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The Egyptians practiced a form of beekeeping during the time of the ‘Old Kingdom’. By then, the power of fire and smoke was known, and in Niuserre's sun temple (Niuserra being a Pharaoh of Egypt during the 5th dynasty), beekeepers were depicted blowing smoke into hives as they removed the honey-combs. The honey would then be stored in earthenware jars.

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The beekeepers approached the hives with shaven heads, as the bees reacted very violently to the smell of perfumed oil applied to the hair. Apiarists are never shown using protective gear and relied on smoke blown into the hives to keep the bees peaceful.

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Spanish imported the first European honey bees to South America.

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Alongside being an English clergyman and travel writer, he is also known to be the forerunner of modern hives with movable frames. Wheler is fond of discovering and describing Greek hives during his time.

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Being a Polish apiculturist, he was the one noted with the creation of the first practical movable-comb beehive. Back in 1835 was when he discovered that drones (male honey bees) were produced from unfertilized eggs. In his 1845 paper, then, he suggested that while queen honey bees and female worker bees were fertilization products, drones were not, and that immature bees' diets related to their eventual roles.

(This allowed manipulation of individual honeycombs without destroying the structure of the hive. discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees)

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For natural theologians, who looked on nature as showing the workings of providence, the bee cell was a favorite subject. They thought that the question of how little insects could correctly solve a design problem that challenged even expert human geometers, and implement it practically pointed to a governing intelligence. In Lord Brougham’s Dissertations on subjects connected with natural theology (1839), he commented that bees acted with a discipline that in men could only be effected by a superintendent with a design. The bee chose the most advantageous shape for her cells, he wrote, ‘as indeed we might well suppose when we recollect who is her teacher’ (Brougham 1839, 1: 35, 77).

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Langstroth was referred to as the father of American beekeeping. He had access to translations of Dzierzon's works, which helped him design a completely movable frame hive - the “bee space.”

(Langstroth has been credited with discovering the "bee space," although it had already been implemented by Jan Dzierżon. However, Langstroth made many contributions to industrialized beekeeping – honey was the major sweetener in America at that time).

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Kirby wrote of the bees as ‘those Heaven-instructed mathematicians, who before any geometer could calculate under what form a cell would occupy the least space without diminishing its capacity, and before any chemist existed to discover how wax might be elaborated from vegetable sweets, instructed by the Fountain of Wisdom, had built their hexagonal cells of that pure material, had closed them at the bottom with three rhomboidal pieces, and were enabled, without study, so to construct the opposite story of combs, that each of these rhomboids should form one of those of three opposed cells, thus giving strength to the structure, that in no other place, could have been given to it’ (Kirby 1852, 2: 246).

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Darwin did undoubtedly look through the beehives on occasion, and was particularly interested in the way the comb was built. In a letter to A.R. Wallace in 1859, he said 'this is a special hobby of mine, and I think I can throw a light on the subject’. Being fascinated by bees; he devised experiments to study the comb-building technique of honey bees, and described to Hermann Müller how he deployed his children as observers to determine the flight paths of bumblebees on his own property way back 1872 through a letter. A number of experiments that he carried out were described in his book entitled ``The Origin of Species” published on November 24, 1859.

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He is an English inventor and beekeeper who invented the WBC beehive.

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Warré published the book entitled,  “Beekeeping For All” wherein he describes ideas for a top bar beehive that he advocated in the early twentieth century. He designed the Warré hive, which he also called ‘The People’s Hive’. He also believes that colonies and bees should be treated with considerably less intervention.

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A Roman soldier/scholar/writer, Marcus Terentius Varro, proposed this theory to answer the question of why is every cell in a honeycomb a hexagon. Varro thought that there might be a deep reason or hidden logic for this bee behavior.

There are only three geometrical figures with equal sides that can fit together on a flat surface without leaving any gaps: equilateral squares, triangles, and hexagons.

Varro’s mathematical guess proposed that a structure built from hexagons is probably more compact than structures made out of triangles or squares. He thought that a hexagonal honeycomb would have the smallest total parameter.

