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The water element is one of big feelings and imagination. Watersigns are submerged in their surroundings, often sensing the hidden emotional reality. Water signs are attuned to waves of emotion, and often seem to have a built-in sonar for reading a mood.

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Water types are articulate, clever and introspective, self-contained and self-sufficient. They are penetrating, critical and scrutinising, seeking knowledge and understanding. They like to remain hidden, enigmatic and anonymous. Fear is the emotion related to the Water element.

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Feminine, emotion, movement, transforms, cleanses, creates, sculpts, holds, supports, quenches, rocks, crashes, carries, reflects … all words that describe ways we experience water.

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Terrestrial Biome - Temperate Forest

The Temperate Forest biome is found in most temperate regions of the world which climates have warm summers and cold winters.

Adequate rainfall is also frequent to sustain the forest growth. Temperate forests generally have an understorey of moss and are noted for their masses of trees.

In most Temperate coniferous forests, evergreen conifers dominate the grounds, while some are a mix of conifers and broadleaf evergreen trees and/or broadleaf deciduous trees. Temperate evergreen forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall or inland in drier climates or mountain areas.

Temperate rainforests are found along the Pacific coast of the USA and Canada (from northern California to Alaska), in New Zealand, Tasmania, Chile, Ireland, Scotland and Norway.

Temperate rainforests cover less area than tropical rainforests. Temperate forests are often called deciduous forests. In a temperate forest, most of the trees lose their leaves in the winter. During the autumn, when the weather gets cooler, the trees become subdued until warm weather returns. Their leaves turn beautiful shades of browns, reds and golden colours. Come winter time, the leaves fall off of the trees and remain bare until springtime.

The largest area of temperate rainforest stretches about 1,900 miles north along the Pacific coast from San Francisco Bay to Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Next in size are the temperate rainforests on the southeast coast of Chile in South America. Throughout the world there are a few other coastal strips with temperate rainforests. These small areas are in southern Australia and New Zealand and on the coasts of Norway, the United Kingdom and Japan.

Animals and birds that live in the Temperate Forest Biome

Another important characteristic of the temperate forest is the diversity of animal species. Precipitation in the temperate forest falls throughout the year. However, during the winter months it is usually frozen and there is less moisture and water for animals to drink. Animals living within this biome must adjust to cold winters and hot summers by hibernating, migrating or keeping active all winter. Another problem the animals have to deal with is the lack of hiding places when trees are bare, leaving animals with less cover to hide themselves from predators.

Below are just some of the animals that inhabit temperate forests.

Animal

Country/Continent Cardinal North/South America Koala Australia Peafowl Asia Spectacled Bear South America

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Temperate Forest Biome - Facts, Climate & Information

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Terrestrial Biome - Temperate Forest The Temperate Forest biome is found in most temperate regions of the world which climates have warm summers and cold winters. Adequate rainfall is also frequent to sustain the forest growth. Temperate forests generally have an understorey of moss and are noted for their masses of trees.

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Temperate rainforests are found along the Pacific coast of the USA and Canada (from northern California to Alaska), in New Zealand, Tasmania, Chile, Ireland, Scotland and Norway.

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Temperate rainforests are coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rainfall. Temperate rain forests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of North American Pacific Northwest as well as the Appalachian temperate rainforest of the Eastern U.S. Sun Belt; the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America; the rain forests of New Zealand, Tasmania and southeastern Australia; northwest Europe (small pockets in Great Britain and larger areas in Ireland, southern Norway and northern Iberia); southern Japan; the Black Sea–Caspian Sea region from the southeasternmost coastal zone of the Bulgarian coast, through Turkey, to Georgia, and northern Iran.

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A rainforest is an ecosystem characterized by heavy rain and a dense tree canopy that lets very little light through to the understory. A forest ecosystem must receive over 60 inches of rain per year to be considered a rainforest. Two types of rainforests are temperate rainforests and tropical rainforests.

The tropical rainforest biome is home to over 50 percent of all known species of living things, the vast majority of which live in the canopy. The temperate rainforest biome has fewer species due to its cooler climate.

The main difference between a temperate rainforest and tropical rainforest is location. Tropical rainforests are located near the equator between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Temperate rainforests are located to the north of the Tropic of Cancer and to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn.

Both types of rainforests boast the presence of epiphytes - plants whose roots (if present) do not touch the ground. While they are not considered parasites, epiphytes frequently make their homes on other plants, such as trees. Both temperate and tropical rainforests have epiphytic plants.

Temperate rainforest epiphytes are mainly ferns, moss and lichen, while tropical rainforest epiphyte species include orchids and bromeliads. Epiphytes give rainforests their jungle-like appearance.

When comparing and contrasting temperate and tropical rainforests, it is important to consider the amount of rain they receive.

While temperate rainforest precipitation is approximately 140 to 167 inches of rain per year, tropical rainforest precipitation may be up to 400 inches of rain per year.

The tropical rainforest climate is hotter than that of the temperate rainforest. Temperatures average between 70 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Humidity levels in the tropical rainforest biome range from 70 percent to 90 percent.

This warm climate causes dead organic matter to decompose extremely fast, so the soil layer in the tropical rainforest is very thin and devoid of nutrients.

The temperate rainforest climate experiences temperatures that rarely fall below freezing and that typically range no higher than 80 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer. The consistently cooler temperatures of the temperate rainforest slow down decomposition, creating a very large layer of nutrient-filled soil and dead organic matter.

Countries that experience this temperate rainforest climate include parts of Canada and the United States, as well as Chile, New Zealand and Norway.

Tropical rainforest plants include bromeliads, orchids, vines and other flowering plants. Broadleaf (deciduous) trees such as Brazil nut trees, mahogany trees, rubber trees, fig trees and cacao trees are just a few of the hundreds of tree species that live there.

Many of the tropical rainforest plants have medicinal value. In fact, over 25 percent of modern medicines come from tropical rainforest plant species.

Tropical rainforest animals include monkeys, jaguars, sloths and tapirs, as well as a variety of snakes, frogs, lizards, and other reptiles and amphibians. Many insects thrive in the tropical rainforest biome because of the consistently warm temperatures and high humidity. A variety of migrating songbirds live there for part of the year, as well as year-round bird species including harpy eagles, hummingbirds, toucans, macaws and quetzals.

