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sleeves: 24in
Top of the sleeve : 10in
Wrist: 7in
Back: 14inx14in
Waist: 13in
Hood: 19in
Collar: 10in
Between collar and sleeve: 3in
Armpit->bottom: 9in

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Our jackets have the following measurements. All jackets are handmade by up to 7 different tailors, so minor variability between jackets is expected.
We have a " No Fuss" Exchange and Return policy, so if the jacket does not fit as expected, please click the red HELP button in the lower right corner.

View all Women's jackets available in your size: View all Men's jackets available in your size:

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Our jackets have the following measurements. All jackets are handmade by up to 7 different tailors, so minor variability between jackets is expected. We have a " No Fuss" Exchange and Return policy, so if the jacket does not fit as expected, please click the red HELP button in the lower right corner.

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Inside and outside layers will be tightly woven oilcloth, which also help to insulate. The insulating layer will be Insul fleece (https://www.joann.com/insul-fleece-metalized-mylar-insulated-interfacing/10973568.html )
made from polyester fibers which are needle punched with an aluminized scrim binder that helps to reflect heat or cold back to its source. It is soft and comfortable for use in clothing

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Backpack- Insulated, light, flexible
Warm Hoodie-  wool (warm, sustainable clothing material)

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Honeycomb - made of silicone-like substance
Jello-ish thing (Clear flex UV resin or clear vinyl or hot glue stick)

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Velvet, leather/fake leather, denim

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1. Shell Fabrics

2. Lining Fabrics

3. Interlinings (Fusible interlining)

4. Shoulder pad

5. Stitching threads /Sewing threads

6. Button

7. Zippers

8. Labels

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1. Fabrics for Shell

The shell or shell fabric of a coat or jacket is the outer portion of the jacket and it's where the material of your jacket shines, and the style and colour and silhouette of your outerwear are on display. So, what kind of fabrics are used for the shell of a jacket?

Most Common Fabrics Used for the coats and jackets -

Fabrics made up of different types of fibres can be used for making jackets - some are lightweight, some are heavier, some are finer, some may be heavier, but all kind of fabrics made of different fibre contents are used according to the end-use of it.
1.1. Wool fibre:
Fabrics made up of worsted wool are often used for the procurement of jackets, they are excellent protector from cold weather.

Comparatively lightweight than wool, generally used in spring-summer,

1.3. Cotton fabrics:

It is the most abundant fabric available
1.4. Polyester-cotton blended fabrics:
Blended fabrics of polyester and cotton. Generally available in 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40 blend variety.
1.5. Polyester-wool blended fabrics:
Cheaper than pure wool, nearly similar insulation properties like wool
1.6. Tweed:
Tweed is made out of wool or wool blend and usually comes in naturally-occurring colors. Tweed is also very durable Lightweight. Tweed coats are a good option for more mild fall temperatures while heavyweight tweed coats can withstand even the most frigid of winters.

2. Fabrics for Lining material

The lining of the coat or jacket retains its shape and provides an inner layer of extra insulation. It also provides a softer layer between the wearer and any coarse materials so that the coat/jacket is more comfortable. There are different weights of lining from lightweight to heavyweight, and most contain polyester, silk or satin or a mix of the three. As a result, the jacket lays nicely over the contours of the body.

Different types of lining fabrics available as the followings.

2.1 Silk linings: These are perhaps the most comfortable to wear, but also more expensive than synthetic linings.

2.2. Bemberg Silk is a high-quality synthetic material that is cheaper than natural silk, but more expensive than other synthetics.

2.3. Acetate is a crisp fabric but lacks durability.

2.4. Rayon lasts longer than acetate, but not as long as polyester. Linings made from polyester last long hardly breathe.

3. Interlinings

It can be used to protect fabrics, especially those used in drapes and consequently often exposed to direct light. Delicate fabrics like silk and velvet can suffer from sun damage if hung with a liner alone, and most drapers recommend the use of an interlining for the life of the fabric. Interlinings are materials that are fused or sewn to specific areas on the inside of garments or garment components. They may provide shape, support, stabilization, reinforcement, hand, and improved performance for garments.

4. Shoulder pads

It can be seen in coats which are a type of fabric-covered padding used in clothing to give the wearer the illusion of having broader and less sloping shoulders. Shoulder pads are often used in jackets, and overcoats, usually sewn at the top of the shoulder and fastened between the lining and the outer fabric layer.

5. Sewing threads

Sewing threads are yarns that are engineered and designed to pass through a sewing machine when they form efficient stitches without breaking or becoming distorted during the useful life of the apparel or accessory product. The basic function of a thread is to deliver aesthetics and performance in stitches and seams.

Different types of thread are used for making jackets like cotton, Spun Silk, Spun Polyester, continuous filament polyester, Spun Nylon continuous filament Nylon

The spun polyester threads which are made from the staple polyester fibre are generally used in stitching components of jackets, two or more spun polyester yarns are twisted together to produce spun polyester thread, it shows better tenacity and good abrasion resistance than cotton sewing threads and also shows lesser shrinkage, the thread of ticket no. 120 and tex value ranging from 16 to 40 are used. Sewing threads are available in different packages.

6. Buttons

In the modern clothing and apparels, a button is a small fastener, most commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell, that joins two pieces of fabric components together. In a jacket, buttons are used on front and sleeve cuffs. Buttons made of different materials are shown here.

6.1. Plastic buttons: Made of plastic, cheap, hardly sustain in dry clean process, available everywhere.

6.2. Pearl buttons: Made from the inner layer of pearl oysters and tend to have a little more colour depth than plastic resin buttons. Can be broken or cracked by the most brutal of dry cleaning conditions, real colour limitations when looking for a variety of colours.

6.3. Horn buttons: Made of animal horn material, really tough and durable, pricier than mother of pearl and plastic buttons.

6.4. Wooden buttons: Made of wood of different levels of quality, allow for engraving and can look particularly stylish

6.5. Metal buttons: Pure metal or metallic blend, an array of colours for metal buttons is quite limited Beside this Two-hole button & Four-hole buttons are also used

7. Zippers

Normally, the zipper is not used in formal suits. But for the casual jackets and coats, zippers are used as functional trims (front opening) and decorative purpose. Zippers can be classified as a nylon zipper, metal one and a plastic zipper, open-end zipper, closed-end zipper. In jackets or coats, nylon zippers are used.

8. Labels

A garment label is a bridge element between the buyer and the product. A garment label contains various types of information of that garments, such as buyer name, country of origin, types of fabric, types of yarn, fabric composition, garments size, special instruction about care, RN number (company address) etc. Different types of materials are used for different labels. Most of the labels used in coats are printed labels and the label is attached to the garment.

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Raw Materials Used in Making Coats and Jackets

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The shell or shell fabric of a coat or jacket is the outer portion of the jacket and it's where the material of your jacket shines, and the style and colour and silhouette of your outerwear are on display. So, what kind of fabrics are used for the shell of a jacket?

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Wool- Warmest material, natural insulator.
Silk- Lightweight breathable insulator, works best as an under layer
Fleece- Imitates wool, but is lighter than wool (easier to exercise in)
Down -works as an insulator, the more down the warmer
Nylon- Isn't necessarily warm but is waterproof and will keep dry in snow.
Alpaca Wool- inner coat lining, warm, light, durable

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Cotton-Soft, durable, breathable, versatile and easy to care for.
Nylon and Polyester-Wicks moisture and dries quickly; resists pilling and abrasion.
Rayon- Has a silky feel, moderate breathability, drapes nicely, dries quickly.
Linen- Very durable and easy to care for; typically has excellent breathability because linen fibers are large and clothing styles feature more open weaves

Tighter knits and weaves create less breathable fabrics, while looser knits and weaves create more breathable fabrics

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If you're looking for the most breathable fabric, you're probably trying to keep your cool in the heat. But there's more to staying cool than having breathable fabric. If you're going to be even a little bit active, then you're really on a quest to find the coolest fabric.

We'll start the discussion with the features you need to look for in a fabric, then provide some pros and cons for different types of materials.