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1964 | Evolutionary Theory of Kin Selection

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1964 | Evolutionary Theory of Kin Selection

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William Hamilton first proposed this theoretical model that could explain how each generation of sterile bees contributed to the fitness of their species. The theory of kin selection suggests that non-reproducing animals still benefit when another member of their group is having babies. As the term "kin selection" suggests, a sterile bee is still helping natural selection along, even if it's only by making it easier for her queen to lay eggs. After all, the queen is either a mother or a sister to every bee in her colony.

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He was scientist who was awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in Behavioral biology for his significant discovery on the meaning of honey bee waggle dances. He developed the bee-all and end-all waggle dance decoding model, which is used to interpret the mode of communication of honeybees in locating food sources.

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1999 | The Honeybee Conjecture Gets Proven

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1999 | The Honeybee Conjecture Gets Proven

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Thomas Hales, a mathematician, produced a mathematical proof that supported Varro’s conjecture in which stated that a hexagonal structure is indeed more compact.

When it comes to honeycombs, the more compact the structure, the less wax is needed to construct it. Wax is expensive. A bee must consume about eight ounces of honey to produce a single ounce of wax. Therefore, compactness matters.

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"The First Bees Appeared about 130 Million Years Ago"

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"The First Bees Appeared about 130 Million Years Ago"

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This is supported by studies done about DNA similarities of wasps and bees. Moreover, it also suggests that the first bees appeared  50 million years before the first known fossil bee, and probably very shortly after the first flowers evolved in the Cretaceous.

Through this, we were made aware of the long history bees have: how it was flourishing even before we even existed and how they have been having this mutualistic relationship with plants to change the appearance of the earth.

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2006 | Theories Causing Colony Collapse Disorder in Honeybees

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2006 | Theories Causing Colony Collapse Disorder in Honeybees

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Colony Collapse Disorder or CCD, first identified in 2006 by several unknown scientists, is a phenomenon that occurs when the vast majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind the queen, who plays a vital role in the hive by existing as the only bee having fully developed ovaries and being capable of producing chemical scents that helps regulate the unity of the colony to lay eggs.

Scientists have said that CCD is potentially the reason why populations of bees kept on disappearing and eventually have become extinct worldwide. Countless theories have been made regarding the causes of this phenomena which resulted from a combination of several factors including  electromagnetic radiation, chemical pesticides, human interaction, and global changes.

Researchers theorized that bees stress over electromagnetic radiation exposure due to the hypotheses regarding it to interfere with the bees’ system of navigation. The rise of electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere was caused by the increasing numbers of wireless communication towers and mobile phones. Hence, the bee population has been placed in a tough situation and dramatically decreased in their population and reproduction.

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He is the author of The Bee-friendly Beekeeper which contains 80 colour illustrations and 16 line drawings, and a 117-reference bibliography. His book has already received many excellent reviews, and is described as being suitable for beginners who already have a basic knowledge of the life of the honey bee, as well as for beekeepers with experience who want to discover a more bee-friendly way, either with their existing hives or with the Warré hive.

Furthermore, Heaf was also the one behind the English translation of Abbé Warré’s French book entitled “Beekeeping For All” which mentioned a lot about “'The People's Hive”.

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2016 | Supporting Study for Kin Selection Theory

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2016 | Supporting Study for Kin Selection Theory

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Bees, specifically honeybees, are considered as a superorganism since they operate collectively, being interdependent with all the members within the colony. Through this system of theirs, the term “hive mind” emerged, which means that all the bees in one colony behaves in a unilateral manner.

The worker bees, which are responsible for the pollination and creation of wax inside the beehive, are female bees that are unable to reproduce. In a study conducted by Grozinger et al. (2016), it has been proposed that the dominating genes in the worker bees are the genes from their mother, the queen, which can be referred to as the matrigenes. These genes allow them, the worker bees, to be altruistic by refraining reproduction as it is the role of the queen.