Birds such as eagles, owls, woodpeckers and crossbills characterize this ecosystem. A variety of insects, salamanders, frogs, snakes and turtles live mainly on the forest floor of the temperate rainforest.

About the Author

Emily Neal is a freelance science writer and nature photographer. She has a B.A. in Environmental Science from Mount Holyoke College and has worked for many years teaching science at the middle school level. For fun and inspiration she transcribes and edits novels, writes and plays music, and forages for wild mushrooms and mineral specimens.

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Difference Between the Temperate Forest & Rainforest

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The difference between a temperate rainforest and a tropical rainforest is their location. Both the temperate and tropical rainforest biomes receive over 60 inches of rain per year. Both types of rainforest have unique species that rely on the heavy rainfall and high humidity to survive.

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A Temperate rainforest biome is a type of rainforest biome occurring in a temperate climate. To put it clearly, temperate rainforests experience vast amounts of rainfall, but feature a cooler average temperature compared to tropical rainforests.

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We are fast losing earth's greatest natural treasures when we are just starting to appreciate their unique value. Rainforests once attributed to 14% of the entire earth's cover. Today, the figure has dropped to a measly 6%, and biologists have warned that the remaining rainforests could be decimated in the next 40 years. Rainforest deforestation is contributing mightily to the loss of rainforests. If this practice goes on unabated, almost half of the animal and plant species in the world would be threatened or destroyed. That said, it is essential to be in the known about rainforests in order to initiate informed actions to preserve them. Rainforest biomes are divided into two; Tropical rainforest biomes and temperate rainforest biomes. We are going to look at temperate rainforest biomes particularly.

A Temperate rainforest biome is a type of rainforest biome occurring in a temperate climate. To put it clearly, temperate rainforests experience vast amounts of rainfall, but feature a cooler average temperature compared to tropical rainforests.

Climate

Temperate rainforests are characterized by mild climates or temperatures. Essentially, these areas do not experience extremely cold or extremely hot temperatures. Temperate rainforests have two different seasons. One season (winter) is quite long and wet, and the other (summer) is short, dry and foggy. Throughout the long wet season, the temperature hardly falls below freezing point, which is 0°C and 32°F. Throughout the short, dry and foggy season, the temperature hardly exceeds 27°C or 80°F. This pretty much explains why this biome is referred to as temperate rainforest.

Also in summer, when it's relatively dry, the weather is considerably cool as the fog supplies sufficient moisture to enable the rainforest to thrive. Ideally, the fog contributes 18-30 cm (7-12 in) of precipitation every summer. These biomes are so mild due to their closeness to the ocean on one side and mountain ranges on the other. During winter months, the ocean water emits heat, leaving the coastal areas warmer and absorbs heat during summer months, leaving the coastal areas cooler.

Precipitation

Considering the word ''rain" is found in the word ''rainforest," it tells you right off that this biome receives plenty of rainfall. The average annual precipitation of a temperate rainforest biome is 200cm. In much warmer areas, the average precipitation goes up to about 350 cm annually.

Location

Temperate rainforests are located along some coasts in temperate zones. The biggest temperate rainforests are located on the Pacific coast of North America. They extend from Oregon to Alaska for about 1,200 miles. Smaller temperate rainforests also exist. They can be located on the southeast coast of Chile, South America. A few other coastal strips exist that have temperate rainforests such as small parts in the U.K., New Zealand, Japan, South Australia and Norway.

Seasons

Temperate rainforests experience an extended growing season. As opposed to tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests experience major seasonal changes. Animals living in the temperate rainforest must develop adaptation to the ever-changing seasons. Animals that are not able to adapt migrate in the winter. Leaves of temperate rainforest trees change color and drop in the autumn. They then regrow in spring. The broad, flats leaves of temperate rainforests trees lose water fast. Winter months normally leave the ground frozen, making it hard for them to absorb water. The result is a massive drop off of leaves. The trees in this biome stay dormant and blossom again during spring.

Plants

As opposed to tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests consist of only 2 layers of vegetation; the emergent layer and the canopy layer. The understory layer and the forest floor consist of less vegetation. The tallest trees in rainforests have their leaves typically approximately 15 to 30 centimeters from the ground, including a dense layer of small trees and shrubs beneath, at about 5 to 10 meters. This is the real reason the soil in temperate rainforests receives a lot more light than their tropical counterparts. The undergrowth in temperate rainforests is lush, consisting mainly of mosses, lichens, and ferns.

In the course of growth during spring, when the tree leaves have not wholly formed, there is a lot of light penetrating to the forest floor. This aspect allows plant species to thrive on the ground, which explains why plant species that exist on the ground surface grow, flower and produce fruits before late summer. Later on, sciophilus plants (plants species that love shade) begin to grow. These plant species have developed immaculate mechanisms to harness and utilize low-light intensity, which gives them the ability to get by even when the vegetation or greenery grows and entirely covers the soil below.

The main kinds of trees found in the temperate rainforest biome include oaks, beeches, walnut trees, lime trees, sycamores, aspens, elms, tulip trees, and birches. Below is a highlight of some of the tree species:

Oaks are tree species that are able to grow up to 40 m tall. They have impressive lifespan (500 to 100 years). Oak trees are predominant in tropical mountain regions (Himalaya, Mexico and Indonesia), temperate climates (Europe, North America, and Asia) and in Mediterranean climates (California and Mediterranean areas. Oak trees are highly valued by humans since they are used to make furniture, timber, stairs, railway sleepers, casks, and parks.

These tree species can grow up to 40 meters tall and consist of huge, dome-shaped foliage. They bear fruits, which are commonly known as beech nuts. Beech nuts mimic chestnut husks. They also have thorns. However, the thorns are much softer and rounded, which means they can't prick. Beeches do well in wet conditions, with clayer and airy soils, but far from harsh winter frost. These tree species are prevalent in Western and Central Europe, where they are mostly harvested to make timber.