If you want clothing that's breathable and cool for warm-weather activities, consider these main factors:

1. Fabric construction and weight: In general, tighter knits or weaves create less breathable fabrics, while more open knits or looser weaves will be more breathable than tight ones. Thinner materials and finer yarns also affect breathability. For a quick, nonscientific test, hold a fabric up and see how much light passes through it-more light suggests more breathability.

2. Moisture management: Lightweight breathable fabrics help reduce sweat, but moisture-wicking and quick-drying materialsgo further bytaking advantage of the body's natural cooling mechanism to evaporate moisture away from the skin.

3. Fit: If your primary activity will be relaxing, then look for a loose fit; if you're getting moisture-wicking clothing because you plan to be more active, then you need the garment to be in contact with your skin to do its job-not necessarily skintight, but not super billowy either.

4. Mesh panels and air vents: Some clothing, especially product designed to provide sun protection, includes strategically placed mesh panels and zippered air vents. To learn more about soaking up the sun more safely, read How to Choose Sun Protection (UPF) Clothing.

Breathable Fabrics

Below are broad characteristics of some common warm-weather fabrics. Be aware that features can vary quite a bit within each type of fabric. Also, clothing makers can blend fabrics to achieve a difference in performance, and they can add finishes that alter the typical characteristics of a fabric.

1. Cotton

Available in an incredible variety of fabrics, including all sorts of "non-active" summer clothing.

2. Nylon and Polyester

Most activewear features one of these two synthetic materials.

3. Rayon

You find a wide variety of plant-based-but-highly-processed fabrics under names that include rayon, viscose and lycocell; fabric properties vary widely and these fabrics are often blended with other fabrics to achieve different characteristics.

Derived from the stalks of flax plants, it's a popular fabric for casual summer wear.

Often used in underwear; also used in upscale casual wear.

Often used in long underwear or winter wear, it can also be a good summer fabric; early generations of wool were scratchy; today's merino wools are quite soft.

Which Breathable Fabric Is More Environmentally Friendly?

Some people are drawn to cottons, linens or other plant-based fabrics because they think of them as more "naturally" breathable. But crop production isn't always benign, nor is processing plant-based fibers. Check out What is bluesign? and What is Organically Grown Cotton? to learn about two important fabric sustainability standards.

Shop Shirts for Warm-Weather Activities

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How to Pick the Most Breathable Fabrics - REI Co-op Journal

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If you're looking for the most breathable fabric, you're probably trying to keep your cool in the heat. But there's more to staying cool than having breathable fabric. If you're going to be even a little bit active, then you're really on a quest to find the coolest fabric.

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Wool - natural and breathable insulator that is soft
100% wool - durable and easy to care for with all the properties of wool
wool blends - allows for same insulating properties of wool while also using other materials to get exactly what is needed
Cashmere - expensive wool, but soft and silky and best used in special occasion coats; difficult to maintain
Mohair - most durable material and is good for keeping warm; usually blended with wool for best effect due to roughness of material
Tweed - wool blend that could be used for lightweight and heavyweight coats, usually brown, and has been used and changed for decades
Faux fur - good for the same look as real animal fur, but bad quality fur does not have the same properties as authentic animal fur

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Material 101: Learn about our material range - Coats

For those cold winter months, there is nothing better than having a well-made coat to keep you warm. Even discounting that, a good coat makes a good impression, especially in classy restaurants. Nonetheless, a coat isn't for every occasion. Your employer will probably prefer a suit or jacket over an overcoat, and the added bulk can be a huge downside.
Today, we'll be covering the fabrics that work well with coats. Regardless of whether you're looking for something that keeps you warm, or a simple coat to match up with the rest of your clothing, picking the right fabric can make all the difference. There are a few fabrics to go through, so let's begin looking into them.

Types of fabric

It's worth thinking about what you need from your coat. There are, in general, three main types of coat fabrics available. Lightweight coats suit the spring and summer, and include jacquard, tweed, thin wool and velvet. Medium weight coats are good for autumn, featuring thicker wool blends and cashmere. And finally, heavyweight coats are for the harsher winter months, with the most popular types being pure wool or fur based.