In cases where a hive does not have a queen, the workers then contend with one another to replace the queen and lay eggs. This behavior of the worker bees came from the patrigenes, or the genes inherited from their father.

Through this study, it has been proposed that an intragenomic conflict actually occurs among bees, which in turn support kin selection theory.

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"Annual Global Production of Food Is Worth $235 to $577 Billion"

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"Annual Global Production of Food Is Worth $235 to $577 Billion"

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In the international study conducted by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in 2016, it was stated that the estimated annual global production of food that depends directly on pollination was worth between $235 and $577 billion.

This is also of social significance as farmers and farm owners in developing countries, especially now, depend on agricultural plants that require pollination.

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Currently, honeybees are struggling with their own pandemic. A parasitic mite named Varroa destructor, also known as Varroa mite, is a growing threat to honeybees. The Varroa mite transmits viruses, such as the acute bee paralysis virus and the deformed wing virus, which can be detrimental to a hive. It originally infested only colonies of Asian honey bees but in the 1980s, it also made its way to infect Western honey bees, the species that dominates the modern commercial pollination around the world. If left untreated, a colony will typically die from these mites within two years. These and other pathogens, plus pesticides and poor nutrition, are the reasons why beekeepers struggle to keep their colonies alive. Over half of the 2.6 million honey bee colonies in the U.S. are infested with Varroa mite.

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Recent data has identified a potentially new pathogen in honeybee colonies called Nosema ceranae which is a fungal-like organism that can cause mortality in bee populations. Nosema infections severely compromise the honeybee’s immune system, making them more susceptible to other pathogens and environmental stresses.

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"Bees Species Found Drastically Decreasing"

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"Bees Species Found Drastically Decreasing"

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Reports where honeybee colonies are endangered have emerged, and since then, people have been trying to conserve colonies by dispersing hives. However, this is a misconception, as other types of bees – wild bees – face more threats. Wild bees are solitary animals – they do not thrive in colonies – and much like honeybees, these bees pollinate, too. As much as we think we are helping bees propagate by placing hives in various locations, it is actually more harmful to other types of bees, as they serve as competitors to wild bees with regards to resources and land. According to statistics, the species of bees found every year is drastically decreasing. Approximately, 25% fewer species have been found in the years 2006 – 2015 compared before in the year 1990s.

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~ Significance of Knowing the Dangers/Threats to Bee Life ~

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~ Significance of Knowing the Dangers/Threats to Bee Life ~

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Basically, bees play critical role they play in our ecosystem in ways that other people may or may not know of. A lot of factors may contribute to the mortality rate of bees like in the case of parasitic mites, pathogens, competition between species, etc. Hence,  it is important to be aware of this demise and to ponder on how we could actually help lessen the possibility of bee deaths.

As stated by Brunet (2019), humans depend on plants and plants depend on pollinators. On that account, balance must be maintained in order to sustain life on earth and protect human survival and health.

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Eli Wyman, an entomologist, and a bee expert, along with his team rediscovered the biggest bee in the world - Wallace giant bee. Wyman's team believes that the bee's rediscovery would spur research into its life history and inform any future efforts to save it from extinction.

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Diego Sasso Porto studied the past morphology of bees to investigate their evolution and performed a modified analysis of its traits, specifically Corbiculate bees. He utilized bee specimens from 53 species and classified 289 different traits; it was used to evaluate the phylogeny of bee species. Further exploration on the incongruence between the molecular genetic analysis and his morphological data was conducted. One of his findings confirmed that stingless bees (Meliponini) and Bombini (bumblebees) are most closely related in terms of complex social behaviors. Porto and Almeida published the Insects Systematics and Diversit y (2021) to propose their hypothesis on the discrepancies in the evidence for corbiculate bee evolution.

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Supporting Study for Colony Collapse Disorder

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Supporting Study for Colony Collapse Disorder

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A study entitled, “Combined Effects of Pesticides and Electromagnetic-Fields on Honeybees: Multi-Stress Exposure” published by scientists in Milan, Italy and Bruno Ubertini, have found combined effects of pesticides and non-ionizing electromagnetic fields which potentiated diseases, higher mortality, biochemical anomalies, and behavioral alterations in the bee population.