These are large tree species that grow up to 20 meters tall. They bear stone fruits, which are naturally fleshy. Walnut trees are found almost everywhere. Their timber is harnessed to make furniture. They thrive in temperate climates with the United States being the largest producer.

Lime trees are characteristically long-trunked and elegant and can grow up to 30 meters tall. They come in different types, with the Tilia platyphyilos being the most common. Lime trees also grow wild and can be found along river banks, in bushes, rocks, coppices and sunny slopes in areas of central Europe. They are commonly used to beautify gardens and parks and to shade city trees.

These tree species are generally medium-sized and can grow up to 25 meters tall. They experience fast growth. They thrive in warm and sunny regions. Aspens are sprinkled all over central Europe. However, they are relatively few in Western Europe. They've proved, over the years, to be resilient (not affected by industrial waste), which is why they commonly grow in towns and cities.

Birches originate in Southeast Asia and Europe and thrive in sandy and peaty soils. They like areas with plenty of sunshine and mostly grow in small groups in mountainous and hilly regions together with broad-leafed and coniferous trees. The decorative color of their leaves and bark along with their beautiful deportment is the reason why they are used as ornamental trees.

Elms originate in Southwest Asia, Europe, and North Africa. They are classified as Ulmaceae plants and can grow up to 30 meters tall. Their greenery is hemispherical shaped, with thin and pale brown branches. Their flowers are attractively small and red in color.

Animals

Compared to tropical rainforest biomes, temperate rainforest biomes harbor very few mammals due to the absence of a series of sophisticated layers and the fact that the vegetation is seasonal. In summer months, the animal species of this ecosystem feed particularly on winged seeds and wall nuts that keep for a long duration. Fruits produced by the rose tree, apple tree, gooseberry, Hawthorne, and others almost always ripen at the same time (during late summer) and are chiefly used in the course of summer for fat storage.

There is a huge diversity of life in temperate rainforest biomes. Frogs, turtles, insects, birds, spiders and salamanders are just some of the animal varieties found here. Bird species like cardinals, broad-winged hawks, pleated woodpeckers and snowy owls exist in this biome. Some of the mammals present in this biome include raccoons, porcupines, red foxes, white-tailed deer, and opossums.

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Temperate Rainforest Biome: Climate, Precipitation, Location, Seasons, Plants and Animals | Earth Eclipse

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We are fast losing earth's greatest natural treasures when we are just starting to appreciate their unique value. Rainforests once attributed to 14% of the entire earth's cover. Today, the figure has dropped to a measly 6%, and biologists have warned that the remaining rainforests could be decimated in the next 40 years.

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small mountains and river plains. The elevations of these landforms range from 0 to about 2,300 feet above sea level.

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Black Bears, - Long claws, used for digging and catching their prey especially fish like salmon - Big legs, results in excellent tree climbers - Thick, gigantic antlers used as a defensive mechanism

- Thick fur and l ayer of fat, us ed as an insulator for the cooler temperatures. The fur also helps to repel water.
- Color of fur helps to camouflage in the forest

- Large nose and nostrils, very good sense of smell
- Massive body structure, thick legs, shoulders, short back, for strength and power rather than speed. They overheat if running too far.

Roosevelt Elk,
- Strong powerful teeth used for grabbing and tearing prey
- Special hooves, different terrains, females use their hooves as a defensive mechanism since they do not have antlers to protect them Cervus Elaphus Canadensis, Herbivore

- Powerful physique, enables them to swim, break through snow and climb into higher elevations.
- Since the temperature in the temperate rainforest is mild, these elk have adapted and are non-migratory

- Adapts to the climate during winter time but does not hibernate instead just sleep for long periods of times when winter is at the
Their paws make them capable of completing tasks, searching for food in hard to reach areas, climbing trees
- Solid body and bone structure helps protect against falls

worst. During this time they live off of their fat and while this time they can lose half of their body size. - Raccoons are adaptable to their home, they can live anywhere

The Great Horned Owl, Banana Slug, Bubo Virginianus, Carnivore
- Northern population of owls will migrate but most live permanently in the more temperate climates
- Able to strike from above making them good predators
- Powerful and strong claws enabling them to kill and carry their prey bigger than themselves.
- Nocturnal animals and usually can be spotted right after sunset or before dawn. Not seen a lot by humans
- Owls have keen hearing and sharp vision which is an adaptation for hunting at night.
- Able to turn its head around in order to what is not only in front but able to see what is behind.

Ariolimax Dolichophallus, Mollusc
- During dry season, these animals leave and go beneath debris sealing them inside a mucus shell. - Can grow up to 10 inches long, and most commonly yellow but can also be brown, green, and white
- Live in temperate rainforests located from California to Alaska
- These slugs hibernate in the cooler seasons.
- Essential animals as they are ultimate recyclers as they feed off of leaves, mushrooms, or dead animals. They play an important role in replenishing the soil
- Color allows them to camouflage with leaves, and other debris on the floor
- In order not to 'dry out" during warmer weather, these slugs carry their aquatic environment in the form of slim.

- Variety of of animals migrate or hibernate in the cooler temperatures
- Variety of birds migrate
- Some mammals hibernate, black bears
- Some animals store their food for the cooler temperatures
- Squirrels, chipmunks, and some jays store their food, nuts for the wintertime
- Lots of animals have claws, which enables them to survive in the forest because of climbing trees and the forest floor with logs
- Tree climbers such as some bears, squirrels, raccoons, etc
- Some release slime during warmer weather
- Hide under debris, beneath trees

- Two different types of trees
- Evergreen = leaves all year, protection against cold winters, thicker leaves or needles
- Deciduous = lose their leaves in the winter time, usually change color in seasons

Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii,
- Thick bark, enables them to survive forest fires which could be common in the areas of temperate rain forests
- Roots, the roots grow directly on the trunk rather than other roots which makes the tree stronger and less likely to tip over.
- Coniferous tree, because this is a "fir" tree it is considered a coniferous. This meaning that in the winter time it does not shed its leaves, it is an evergreen tree. This is beneficial because they shed the snow (if any), and still able to photosynthesize in cooler temperatures.
- This tree grows extremely tall in order to reach the sunlight to grow
- Many animals feed off of this tree, for example bears will eat the sap. An imals in the winter time will also feed off the plant since it still photosynthesizes in the cooler temperatures.

