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The earth atmosphere energy balance is the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from the earth. Energy released from the sun is emitted as shortwave light and ulraviolet energy.

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- The balance between the amount of incoming insolation and the amount reflected back into space (outgoing energy)
- Most of the insolation >50% is absorbed by land and oceans, some is reflected by the atmosphere and clouds
- The incoming radiation is short-wave and outgoing radiation is long-wave
- Greenhouse gases absorb long-wave radiation, trapping heat
- Some of the long-wave radiation escapes and is reflected back into space.

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albedo is how reflective a surface on the earth is. For example, Ice and Snow reflect around 90% of the sun's solar radiations.

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how reflective the earth's surface is, in more snowy/icy areas the reflectivity is a lot higher and in dryer/ vegetated land the reflectivity is a lot lower. the lowest reflectivity is on the equator and increases going north and south before reaching the north and south poles

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Albedo is the reflectivity of the earths surface. one example of this could be snow or ice, it has a 95% reflectivity.

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Global dimming is the decrease in solar radiation entering the earth which causes global cooling

Causes:
Natural - Volcanic eruptions inject particles of dust and aerosols into the atmosphere causing a higher proportion of solar energy to be reflected back into space.

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- global dimming is the reduction of solar radiation received by the earth which cools the earth's temperature.
- When volcanoes erupt, a large amount of dust particles are released into the air.
- Sulphuric aerosols can reduce the amount of sunlight being absorbed by the earth as the short wave radiation is being reflected off of the particles

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The average temperature on earth has increased in the past 5 million years, this can be seen from different proxies such as the makeup of gas bubbles found in ice cores from Antarctica, looking at fossils, and analysis of tree rings.

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over the last 5 million years we have experienced periods such as the ice age which is when the world's climate is lower than 10 degrees celsius. This meant that there was ice, not only at both polls but also the formation of glaciers started to occur. The evidence for this was found by geographers who drilled into the polls to find bubbles in the ice sheets which had the content of the air during that period of time.

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Over the past 5 million years, the climate of the earth has been alternating, with some periods being warmer and some periods colder(ice ages). There are 3 main ice ages and we are currently in one of the ice age. When all factors are removed and the trend is observed, it is estimated that we will have a continuous cooling effect for over 20000 more years.
These effects are shown in 3 major methods.
- The rings on a tree's trunk. We can look at the growth of a tree and analyze the environment depending on the amount of growth.
- Using glaciers and ice sheets in places like Antarctica. The snow and ice stack up as time continues and we can study the CO2 content in the air bubbles in the ice to determine the temperature of a certain period. But this method is usually only up to 1 million year.
- Fossils, for time later than 1 million years, fossils of creatures on the sea bed is used. The corpses of these organisms have piled up over time and fossilized.

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Over the past 5 million years, the climate has fluctuated, with some periods being warmer (greenhouses) and some periods being colder (ice houses)

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- tilt of the earth
- shape of orbit around the earth
- how the earth rotates

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over the past 5 million years, the earth's climate has increased on average, some periods of time though were warmer and colder for instance the "ice age"

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Evidence:
- Scientists use tree trunk cross sections to estimate climate conditions over the past thousands of years.
- They can also use fossils hidden in sediment on the ocean floor. This shows the different species of creatures that lived in periods of time - they are usually found in specific climate conditions..
- For the past 140 years, weather stations have been recording data such as air pressure, wind speed and temperature - very in depth recordings.

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Sunspots - cycle of 11 years. With larger sunspots, more insolation reaches/enters the atmosphere

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global dimming is the reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the earths surface that has been observed.
Dimming can be caused by air pollution, burning coal, oil, and wood wether in cars, power stations or cooking fires but can also be influenced by tiny airvourn particles of soot, ash.

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Reflectivity of solar radiation of different surfaces on earth. For example ice and snow are able to reflect up to 90% of solar energy back into space, while deep, dark ocean waters absorb most of it and only reflect little to no solar radiation.

Positive feedback mechanisms: when global warming's first effect is enhanced. For example, albedo effect: as more energy is reflected, the ice melts which leads to less solar energy being reflect and thus, more global warming.

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- Global dimming causes cooling as it reduces the amount of incoming radiation that enters/is absorbed by the Earth.
- Can be caused by both natural and human factors eg. artificial aerosols, volcanic eruptions
- The pollutants in the atmosphere reflect the incoming radiation back into space
- When the pollutants react with water in the atmosphere, more reflective clouds can form.

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global dimming is the reduction of the amount of solar rays reaching the earths surface. volcanic eruptions increase this effect by scattering more incoming radiation.

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it is reducing the amount of radiation from the sun to the earth surface, volcanic eruptions increase the global dimming with even more radiation

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evidence:
-proxies: such as examining tree trunks, examining sediment under the ocean and examining ice cylinders
-using weather machines to get accurate data on the changing weather globally

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- Rings in cross section of tree trunk indicates how the temperatures have changed over the past 5 million years
- darker rings usually mean hotter periods
- lighter rings indicate cooling periods and
- Thicker rings show longer periods
- thinner periods show shorter periods of temperature change

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Albedo describes the reflectivity of surfaces on Earth. Ice and snow have high albedo, reflecting more radiation and darker surfaces have low albedo, reflecting the least

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Milankovic cycles: variations in the earths orbit (round to elliptical) causing super seasons.

Sunspots: cycle every 11 years, increases the amount of incoming radiation from the sun.

Earth's wobble: earth wobbles on its axis completing a full wobble cycle every 20,000 years.

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Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the earths movements on it climate over many years.