In recent years, honeybees have also been undergoing immune-suppressing stress as beekeepers continue to transport them to multiple locations all over the world to promote pollination services. Therefore, they are suffering from the effects of an unhealthy diet in which a number of their natural food sources have been added with poisonous chemicals, such as artificial supplements, herbicides and pesticides, ingested by them. Genetically modified crops, producing pollen with poor nutritional value, fed on by bees is another suspect of the collapse in their population.

Consequently, unusual fluctuations in weather patterns on which experts have thought to cause global warming may also be affecting bees and their reproduction. Bees are more used to consistent patterns of weather but due to climate change, their population faces a serious environmental threat.

Although there are more theories currently being researched and studied by scientists, a combination of these factors could be the major leading causes of Colony Collapse Disorder or the disappearance of bee colonies.

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Ceratina (Ceratinula) fioreseana is now one of 38 known bee species within the Ceratinula subgenus located throughout Americas

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NEW BEE SPECIES: Ceratina (Ceratinula) fioreseana 🐝

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NEW BEE SPECIES: Ceratina (Ceratinula) fioreseana 🐝

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On a Bayer ForwardFarm near Gua Fria de Goiás, Brazil, a new bee species was identified. The bee's distinctive body traits were used to identify it. It's a single bee that doesn't live in colonies, doesn't generate honey, and doesn't have a queen, but it's an essential pollinator.

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ENDANGERED BEE SPECIES: Bombus affinis 🐝

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ENDANGERED BEE SPECIES: Bombus affinis 🐝

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The Rusty Patched Bumble Bee, Bombus affinis, has been categorized as endangered under the Endangered Species Act due to habitat loss, disease, pesticides, and climate change. These insects prefer grasslands and prairies, but in recent years, much of this habitat has been lost, damaged, or divided. Climate change is one of the most serious of these risks.

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Eurofins did some breakthroughs to aid bees at present and to ensure their future in this ever-changing environment. Their innovative approaches include:

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fully investigating the effects of pesticides on the homing behavior of honey and bumble bees, wherein the study design can also be adapted to include realistic field-exposure scenarios;

developing a purpose-built dust applicator which improved risk assessment methodology and opened up a range of field trials to investigate potential side effects of abraded dust from pesticide-treated seeds on bees and other organisms;

leading this bee breeding programme where they raise the fittest possible queens through enabling proper trait-specific selection for breeder queens, perfect nutrition during larval development, and appropriate mating with quality drones. Their approach to deploy next-generation sequencing technology to select bees with increased resistance to deadly natural parasites and virus infections will help to develop healthy bee populations and to maintain functional ecosystems.

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Beekeeping is still evolving.

Natural beekeeping, sometimes known as 'bee-friendly' or 'api-centric beekeeping,' is on the rise in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. This has led to the development of several types of hives designed to allow the bees to create natural combs.

Such innovations and advancements come in parallel for the people and the world to progress in a much more sustainable manner, and this will progress more in the future if we continue to find ways to keep this mutualistic relationship we have with bees and the environment in general.

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Galbraith, D. A., Kocher, S. D., Glenn, T., Albert, I., Hunt, G. J., Strassmann, J. E., Queller, D. C., & Grozinger, C. M. (2016). Testing the kinship theory of intragenomic conflict in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(4), 1020–1025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516636113

Genise, J. (2020). Researchers found the newly described bee nests, Cellicalichnus krausei, in the rocks of Argentina’s Castillo Formation. In National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/oldest-ever-fossil-bee-nests-discovered-in-patagonia

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Padlet Timeline created by Paveevee Girls

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Padlet Timeline created by Paveevee Girls

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DEYRO, Raya Patricia U.
ESTERNON, Kisha D.
FIGUEROA, Angelica Lynn F.
GARAY, Mary Elizabeth A.
GONZALES, Hannah Grace F.
TUGADE, Mary Pamela Fiel A.