Oregon Oxalis, Oxalis Oregana, small plant
Not only found in oregon. Found in temperate rainforests; British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California
- Very common, spreads easily, a small plant that grows at a height of 2 inches - 8 inches.
- Interesting!!
- In order to gain maximum amount of light in the forest, the plant tilts its leaflets horizontally
- In direct sunlight or at night, the leaflets move sharply downwards, sometimes taking 6 minutes to fold up and 30 minutes to flatten back again.
- Adaptation to help retain moisture
- When it rains the leaves curl up to protect itself against the raindrops

Epiphytes, - Puts minimal water stress on plants without roots.Sitka Spruce, Coastal Redwoods, loads of different types in temperate rainforest (e.x. mosses, liverworts, lichens, ferns, algae, orchids)
Epiphytes are plants that these plants grow on other plants
- Ferns, lichens, and mosses hang from branches, on rocks, etc
- They use photosynthesis to get their energy, take moisture from the air in the form of rain or fog. The roots grow in order to attach to other plants, normally a tree. Picea Sitchensis, coniferous tree

- Grows in mild temperatures with high rainfall, cool yet wet weather.
- Produce very good firewood Sequoia Sempervirens, coniferous tree

- Tallest tree in the world and one of the oldest
- Very thick bark, enabling them to withstand all temperatures
- Usually grow inland, not common near the water because of the salt, wind and cooler temperatures
- Dependent on the fog, when in drought seasons, dependent for not drying out
- Since these trees are extremely big, the needles on the tree at the top are exposed to more sunlight. The needles at the treetop have tight spikes to converse moisture. The lower branches have different flat needles to catch additional light through the canopy of other branches.

- An evergreen tree, coniferous. Can withstand the cooler weather therefore does not shed its leaves during the wintertime.
- Some sitka spruce trees grow near the coast. There needles stick out in all directions and very pointy. Their needles can take in mineral such as calcium and phosphorus from the ocean breeze, or rainfall/fog. The needles absorb ocean minerals
- The bark is quite thin, fire resistant.
- Climate, having thin needles that are cased in wax enables the tree to withstand cold temperatures without losing water through transpiration from their leaves

- Orchids = Their roots have a large surface area which helps to absorb nutrients and water. Their stems can also hold water and is a good adaptation so in the warm dry seasons, can use this stored water in order to not dry out.

- Very tall tree, largest of the spruce species and the third largest tree in the world.
- Contains a lot of biomass

- Their bark enables them to withstand extreme heat (fires)
- Evergreen trees in temperate rain forests = they do not loose their leaves in the winter time enabling them to still survive in the winter time, able to live for animals that feed off of them, still able to photosynthesize
- Some plants have leaves that "curl up" and take in the sunlight in order for in the times where there is no sunlight, they can use their stored supply. Some plants also have large leaves to soak up nutrients and water, very helpful in this biome since it rains a lot.
- Having some needles cased in wax, withstand cold temperatures and losing water from their leaves.
- Having thin bark and shallow roots enables trees to withstand fire.

Click on the photo for a larger image

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Black Bears, - Long claws, used for digging and catching their prey especially fish like salmon - Big legs, results in excellent tree climbers - Thick, gigantic antlers used as a defensive mechanism - Thick fur and l ayer of fat, us ed as an insulator for the cooler temperatures.

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common coastal temperate rainforest animals include:

pacific salamander

tree frog

raccoon

banana slug

crow

black bear

black-tailed deer

wolf

cougar

squirrel

bald eagle

bat

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Common coastal temperate rainforest plants include:

western red cedar

western hemlock

sitka spruce

grand fir

sword fern

deer fern

salal

evergreen huckleberry

douglas fir

broad leaf maple

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tiny homes or cabins in the temperate rainforest - Bing

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tiny homes or cabins in the temperate rainforest - Bing

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tiny homes or cabins in the temperate rainforest - Bing

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Garage Museum of Contemporary Art announces the second competition for the development of conceptual designs for 2020's Garage Screen, a summer cinema located on Garage Square in front of the Museum. The competition's goal is to provide architectural bureaus with an opportunity to submit their vision of a temporary pavilion to be installed in Gorky Park from spring to fall 2020. Applications will be accepted from 22 July through 16 August 2019.

The inaugural competition, held in the beginning of 2019, gathered over 130 applications from 24 Russian cities. Its geography and number of participants confirmed the importance of such

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Temporary Architecture | Tag | ArchDaily

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Garage Museum of Contemporary Art announces the second competition for the development of conceptual designs for 2020's Garage Screen, a summer cinema located on Garage Square in front of the Museum. The competition's goal is to provide architectural bureaus with an opportunity to submit their vision of a temporary pavilion to be installed in Gorky Park from spring to fall 2020.

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Designed by Czech designers Atelier SAD and distributed by mmcité1, this mobile, nature-inspired gazebo is a playground must-have for children and adults alike. 109 waterproof, plywood scales are treated with resistant glaze and connected by galvanized joints to create a self-supporting, sustainable structure.

"During the design process, we were aiming to smash boundaries and move forward. The Pinecone project was a big challenge for us because it was more than just a one-dimensional product. Above all, it is a versatile structure which works in parks and schools alike. It is on the cutting edge of architecture and design, and can even serve as a meditation space," said designer and owner of mmcité, David Karásek.

The spacing and fabrication of Pinecone's scales make it a well-ventilated microclimate with ideal acoustics for everything from an outdoor classroom to a meditation space; even create a summer campfire under the open roof. In just a day, this architectural pinecone can be fabricated almost anywhere.

News via: mmcité1.

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Meditate In This Mobile Nature-Inspired Pinecone Gazebo

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Designed by Czech designers Atelier SAD and distributed by mmcité1, this mobile, nature-inspired gazebo is a playground must-have for children and adults alike. 109 waterproof, plywood scales are treated with resistant glaze and connected by galvanized joints to create a self-supporting, sustainable structure. "During the design process, we were aiming to smash boundaries and move forward.

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Normally the efforts of the construction industry are aimed to design permanent and durable spaces. However, on some occasions creating temporary spaces can be of great help, not only when providing fast assembly infrastructure after the effects of a natural disaster, but also when activating residual or abandoned spaces in our cities. To exemplify the potential of these interventions, we present thirteen successful temporary public spaces.

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Temporary Plazas: 13 Public Spaces that Activate the City

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Normally the efforts of the construction industry are aimed to design permanent and durable spaces. However, on some occasions creating temporary spaces can be of great help, not only when providing fast assembly infrastructure after the effects of a natural disaster, but also when activating residual or abandoned spaces in our cities.

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Some of the major physical characteristics of water are as follows: 1. Suspended Solids 2. Turbidity 3. Colour 4. Taste and Odour 5. Temperature!

Physical parameters define those characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste or smell. Suspended solids, turbidity, colour, taste and odour and temperature fall into this category.

Suspended solids in water may consist of inorganic or organic particles or of immiscible liquids (oils or greases). Inorganic solids such as clay, silt and other, soil constituents are common in the surface water. Organic materials such as plant fibres and biological solids (bacteria, algae cells etc.) are also common constituents of surface waters.

These materials are often natural contaminants resulting from the erosive action of water flowing over surfaces. Suspended water is rarely a constituent of ground water because of the filtering capacity of soil. Domestic waste water usually contains large quantities of suspended solids that are mostly organic in nature. Wide varieties of suspended impurities of either organic or inorganic nature may result from industrial use of water.

Suspended water has the following impacts:

(a) Suspended matter is aesthetically displeasing and biological degradation of the organic matter may result in the form of harmful by-products.

(b) The suspended matter provides adsorption sites for harmful chemical or biological organisms which may adversely affect the flora and fauna of the stream.

(c) Upon settling down the suspended particles suffocate the organisms inhabiting the bottom of aquatic habitats.

(d) The suspended matter reduce the light thereby result in reduced photosynthesis & a corresponding loss in food production, which in turn affects the life of the consumers depending on the aquatic flora for their nutritional requirements.

Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water. Because absorption and scattering are influenced by both size and surface characteristics of the suspended material, turbidity is not a direct quantitative measurement of suspended solids.

For example one small pebble in a glass of water would produce virtually no turbidity. But if this small pebble were crushed into hundreds of particles of colloidal size, a measurable turbidity would result, even though the mass of solids had not changed.

Most turbidity in surface water results from the erosion of colloidal material such as clay, silt, rock fragments and metal oxides from the soil. Vegetable fibres and micro-organisms also contribute to turbidity. Household and industrial waste water may contain a wide variety of turbidity producing materials. Soaps, detergent and emulsifying agents produce stable colloids that result in]turbidity.

Turbidity has the following adverse impacts on the quality of water:

(a) The colloidal material associated with turbidity provides adsorption sites for chemicals that may be harmful or cause undesirable tastes and odours and for biological organisms that may be harmful.

(b) Turbidity may impart a brown or other colour to water in natural water bodies depending upon the light absorbing properties of the solids and may interfere with the light penetration and photosynthetic reactions in streams and lakes.

(c) Accumulation of turbidity causing particles in porous stream beds results in sediment deposits that can adversely affect the flora and fauna of the stream.

Pure water is colourless but water in nature is often coloured by foreign substances. Water, whose colour is partly due to suspended matter, is said to have apparent colour. Colour contributed by dissolved solids that remain after removal of suspended matter is known as true colour.

The tanning, humic acid etc. present in the organic debris (leaves, wood, weeds etc.) impart a yellowish brown colour to water as it comes in contact with them. Iron oxide cause reddish water and manganese oxides cause brown or blackish water.

Industrial wastes from textile and dyeing operations, food processing, pulp and paper production, chemical production, and mining, refining and slaughter house operations may add substantial colouration to water in receiving streams.

Colour has the following impact on water quantity:

(a) Coloured water is not aesthetically acceptable to the general public.

(b) Highly coloured water is unsuitable for laundering, dyeing, paper making, beverage manufacturing, dairy production and other food processing and textile and plastic production.

Thus, the colour of the water affects its marketability for both domestic and industrial use.

Many substances with which water comes into contact in nature or during human use may impart perceptible taste and odour. These include minerals, metals and salts from the soil, and products from biological reactions and constituents of waste water.

Water tastes bitter when contaminated with alkaline impurities and salty when the impurities are metallic salts. Biological decomposition of organic debris impart a characteristic taste and odour of rotten eggs which is mainly due to hydrogen sulphide. Growth of algae, micro-organisms, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia give an obnoxious odour to water making it unfit for use.

The impact of taste and odour on water quality is:

(a) Consumers find taste and odour aesthetically displeasing for obvious reasons. Because water is thought of as tasteless and odourless, the consumer associates taste and odour with contamination and may prefer to use a tasteless, odourless water that might actually pose more of a health threat.

(b) Odours posed by organic substances may pose more than a problem of simple aesthetics since some of those substances may be carcinogenic.

It is one of the most important parameters in natural surface water systems I he temperature of surface waters governs to a large extent the biological species present and then- rate of activity. Temperature has an effect on most chemical ructions that occur in natural water systems.

Temperature also has a great effect on the solubilities of gases in water. The use of water for dissipation of waste heats in industry and the subsequent discharge of the heated water may result in dramatic temporary change in receiving streams.

Increased temperature of water has the following impacts:

(a) Cooler waters usually have a wide diversity of biological species .At lower temperatures, the rate of biological activity i.e. utilisation of food supplies growth reproduction etc. is slower. Biological activity increases with increase in temperature (double with an increase of 10 °C).

(b) Some aquatic organisms die due to increased temperature (e.g. cold water fishes like trouts). Fishes are affected dramatically by temperature and by dissolved oxygen levels, which are a function of temperature.

(c) The oxygen saturation percentage decreases and. therefore, the dissolved oxygen level (DO level) is reduced. Low DO level coupled with high temperatures result in increasing the metabolic activity of micro-organisms thereby resulting in the reduction in the availability of oxygen leading to anaerobic conditions.

(d) The toxicity of chemical pollutants increases with increased in temperature.

(e) Growth of algae is accelerated and becomes problematic when the algal cells cluster to form mats.

(f) Most chemical reactions involving dissolution of solids are accelerated by increased temperatures. The solubility of gases, however, decreases at elevated temperatures.

(g) The viscosity of water increases with decreasing temperature. The maximum density of water occurs at 4 °C, and density decreases on either side of that temperature. Both temperature and density have a subtle effect on plank tonic micro-organisms in natural water system.

Rise in the temperature of water (and air) to a harmful level due to heat from I power plant, automobiles, industries etc. is called thermal pollution.

Thermal pollution may be controlled by dry towers. A cooling tower passes cool air over pipes containing hot water (thermal power plants) transferring heat to the air.

This is called indirect cooling in contrast to the direct cooling in which water is pumped from the river and after being used only once for cooling purposes it is at once returned to the sea or river instead of using the same water again and again before finally dissipating it into the water bodies resulting in a significant rise in the temperature of the water.

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5 Physical Characteristics of Water | Water Management

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ADVERTISEMENTS: Some of the major physical characteristics of water are as follows: 1. Suspended Solids 2. Turbidity 3. Colour 4. Taste and Odour 5. Temperature! Physical parameters define those characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste or smell. Suspended solids, turbidity, colour, taste and odour and temperature fall into this [...]

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Water is a feminine element, it also the element of emotion and subconscious, of purification, intuition, mysteries of the self, compassion and family. It is psychic ability; water can be used as a means of scrying or as an object for meditation.

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Water is a cleansing, healing, psychic, and loving element. It is the feeling of friendship and love that pours over us when we are with our family, friends and loved ones. When we swim it is water that supports us, when we are thirsty, it is water the quenches our thirst, another manifestation of this element is the rainstorms that drench us, or the dew formed on plants after the sun has set.

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Temporary architecture has been appearing and disappearing more and more in urban public spaces. Many such structures have been branded 'pop-ups', follies to provide a moment of light entertainment and camera-ready delight. But there is a long history of a more holistic type of temporary architecture that subtly suggests how we could live, work and play more harmoniously. Here we feature an extract from Cate St Hill's new book, published by the RIBA, including interviews with 13 exciting, young, socially minded architects, designers and multidisciplinary collectives, making and building their own way.
Words Cate St Hill
Temporary architecture has been getting a bit of stick in recent years. It's often been misrepresented as a flimsy trend, fuelled by a frenzy of 'meanwhile' projects following downturns in construction activity and developers cashing in to avoid longer term problems and difficult questions. It's been seen as a photo-ready quick fix: easy, entertaining and, often mistakenly, cheap -- a marketing ploy to attract investment in an area and show the world it's 'hip'. It is now synonymous with shipping containers, street food and music festivals, and that advertising buzzword 'pop-up'.

But there is a long history, continuing today, of a more holistic temporary architecture that deals with fundamental questions of how we might live, work and play more harmoniously together. These structures, situations and events quickly appear and disappear, but they are designed to invest and embed themselves in a community, public space or set of ideas. They open up possibilities, test scenarios and subvert preconceptions of what our cities should be like and how we should behave in them. Their architects and designers, often young, are pushing the boundaries of architecture and taking the city back into their own hands.

What can we define as temporary architecture? And is it anything new? Temporary architecture in the context of this book can be labelled as purposely short-lived structures, exhibitions and programmes that create experimental sites for interaction and engagement. They can range from a tiny travelling theatre and floating cinema to a community lido on an abandoned railway site or a haphazard theatre made entirely from scrap material. Many are self-initiated, involving do-it-yourself building and grass-roots platforms for collective, participatory design. Usually, they're experimental and innovative, questioning the form of permanent architecture gone before. Always, they're for public use and involve the public as key protagonists in their formation and performance.

If we take temporary architecture to be something that is not permanent, then it has been around in one form or another since time immemorial, from prehistoric wooden huts and shelters, through medieval stage sets, circuses and world fairs, to the mobile home and post-war prefabs, and wartime and disaster relief. In contemporary architecture we are more familiar with temporary exhibitions and pavilions: Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion (1929) for example or Alison and Peter Smithson's House of the Future for the Daily Mail Ideal Home Exhibition in London (1956) -- prototypes for modern living that showed their creators' provocative ideas on the future of architecture and urbanism. They were also about transforming architectural forms into compelling, memorable visual images -- a form of advertisement.

These concepts and ideas about rethinking society, seen in these pavilions, are similar in many ways to the temporary structures being built today. They're about building alternative possible worlds, not entirely real, not entirely fictional. Yet the structures popping up today and in the book are also somehow different: they're not prescribing or dictating specific ways to live in the future; nor are they necessarily prototypes to be repeated on a grander scale. Instead, each is a unique (and sometimes bizarre), rule-breaking structure, a vehicle for playing with thoughts and ideas -- and it is these thoughts and ideas, and often not the physical thing itself, that could be seen to have the biggest impact. These projects have the ability to catalyse subtler and wider-ranging effects, as shown for instance by The Decorators' project for Chrisp Street Market. That scheme, which involved setting up a 'Town Team' to meet regularly, as well as more tangible changes such as new market furniture, has gone on to act as a pilot for two other attention starved London markets in need of rejuvenation.

These architects are making studied responses to contemporary lifestyles and changing cityscapes, and in the process they're causing a subtle yet profound shift within the architecture profession. In these cases, the role of the architect is expanding to include storyteller, historian, urban planner, psychologist, facilitator and communicator. Collaborations are further blurring these boundaries between disciplines. Neither is it always necessary to go through the traditional rigmarole of architectural education any more, as practices such as Assemble, EXYZT and Practice Architecture attest to.

The book features 13 interviews with 13 such architects and designers, ranging widely from the more traditional small architecture practices and studios to multidisciplinary collectives and cross-discipline designers, spread across the world from New York and Santiago to London, Berlin and Zürich. All have started their own offices and continue to work on their own terms. Each has, in his or her own way, inspired new definitions of architecture, not just in terms of their physical outcomes, but also in the way that they go about creating them. What they all have in common, apart from being relatively young in architectural terms and infectiously passionate about their craft, is a concern for engaging people, enriching local communities and empowering ways to create animated places in disused, inaccessible parts of the city. These architects aren't daydreamers: they're making extraordinary things happen. With temporary architecture, as EXYZT says, 'everybody can be the architects of our world'.

Temporary architecture isn't purely pop-ups and pretty pavilions, disappearing as quickly as they appear; it can also be something far subtler, involving a wide range of participants and stakeholders working together with deeper social ambitions for our shared public spaces. The Decorators is a London-based interdisciplinary group of practitioners set up in 2010 by landscape architect Suzanne O'Connell, interior designer Xavi Llarch Font, architect Mariana Pestana and psychologist Carolina Caicedo. It likes to design experiences that invite people to engage with objects and architecture, from a temporary restaurant in Hackney to a programme of community events at Chrisp Street Market in Poplar.
How did you start The Decorators?
Suzanne O'Connell: We're all from different backgrounds and studied Narrative Environments together at Central Saint Martins. The course is about broadening the expanse of how public space should be designed to bring together a range of practitioners. It had a very strong emphasis on collaboration.
Where did the name The Decorators come from?
Mariana Pestana: Decoration is usually seen as a minor form of spatial design, just like the temporary is seen as second architecture. The figure of the architect is still a very distant one to the general public, whereas the decorator is somehow more accessible. We like being embedded in our projects and having an on-site presence.
Can you tell me about your work at Chrisp Street Market in Poplar in 2013?
MP: Chrisp Street was a research project. We understood that the market had an important economic presence in the area, but that it had also -- and perhaps foremost -- a cultural relevance. We wanted to emphasise that and ask, 'What if the market wasn't only a place to shop but also a civic space?' We created a radio show and ran a series of debates and events with local cultural institutions about the future of the market. The project wasn't a solution, it was much more of an enquiry. Our recommendations are now being taken by Poplar HARCA and informing its application for a new round of funding.

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This is Temporary: Transient Architecture

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Temporary architecture has been appearing and disappearing more and more in urban public spaces. Many such structures have been branded 'pop-ups', follies to provide a moment of light entertainment and camera-ready delight. But there is a long history of a more holistic type of temporary architecture that subtly suggests how we could live, work and play more harmoniously.

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Universally, water is symbolic of purity, fertility, life, motion, renewal, and transformation. The profound symbolism of water comes from its two vital qualities – it is most essential for existence and it cleanses and purifies things by washing away impurities.

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A rainforest is an ecosystem characterized by heavy rain and a dense tree canopy that lets very little light through to the understory. A forest ecosystem must receive over 60 inches of rain per year to be considered a rainforest.

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black-tailed deer

elk

black bears

grizzly bears

cougars

wolves

bobcats

Birds such as eagles, owls, woodpeckers and crossbills characterize this ecosystem. A variety of insects, salamanders, frogs, snakes and turtles live mainly on the forest floor of the temperate rainforest.

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Temperate rainforest have mild (temperate) climates. These regions generally never have extremely hot or extremely cold weather. In the winter the temperature rarely dips below freezing which is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), and the summer months rarely see temperatures above 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6

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temperate rainforests experience vast amounts of rainfall, but feature a cooler average temperature compared to tropical rainforests.

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Temperate rainforests are coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rainfall. Temperate rain forests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of North American Pacific Northwest as well as the Appalachian temperate rainforest of the Eastern U.S. Sun Belt; the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America; the rain forests of New Zealand, Tasmania and southeastern Australia; northwest Europe (small pockets in Great Britain and larger areas in Ireland, southern Norway and northern Iberia); southern Japan; the Black Sea–Caspian Sea region from the southeasternmost coastal zone of the Bulgarian coast, through Turkey, to Georgia, and northern Iran.

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Temperate rain forests are located in the southern Appalachian Mountains where orographic precipitation causes weather systems coming from the west and from the Gulf of Mexico to drop more precipitation than in surrounding areas.

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The largest ones are found on the Pacific Coast of North America. They stretch from Oregon to Alaska for around 1,200 Miles. The smallest forests are on the southeast coast of Chile in South America.

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The term "rainforest" has, for many people, an image of tall trees with hanging vines and orchids inhabited by animals including jaguars, monkeys, noisy parrots and macaws, poison arrow frogs, brilliant butterflies, and vicious crocodilians and piranha. For the tropical Amazon rainforest, this image may be true, but a different type of rainforest, the temperate rainforest, holds different animal populations. Temperate rainforests around the world provide homes for unique and diverse animal populations.

Temperate rainforests are found along west coasts in the temperate latitudes. The largest temperate rainforest stretches from Alaska into northern California in North America. Temperate rainforests are also located along the coast of Chile, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan, New Zealand and South Australia.

Rainfall of the temperate rainforest ranges from 60 to 200 inches of rain per year. Some of this precipitation may occur as snow, especially in higher elevations. An additional 7 to 12 inches of precipitation per year comes from fog. Temperate rainforests, unlike tropical rainforests, usually have two seasons: a long wet season and a short dry season. Temperate rainforest temperatures average between 50 degrees Fahrenheit to 70 degrees Fahrenheit but can drop as low as 32F.

Temperate rainforest species of trees do not have the diversity of tropical rainforest tree species. Temperate rainforests generally have 10 to 25 species of trees, mostly conifers. Temperate rainforests, however, contain the highest productivity and greatest biomass of any rainforests, including tropical rainforests. The cool, moist environment slows decomposition, and trees in this biome grow for long periods of time. The coast redwood (California and Oregon, North America) and alerce (Chile) are among the largest and oldest trees on Earth.

Temperate rainforest animals range from small birds, insects and mammals to large mammals and predatory birds. While some animals of the temperate rainforest are unique to that habitat, many would also be found on a list of nearby deciduous forest biome animals.
North American Temperate Rainforest Animals
In North America, animals of the temperate rainforest include invertebrates like banana slugs and thousands of species of insects and spiders. Small mammals like voles, flying squirrels, mice and chipmunks provide food for spotted owls, great horned owls, hawks and eagles. Over 250 species of birds live in the Olympic National Park in Washington, including woodpeckers, Stellar jays, gray jays, blue grouse, ruffed grouse, varied thrush, bald eagles, warblers, sparrows and kingfishers. Deer and Roosevelt elk graze in the forest. Black bears eat salmon, steelhead and trout along with berries, fruit and insects. Black bears, bobcats and mountain lions are the major predators of this biome.
Chile's Temperate Rainforest Animals
The temperate rainforest along the coast of Chile is the world's second largest temperate rainforest. Animals found here include the Magellanic woodpecker and the Juan Fernández firecrown hummingbird with its crown of color-changing feathers. A wide range of frogs share the forest with toads and other amphibians. Iguanas dominate the reptile population. The large bird population includes ducks like the cinnamon teal and the red shoveler, geese like the kelp goose and Andean goose, and a variety of woodpeckers, owls, hawks, harriers and vultures. Mammals include the world's smallest deer, the southern pudú, and South America's smallest cat, the kodkod. The monito del monte, an arboreal marsupial, also lives here.
Australia's Temperate Rainforests Animals
Australia has two types of temperate rainforests. The warm temperate rainforests grow in New South Wales and Victoria. The cool temperate rainforests occur in Victoria, Tasmania, and small areas at higher altitudes in New South Wales and Queensland. Wallabies (relatives of kangaroos), bandicoots (omnivorous marsupials about the size of an opossum) and potoroos (another kangaroo relative that resembles the bandicoot) all live on the floor of the Australian temperate rainforest. Tasmania's cool temperate rainforest is home for mammals like the Tasmanian long-tailed mouse, ringtail possum, spotted tail quoll and pademelon. 21 species of birds can be seen here, including black currawong, green rosella, olive whistler and grey goshawk. Reptiles living here include the Tasmanian tree frog, tiger snake and brown skink. Representatives of ancient and primitive invertebrate species include the large land snail, Macleay's swallowtail butterfly, freshwater crayfish and velvet worm.
Other Temperate Rainforests
Temperate rainforests occur in small pockets in Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Japan. Like the larger temperate rainforests, the cool and damp environment supports populations of invertebrates ranging from snails and slugs to insects and spiders; birds from songbirds to woodpeckers, owls and hawks; small mammals; and larger predators, often in the cat family.

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Animals in the Temperate Rainforest Biome

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Temperate rainforest fauna varies by location, but invertebrates like slugs and insects, amphibians like frogs, various song and hunting birds, and small mammals dominate this biome. In the largest temperate rainforest, found in North America, bears, bobcats and mountain lions top the food chain.

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Temperate forests are very variable, and it is in them where the largest number of deciduous trees on the planet can be found. You can also find mixed forests with coniferous trees, deciduous broad-leaved and broad-leaved green as well. It is a forest that contains a temperate forest biome, which are considered to be the most altered on the planet. Temperate deciduous forests are forests with moderate climates that can be found between the tropics and polar regions in the northern and southern hemispheres. They are also called four-season forests, because they have four different seasons.

Temperate forest characteristics

Some of the main features are the following:

It has a low level of diversity of tree

Humans have transformed temperate forests considerably as they have inhabited them for thousands of years.

They are invaded by large buildings, streets, areas for agriculture and infrastructure.

There has been in them a big animal extinction due to the factors that occur in it.

They fulfill a landscaping, restoration and soil protection function.

It is considered as the ecological succession of the tundra.

They are found in smaller quantities within North America.

Temperate forest fauna

In the temperate forest, practically all the types of animals that exist can live in it, due to the moderate climate and the fertile soils that allow many types of plants to grow, provide shade for trees and give a lot of water. In Australia, animals such as koalas, possums and other marsupials inhabit the forest. In Europe, squirrels, badgers and birds thrive in forests. In the United States, bears, lynxes, deer and rabbits are common inhabitants. Pandas are found in China's temperate forests. Most animals live in the forest floor because the canopy of trees protects them from sun, wind, and rain.

Temperate forest flora

The soil found in temperate forests is very fertile, and these forests are populated with different types of trees: deciduous trees such as maple, oak and elm, coniferous trees such as pine, fir and cedar and broad-leaf trees, which normally populate regions such as Australia, New Zealand and the Mediterranean. Examples of broadleaf trees include olive, holly, tea and eucalyptus.

The climate of the temperate forest is characterized by heavy rainfall and the way it manifests itself throughout the year, which is why the temperate forest never has dry soils.

Temperature

Although it has 4 well-defined seasons due to thermal changes, with hot summers and cold winters, temperatures generally range from -30º C in the latitudes closest to the poles, where there is snow almost all year round to 30 degrees in latitudes further south. The annual average temperature is around 10º C.

Rainfall varies from about 50 cm per year in colder regions to more than 200 cm per year.

The temperate forests can be found around the European continent, the eastern region of Asia mainly in the countries of China and Japan and in North America. In some temperate regions of South America it is also common to find them.

Economic activity

Due to its geographical position these forests are an excellent place to practice agriculture. The trees are used to obtain wood, for which the forest has also been exploited. Commercial plantations and housing are two of the activities that can also be found in this type of forest.

Importance of the temperate forest

They are important forests for the earth because in them we find different regions with changing climates between summer and winter. They are one of the best places for people to live because its climate is quite tolerable. For the and growth of countries are essential.

Temperate forest in Mexico: distributed north and south of Baja California, in the northern highlands of Oaxaca and southern Chiapas. Their temperatures are average. Their ecosystems are sub-humid and with enough annual precipitations. They have a great diversity of flora and fauna.

Patagonia temperate forest: it is located to the south of and to the southwest of Argentina. Its climate is humid and with thermal contrasts. It has primary forests that keep thousands of species of flora and fauna.

Southern Andes Temperate Forest: It is located in Chile and is a It possesses the most important forest remnants that have not been invaded by man on earth. It includes different national parks with large numbers of animals and plants.

Written by Gabriela Briceño V.

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Temperate forest | What is, characteristics, fauna, flora, climate, examples

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Temperate forests are very variable, and it is in them where the largest number of deciduous trees on the planet can be found. It is a forest that contains a temperate forest biome, which are considered to be the most altered on the planet.