similar to every other kind of molecule, each protein is structured slightly differently and although they have a different function the functions are all within the same vein which is why they are all categorized as proteins. Each are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen as well as Nitrogen.
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Specific Functions:

Enzymes - Enzymes are incredibly important within the body as they are involved in many functions of the body that help with growth as well as destroying harmful things in the body. Without these little molecules many of the regular functions of the body would not be able to happen and the body would simply not function. With the structure, there are 3 different structures of enzymes, the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary structures. The Primary structure is a simple chain of amino acids connected via amide (peptide) bonds. Each Primary structure has a different order, each corresponding to a certain function within the body which is encoded by the DNA sequence of the corresponding gene. The Secondary structure simply adds in a hydrogen bond to the Primary bond, which can result in one of two ways; it can either wrap round forming the α-helix, or it can fold on top of itself forming the β-sheet. Finally, the Tertiary structure is another add on but this time to the Secondary structure. As it has already been able to fold once, it can do so again which would then create a 3 dimensional shape, which is classed as the Tertiary structure.

Hormones - The function of hormones is more to maintain body functions rather than create them and destroy other things like Enzymes. They regulate many things such as growth, repair and reproduction and they travel around the body through the bloodstream. The specific hormones involved with proteins are called Peptide Hormones and they specifically effect the endocrine system which releases the hormones into the bloodstream. They are structured as chains of amino acids, ranging from very short chains making up something such as Oxytocin to very large chains making up something such as a follicle-stimulating hormone.

Anti-Bodies - The role of antibodies is to simply destroy foreign things in the body and help fight off any diseases and other harmful things that have entered the body. They also go through a function call Phagocytosis, which is the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes, which again helps with destroying any harmful things within the body. Their structure is a Y shape, consisting of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 large ones and 2 smaller ones. Each one of these chains has a slightly different function but all go towards the main function.

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Carbohydrates are an incredibly important nutrient as they provide the most energy for an animal. There are several types of carbohydrates which are Sugars (e.g. Glucose), Disaccharides (e.g. Lactose), and Polysaccharides (e.g. Starch).
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Structure:
Each of these are structured slightly different, but all Carbohydrates are made up of 3 elements which are Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
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Specific Functions:

Sugars - There are two types of sugars, Monosaccharides and Disaccharides. Each have the same function of providing  the most energy for an animal, the only difference being the structure of the molecule. Monosaccharides are a single molecule whereas Disaccharides are made of two  Monosaccharides which makes it a little more difficult to break down. If an animal is lacking in any kind of sugars it will have less energy to function and will generally be more lethargic than usual.

Starches - Starches help with storing energy in the body as well as creating energy for the cells in the body of the animal. They are made up of a long chain of Monosaccharides (Sugars) to make Polysaccharides (Starch/Fibre).

Dietary Fibre - Similar to Sugars, Dietary Fibres also have two different classifications, those being soluble and insoluble. Soluble fibres keep the digestive tract healthy by stimulating beneficial bacteria and increased viscosity and can be found in different quantities in cereals, fruits and vegetables. Insoluble Fibres absorbs water as it moves through the digestive system, providing bulking and easing defecation and improving faecal consistency. It can be found in high concentration in whole grains and fruit skin.

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Lipids are mainly used for energy reserve, regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion vital organs, and transport fat-soluble nutrients. There are 3 main types of lipids and those are Triacylglycerols, Phospholipids, and Sterols. These can all be gained through foods such as dairy products mainly as well as certain types of meats.
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Structure:
Lipids are made up of 3 main elements, glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic).
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Specific Functions:

Triacylglycerols - This provides your body with energy, but their main function is to store energy for later use. Their structure is somewhat simple, they are tri-esters consisting of a glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules.

Phospholipids - Phospholipids are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your body's cells. In blood and body fluids, phospholipids form structures in which fat is enclosed and transported throughout the bloodstream. In general, phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, two alcohols, and one or two fatty acids. On one end of the molecule are the phosphate group and one alcohol; this end is polar, i.e., has an electric charge, and is attracted to water (hydrophilic).

Sterols - They regulate the fluidity of membranes and probably play a role in the adaptation of membranes to temperature. All naturally occurring sterols are comprised of a hydrocarbon tetrameric fused ring structure and acquire a small degree of polarity from a 3-hydroxyl in the β configuration (fig 2); α-hydroxyl sterols are not found in natural membranes.

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The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two main classes of nucleic acids, both incredibly important for the make up and blueprints for the body.
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Structure:
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chain-like molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
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Specific Functions:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Deoxyribonucleic acid, organic chemical of complex molecular structure that is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - Ribonucleic acid, complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

Nucleotides - Nucleotide, any member of a class of organic compounds in which the molecular structure comprises a nitrogen-containing unit (base) linked to a sugar and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are of great importance to living organisms, as they are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the substances that control all hereditary characteristics.

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In biology, there are 4 main classes of molecules which make up certain cells and each have many functions that differ greatly. These molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These can also be broken down into several more groups, those groups being Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates, Steroids, Isoprenoids, Sugars, and Enzymes.

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Why are the Correct Nutrients Important for Your Pets?

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Why are the Correct Nutrients Important for Your Pets?

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Having the correct nutrients for any species is incredibly important as it ensures that everything properly develops within the body, from limbs to teeth to claws/nails and even things like the animals coat. Without each proper nutrient these things could become deficient somehow which could then lead to possible illnesses.

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Balance and Imbalance - How Does it Affect Your Pet? 

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Balance and Imbalance - How Does it Affect Your Pet? 

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Having a balanced diet is incredibly important for any animal as it ensures that every part of the body is getting the correct nutrients to be able to function and grow so that the animal can continue to survive. With certain nutrients lacking, it can cause things such as:

Obesity - A high amount of carbohydrates and sugars can cause this.

Pancreatitis - High amounts of fat can cause this.

Diabetes - Similar to pancreatitis, high amounts of fat can cause diabetes as high amounts of fat is likely to lead to obesity which is correlated with the cause of obesity in some animals.

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https://www.pfma.org.uk/proteins-factsheet
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https://socratic.org/questions/52d6f60402bf347f076fd74f
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enzyme_structure_and_function
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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/peptide-hormones/
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https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/hormonal-endocrine-system
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https://www.mblbio.com/bio/g/support/method/antibody-role.html
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https://www.sinobiological.com/resource/antibody-technical/antibody-structure-function
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https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/function-triglycerides-9618.html
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https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/04%3A_Lipids/4.02%3A_What_Are_Lipids%3F
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https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD%3A_Biophysics_241_-_Membrane_Biology/01%3A_Lipids/1.06%3A_Sterols_and_Sterol_Induced_Phases
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https://www.britannica.com/science/phospholipid
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https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleic-Acid#:~:text=Nucleic%20acid%20is%20an%20important,cell%20needs%20to%20make%20proteins.
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https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid
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https://www.britannica.com/science/DNA
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https://www.britannica.com/science/RNA
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https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleotide