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Hub is a networking device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network by broadcasting all incoming data to all active ports.

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Hub is a networking device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network by broadcasting all incoming data to all active ports.

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A switch is a networking device that connects hosts by receiving incoming data packets and redirects them to their intended destination

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A switch is a networking device that connects hosts by receiving incoming data packets and redirects them to their intended destination

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Can Have 4 to 52 ports!!

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When a device sends a packet to another device, it enters the switch and the switch reads its header to determine what to do with it. It matches the destination address or addresses and sends the packet out through the appropriate ports that leads to the destination devices.

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When a device sends a packet to another device, it enters the switch and the switch reads its header to determine what to do with it. It matches the destination address or addresses and sends the packet out through the appropriate ports that leads to the destination devices.

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- It is Full - Duplex

- It keeps record of MAC address

- It prevents the waste of bandwidth

- It also increase network size

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Bridge is a kind of networking device that interconnects two or more networks together by dividing LAN into different segments. 

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Bridge is a kind of networking device that interconnects two or more networks together by dividing LAN into different segments. 

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- It is expensive

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Bridges work by dividing a LAN into segments and help the hosts send and receive data to the specific segment where the receiver or another host belong.

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Bridges work by dividing a LAN into segments and help the hosts send and receive data to the specific segment where the receiver or another host belong.

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• Reduces network traffic.
• Prevents bandwidth waste.
• Keeps a record of MAC Addresses.

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A repeater is a networking device that replicates and amplifies a received signal to an extended geographical area.

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A repeater is a networking device that replicates and amplifies a received signal to an extended geographical area.

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When a hub receives a packet of data (an Ethernet frame) at one of its ports from a network device, it transmits (repeats) the packet to all of its ports to all of the other network devices.

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Repeaters work by amplifying the received signal then rebroadcasts it to another area.

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Repeaters work by amplifying the received signal then rebroadcasts it to another area.

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By amplifying the signal, a repeater
increases the transmission range of
the original signal.

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• Expensive
• Slower than hubs

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Modem is a networking device that allows devices to send and receive data over the internet by converting analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa.

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Modem is a networking device that allows devices to send and receive data over the internet by converting analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa.

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Wi-Fi Repeater

- is used to extend the coverage
area of your Wi-Fi network.

Network Repeater

- The specific characteristic of
this is that whatever it
receives it transmits to the
other LAN segment. This
does not understand the
frame format and also
physical addresses. In other
words, it is a transparent
device. Therefore, multiple
LANs connected by
repeaters may be
considered as a single LAN.

Telephone Repeater

- is used to amplify
signals to support and
carry long distance calls.

Radio Repeater

- this is used to extend the
coverage of a radio signal.

Submarine Repeater

- Repeaters are used for optical signal amplification. Repeaters are placed every 60km to 70km. Power to the repeater is feeded from Power feeding equipment, which is located in Submarine Cable Station. In traditional subsea cable, every fiber pair will have their own repeaters.

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Computers can only
understand digital signals and Telephone lines can
only understand
analog signals.

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- It amplifies the signal.

- It does not affect the performance of the network
when it’s performing its task on the signal.

- Repeaters can be used in different mediums for
reception and transmission.

- It does not increase or decrease the network traffic.

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1. CABLE MODEM

- is a modem that uses coaxial cables to
provide cable TV and high-speed
internet access.

2. DSL MODEM

- is a modem used to transfer
digital signals over standard
telephone lines.

3. USB MODEM

- is a portable modem (known as a
dongle) that plugs directly into a
USB port and uses a SIM-card to
connect to the internet.

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- It is not possible to connect different network
architectures using repeater. For this router or gateway is
needed.

- The number of repeaters to be used are limited between
two ends. More repeaters create noise on the wire which
results into packet collisions or problems in the packet
detection.

- Repeaters do not perform filtering of the data as well.

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• High transmission speed

• Supports different media types

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• Expensive
• Vulnerable to malware and hackers

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A router is a networking device that connects computers and other devices to the Internet by acting as a dispatcher that chooses the best route for the packets to travel.

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A router is a networking device that connects computers and other devices to the Internet by acting as a dispatcher that chooses the best route for the packets to travel.

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It routes or passes the internet connection to all devices
connected to it by distributing data packets to intended
destination using the IP addresses of each device.

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- Wired Router
are typically box-shaped
devices that connect directly
to computers via "hard-lined"
or wired connections.

- Wireless Router
- is a router that distributes
internet connection through
one or more antenna
(wireless access points).

- Brouter
-It can forward data between
networks (serving as a bridge),
but can also route data to
individual systems within a
network (serving as a router).
- It is also a combination of a bridge and router

- Modem Router
- it is a router with
built-in usb port and
Ethernet ports.
- It is the most common kind of router

# data[].attributes.body
1. Network hub

-is a hub that allows
multiple computers to
communicate with each
other over a network.

2. USB hub

-is a hub that allows
multiple peripherals to
connect through a single
USB port.

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• Cheap and simple
•Can connect to different media types

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• Half-duplex
•Wasted bandwidth
•Causes unnecessary traffic

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- Communicate across networks

- Keeps a record of IP Address

- Prevents Bandwidth waste

- Increases network size

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- Very expensive

- Security risks