Wool

Wool is a guaranteed way of keeping yourself warm. Sheep wool is perfect for winter snow due to its water resistance, and other variants have similar properties. 100% wool products are completely natural and durable, and you can't really go wrong with the caring and handling either. Dyes also mean you get a large palate of colors and patterns to choose from. If you need to keep warm, you can't really go wrong with wool.

Wool blends

For the uninitiated, blends of different wools are an excellent starting point. While not pure wool, these still offer up great heat insulation while combining in the benefits of each coat material. This also means that you get to try different things out, getting to grips with what you need.

Cashmere

More expensive than wool, cashmere is a definite eye catcher. With its signature soft and silky feeling, this is the best for special events where you just need to stand out. Unlike wool, the cleaning and handling of cashmere is slightly more complicated. Whether or not cashmere is for you depends on your personal thoughts. Our thoughts? Just try out some off the shelf options to see if it's for you.

Mohair

The best in terms of durability, mohair gets you all the warmth you need to get through the winter. It is commonly blended with wool for the best effect, you can get comfort and durability in a simple, affordable package. Do not the roughness that comes from pure mohair coats though.

Tweed

Tweed is a wool blend, and the name carries the signature brown colors as well. These are versatile, having been in fashion since decades earlier. Lightweight and heavyweight tweed work for different looks, so go ahead and mix and match to find out what works for you. We'd recommend working with medium weight variants for maximum coverage regardless of the weather.

Faux fur

Fur was the original option for coats, and faux fur is the animal friendly alternative. Synthetically produced, you still get the overall looks and textures for a fraction of the cost. Just remember that there are still quality differences. Bad quality fur might leave you cold during the nights.

Finally

If you need a suit made, why not try the best tailor in Phuket? We, at Exclusive Tailor, use only the finest materials for all our fashion products, and we make them to match your measurements exactly. We have generations of experience, and we have a solid grasp on all the latest trends in men's fashion. Check out our website to find out about all we have available.

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Materials 101 - Coats | Exclusive Tailor

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For those cold winter months, there is nothing better than having a well-made coat to keep you warm. Even discounting that, a good coat makes a good impression, especially in classy restaurants. Nonetheless, a coat isn't for every occasion. Your employer will probably prefer a suit or jacket over an overcoat, and the added bulk can be a huge downside.

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Lightweight | 200-300 g/m ² | Lightweight materials for cool spring/summer nights, special occasion wear
Medium weight | 300-450 g/m ² | Midweight fabrics for moderate temperatures, for cool autumns and early springs
Heavyweight | 450-700 g/m ² | Sturdy, super warm coats for colder months

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Coating fabrics are designed to protect your body from cold, wind and rain during early spring, autumn and winter seasons. Coat fabrics come in a variety of weights and finishes, from lightweight materials for cooler weather to heavy cloths that are up to the challenge even on the most freezing day.

In this article we're going to cover the most popular types of coat fabrics used for casual and special occasion coats and jackets. While one can definitely buy a ready-made piece, sometimes finding the perfect one seems almost impossible.

Why not save your precious time and sew a coat yourself? All you need to do is pick the right material and choose the style, and we are here to help you.

Types

For those of us who live in moderate climates and know what exactly winter is like, having a warm coat is as essential as having a nice pair of boots. Still, coats come in handy even if you've never seen snow in your life. Lightweight coats protect us from wind and keep us warm and snug on a late night. Plus, we all travel sometimes, and it's better to be prepared when you're going someplace windy like Stockholm or Copenhagen.

Basically, all coat materials can be divided into three groups, each one serving its own purpose.

Lightweight materials include jacquard, tweed and boucle, thin wool fabrics, velvet, etc. Some of them can be made into stylish outerwear to be worn on top of an elegant dress or a mind-blowing two-piece suit.

Medium weight fabrics comprise denser wool materials and jacquards, cashmere, various wool blends. Properly lined or quilted, they make all kinds of coats, jackets and capes that are a pleasure to wear in the demi-season.

Heavy coat fabrics are created to keep you super warm and comfortable in snowy and otherwise severe winters. The most popular ones are 100% wool materials, wool blends, furs and padded puffer fabrics.

Now, let's dive deeper into the types of fibers you should have your eyes open for when choosing a coat material.

What Are the Best Coat Materials?

Whether you buy an off-the-rack coat or sew one yourself, it's crucial to know your way around various types of fabrics. The fiber you see on the label tells you straight away how warm this or that fabric is and how long it will last. There are many types of materials on the market, and most of them seem to be pretty good. So, what exactly should you keep in mind before investing into something that you'll be wearing for at least several seasons? Which materials are the best ones for winter?

Wool. Wool is natural and breathable. It is known for its insulating properties and softness. You might consider buying 100% wool or go for wool blends - both will keep your warm. The good thing about sheep's wool is that it comes in all sorts of finishes: boiled wool, flannel, gabardine and felt are just some of the examples. Sheep's wool is also water-resistant, which makes it perfect for snowy weather.

Cashmere. Cashmere is more expensive that sheep's wool, but it's a real show-stopper. Fabulously soft and silky, it is probably one of the best picks for special occasion coats. Cashmere is more difficult to care for, but it's worth the risk: anyone who once owned a cashmere fabric will agree right away.

Mohair. With its distinctive frizzy look, mohair is ideal for winter coats and jackets. Made from the fleece of the Angora goat, it is second to none in terms of natural fibre durability. It is warm and fuzzy, and it fits both men's and women's wardrobes. Either pure or blended with wool, mohair fabrics will keep you comfortably warm all season long.

Tweed. Tweed fabrics are either wool or wool blends, the classic colorways being all about earthy tones. Tweeds are sturdy and durable, they are one of those timeless options that never go out of fashion. They are also highly versatile: lightweight tweeds woven with fancy yarn are perfect for those Chanelesque looks, while Harris tweed is the iconic fabric for gentlemen.

Fur and Faux fur. One of the oldest materials used by people to stay warm in the winter, fur is definitely a 'yes' when it comes to coats. Mink, chinchilla, sable, fox, beaver fur - the list is endless. It is also available in an artificial form. You get the same gorgeous look and texture, but go completely animal-friendly. If you want to add some fur to your wardrobe, make sure you buy a high quality fabric, which is usually more expensive. Poor quality fur will not ward off the cold.

You might combine several types of fabrics to create your dream coat. Why not use cashmere together with merino wool, or add some fur to your cuffs? Any winter wardrobe is a playground, and there's no reason to limit oneself to one fiber. However, if you decide to mix several fabrics, make sure they look good together.

Wool Fabrics

Since wool is one of the most popular choices for winter apparel, it demands a whole new chapter. Why is wool so special?

1. It's warm

2. It's natural

3. It's durable

4. It's easy to care for

5. A wide variety of colors, patterns and finishes

When we say 'wool', we mean not only merino wool, but also a vast range of wool fabrics made with the fleece of various animals, such as alpaca, mohair, vicuña, or camel. Which one is best? It's a matter of taste. In general, sheep's wool is cheaper than alpaca or cashmere, while rare vicuña beats them all.

If you're not quite familiar with these noble fibers, but eager to try, start with wool blend fabrics, e.g. 80% wool and 20% alpaca or camel. Based on wool, they are superb insulators plus benefit from the presence of other types of wool. Investigate the unknown world of precious yarn step by step, adding new fibers to your collection and forming preferences. And if you've already tried cashmere, alpaca and even vicuña, chances are you have your coat favourite!

What Are the Winter Coat Trends 2019?

Just like any other piece of clothing, a winter coat is the reflection of your style. While some of us prefer classics, others are passionate about fashion trends and do not want to miss a single one of them. This winter is full of nice surprises and ideas on what your next coat could look like. What's hot on the runways?

Colors. White is all over the catwalks. By all means, white coats are hard to take care of, but they are pure chic and style. We also see an abundance of silver, black, brown, and camel tones, as well as eye-pleasing turquoise and multicolored variations.

Patterns. Herringbone and Prince of Wales checks are everybody's favourite in winter 2019. Another trend worth mentioning is quilting - a beautiful choice for puff jackets and coats.

Fabrics. Fur and faux fur are all the rage, especially short fur and shearling. Wool and mohair are as popular as ever. Looking for something ultratrendy? Some of the high fashion designers offer leather and even sheer vinyl coats!

Silhouettes. The new season gives freedom of choice to all of us. Among the most popular shapes are the cape, the cocoon and the long thick coat in plain black, grey, green, camel and pink. We also see a lot of oversize coats: in solid colors, checks and also quilted.

Just as usual, the fashion world sets your imagination in motion and inspires the most daring looks.

Manufacturers

The most luxury coating fabrics are created by the range of prominent European manufacturers. Boucle and tweed boucle fabrics come from Clarenson, Grosber, Luigi Verga and Carnet. Jacquard - from Ruffo Coli, Carnet and Malhia Kent. Those who prefer Paisley or colourful prints can go for Etro, renowned for its timeless Paisley pattern. The fabrics by Loro Piana and Luigi Colombo are favoured by the aficionados of fine wool with a touch of cashmere. For a man's coat, the fabric of first choice can be worsted wool by Holland & Sherry, Scabal, Dormeuil and Ermenegildo Zegna.

Each of those brands is present on the market for decades and is regularly selected by the leading fashion houses as official suppliers. Not surprisingly, impeccable reputation is a matter of utmost importance for the coating manufacturers, which obliges them to maintain the highest quality.

Tips for Making a Perfect Coat

Have you ever heard a saying - 'a fine dress helps to impress'? Well, it is true, especially in summer when the first thing other people see when they meet you is your dress (skirt/pants/jackets, you name it). But in fall or in winter, the first impression is made with a coat, and that's why it needs to be perfect in all respects. Here are some handy tips that'll help you plan an ideal coat, both for men and women.

First, think about the season you'll be wearing your coat. Is it for early autumn when the temperature is in the 10s above zero? Or is it for harsh winters, when the ground is covered in snow and the wind won't stop blowing?

Second, think about the occasion you're going to wear it on. Any coat should be warm, comfortable and tear-resistant. However, its design depends a lot on the occasion. If you're choosing a coat for everyday wear, it probably should be of a simpler cut and either in plain colors or with understated checks. If you're making it for special outings, get more creative! Bright colors, contrasting plaids and stripes, embroidery, metallic threads, beadwork - the sky is the limit.

The colder the weather, the warmer the material! Select natural fibers such as wool or cashmere if you're aiming for a truly warm coat, because man-made materials are poor helpers, unless they are designed specially for bad weather. Thinking about something lightweight to be worn on cold summer or early fall nights? Go for looser weave and lighter blends, or you'll end up sweating.

Just like dresses and suits, coats come in various cuts and silhouettes. Single-breasted coats are more casual than double-breasted ones, but both are classics. Pea coats or duffel coats, long or knee-high variants, oversize or body-flattering options - the choice is yours. If you're making a winter coat, consider leaving some room underneath in case you'd want to put on a sweater or a turtleneck for extra warmth. No matter which silhouette you end up choosing, it should look good on you, hiding flaws and emphasizing your "strong points".

Think about your winter wardrobe. Will your coat look nice when teamed with other wintry apparel pieces from your closet like trousers, warm dresses, accessories and boots? Will they be complementing each other in terms of colors? There are several hues you can never go wrong with: black, grey and navy are ideal 'partners' for any color.

On the other hand, contrasting coats are a great statement piece. Brighter colors are known for their ability to lift our spirits even on a most gloomy day, while houndstooth or plaid patterns are guaranteed to transform you into your most refined self.

In most cases, a coat is an investment piece. Once you've found the perfect material, you're set for several seasons ahead. Consider the properties of various fabrics and make a wise pick: something lighter for spring and early autumn, something more substantial and probably waterproof for winter. Avoid synthetic fibers, unless you're creating some skiing apparel or it's a special high-tech material designed for waterproof garments. And remember, since you'll be wearing your coat for more than one season, it should be not only warm, but also stylish and elegant.

Tissura Collection

At Tissura, you can always buy coating fabrics woven by the leading European manufacturers:

Clarenson (France),

Malhia Kent (France),

Holland & Sherry (Great Britain),

Lochcarron (Great Britain),

Grosber (Italy),

Binda (Italy),

Loro Piana (Italy),

Luigi Verga (Italy),

Carnet (Italy),

Ruffo Coli (Italy),

Jakob Schlaepfer (Switzerland),

Frontline (Switzerland).

Finest worsted wool, timeless tweed boucle, marvelously patterned jacquard, exclusive combinations of wool with cashmere and silk - whatever luxury coat you desire, you will find the proper fabric here. Some of them are represented below - to get to the product page of each one, just click on the photo. See the whole collection by clicking on the button under the pictures:

Double stretch wool fabric, 160 € (192 US$) per one running metre;

Camel wool coating fabric, 149 € (179 US$) per one running metre;

Wool & alpaca coating, 110 € (132 US$) per one running metre;

Cashmere fabric, 357 €(427 US$) per one running metre

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Coating Guide: Wool Coat Fabric Types and Trends 2018

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Coating fabrics are designed to protect your body from cold, wind and rain during early spring, autumn and winter seasons. Coat fabrics come in a variety of weights and finishes, from lightweight materials for cooler weather to heavy cloths that are up to the challenge even on the most freezing day.

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Hand warmers (mostly disposable) held in hands and produce heat which helps to warm the hands in colder climates/activities.

Packets are made of a mix of iron, water, activated carbon, vermiculite, cellulose, and salt. Once exposed to air, the iron oxidizes and releases heat in the process.

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Polar bear hairs are hollow to maximize insulating qualities of the animals' fur, as almost every student of the Arctic knows.

But now a set of studies from China shows polar bear hairs are much more than simple tiny tubes.

Detailed mathematical analysis of the hairs, published in the journal Thermal Science, finds they have complex structures that make them much better insulators than simple hollow hairs would be.

Microscopic examination of polar bear hairs reveals their interior is a structure of membrane pores, researchers from several Chinese universities have found. The latest analysis finds the pore structure is arranged as a fractal, a series of repeating patterns spun off into smaller dimensions.

Calculation of the pore structure finds the ratio of its dimensions to be close to a mathematical figure known as the " golden mean," the ideal dimension ratio for an infinitely spiraling fractal, says one study. The dimension ratio of the inner structure of the analyzed polar-bear hair was calculated at 1.625, close to the golden mean, which is also called Phi and is approximately 1.618; the golden mean "must reveal the possible optimal structure of polar bear hairs," the study says.

Though it appears white, polar bear fur is translucent, helping it absorb environmental heat, the study points out. Without the interior pores' fractal arrangement, however, the translucent hair that absorbs light could easily send heat back out into the environment, the study says.

A related study, with some of the same co-authors, calculates the equation for one-dimensional heat conduction through each "labyrinth cavity" of the hair. The authors used calculus to arrive at a differential equation showing how heat moves through the hairs.

The studies -- the latest in a series on the same subject by the same group of Chinese researchers -- are not mere academic exercises.

Understanding the structure and workings of polar-bear hairs "may find many potential applications in the future, especially in thermal insulation designs for extreme cases," said an earlier study by some of the same authors, published in 2011 in Thermal Science.

They note in their studies that polar bears maintain body temperatures of 98.6 degrees in an environment where temperatures can dip as low as minus 76 degrees.

The Chinese researchers are not alone in looking to polar-bear hair as a model for future heat-collecting and heat-holding products.

Some German scientists are exploring the possibility of using flexible, lightweight materials -- in structures arranged somewhat like polar-bear hairs -- to collect solar heat. Current solar energy systems use rigid collectors and mirrors, but new systems could be "inspired by the transparent insulation and heat harvesting strategies of polar bear fur," the researchers report in a new study published online in the journal Energy and Buildings.

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Inside polar bear hair: a complex, heat-holding labyrinth of pores

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Polar bear hairs are hollow to maximize insulating qualities of the animals' fur, as almost every student of the Arctic knows. But now a set of studies from China shows polar bear hairs are much more than simple tiny tubes.