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The Ancient Greece (700-480 B.C). Saw advances in art, poetry and technology.

Most remarkable aspect was the creation of polis, or city-state, they became the defining feature of Greek political life.

Land was every city-state’s most valuable resource.

Aristocrats monopolized political power.

Migration influenced art and literature. The epic poet Homer, wrote “Iliad” and “Odyssey” during this period.

Anaximandros devised a theory of gravity

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“Classical Greece” It’s the period between the Persian Wars and the death of Alexander the Great (at the beginning of the fifth century B.C - 323 B.C.)

Era of war and conflict

Tyrants were stablished by people that become reach by producing consumer goods such as pottery, cloth, wine and metalwork.

Demokratia, or “rule by the people” came on the classical period and ended the rule of tyrants.

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Hellenistic Age (323 B.C-31 B.C)

Went back to kingdoms ruled by emperors.

Art and literature, made an emphasis on the individual. sculptures and paintings represented more real versions of people isted of the idealized “types.”

Famous works : “Winged Victory of Samothrace,” “Laocoön and His Sons,” “Venus de Milo,” “Dying Gaul,” “Boy With Thorn” and “Boxer at Rest,”

Propaganda of the Athenean Way of life

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Polies had a patron god that the city was dedicated, to whom the citizens of the polis respected and made sacrifices. Such as Athena the patron of Athens, or Zeus for Olympia

Golden section or golden ratio was the proportion used by Greek architects to construct their buildings, especially in the columns.

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Although the classical era was troublesome, it brought great cultural achievement.

In the 450s, the Athenian general Pericles used the tribute money not only to help the citizens of Athens but to support the artist and thinkers too. He paid to rebuild the parts of Athens that the Persian Wars had destroyed. During this process, the Parthenon, a new temple in honor of the goddess Athena was built at the top of the Acropolis. Other incredible constructions were the temple at Hephaestus, the Odeon concert hall and the temple of Poseidon at Attica.

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As we can appreciate, many columns like the ones in the Parthenon had a special design on the top. This style was developed during the Classic Period and could be divided on 3 types of capitals.

Doric order. Is the earliest order and characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the sty lobate of the temple without a base.

Ionic. Original from Ionia, its characterized by its graceful proportions, giving a more slender and elegant profile. Besides, it incorporates a running frieze of continuous sculptural relief

Corinthian order. It’s the most elaborated one and incorporates more vegetal elements. It was also used in the roman architecture

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The most important characteristic was the IDEAL OF BEAUTY.
The sculpture of ancient Greece took early inspiration from Egyptian and Near Eastern monumental art, and over centuries evolved into a uniquely Greek vision of the art form. Greek artists would reach a peak of artistic excellence, they captured the human form in a way never before seen and which was much copied. Greek sculptors were particularly concerned with proportion, poise, and the idealised perfection of the human body, and their figures in stone and bronze have become some of the most recognisable pieces of art ever produced by any civilization.

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Kouros-Standing man athlete

Kore-standing feminine statue

Greek sculptures were carefully proportioned human figures that served as memorials to the dead. They had faces that never showed feelings,
used techniques like relief and different materials.

Also,  greeks brought the contraposto pose.

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Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings. Even though much of Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those very gods were created in the image of humans. Ancient Greek art has as main characteristic have a high aesthetic idealism is not a natural and direct reality representation, but an idyllic and perfect visión of the artistic mind instead, that is perceived and depicted by them in their different artwork platforms.

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Oracles, espceially the oracle of Delphi had a mayor importance on the greek society. The orwcle was supposed to be able to tell the future and make phrophecies following the words of the gods and being interpretated by the Pythia or priestess. Along with the beliefs of greeks in oracles were the Gods too. For example, Apolo was not only the god of the sun after Helios, ut he was also the god of music, medicine and guess what else? Prophecies!

Among other Gods were of course the big three:

Hades. Lord of the underworld

Poseidon. Rulers of the seas

Zeus. Fancy King of the sky.

And others... there were so many gods, and gods for everything that is almost imposible to mention them all.

Aphrodite

Ares

Hermes

Dionysus

Hera

Artemis

Demeter

Hephaistos

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Lasted for nearly five hundred years; one of the secrets of its persistence is their ability to adapt to very different cultures and make them their own. In this way, they absorbed the laws, religions and languages ​​of other countries instead of simply destroying them or establishing their own governments. For the Roman Empire, one of the most influential civilizations was Greece.

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ROMAN
~ Art had local styles, but it was influenced by the Greeks.
~ Created counterparts for their gods, copying the Greek pantheon and iconography.
~ Roman art was commemorative, realistic, narrative and history-based.
~ They tried to preserve the specific features of their subjects in the portraits.
~ Roman legend say that Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus.

GREEK
~ Provided the classical model
for art.
~ Have their own gods.
~ Greek art was about idealization of the body.
~ Myth-based.
~ According to a Greek myth, Rome was founded by Aeneas.

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Sky - Jupiter
Marriage - Juno
Underworld - Pluto
Sea - Neptune
Love - Venus
War - Mars
Language - Mercury
Wine and theater - Bacchus

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Channel used to transport fresh water to highly populated areas. Aqueducts were amazing feats of engineering given the time period. Though earlier civilizations in Egypt and India also built aqueducts, the Romans improved on the structure and built an extensive and complex network across their territories.

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Type of Roman architectural monument built all over the empire to commemorate military triumphs and other significant events such as the accession of a new emperor. Arches were often erected over major thoroughfares and as the structure had no practical function as a building it was often richly decorated with architectural details, sculpture and commemorative inscriptions

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Becker, J. A. (2015). Greek architectural orders – Smarthistory. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from Smarthistory.org website: https://smarthistory.org/greek-architectural-orders/

‌History.com Editors. (2010, February 4). Hellenistic Greece. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hellenistic-greece#section_2
History.com Editors. (2010, February 4). Classical Greece. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/classical-greece
Cartwright, M. (2018, March 15). Ancient Greek Sculpture. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from World History Encyclopedia website: https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Sculpture/

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History.com Editors. (2010, March 5). Ancient Greece. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece
Cartwright, M. (2012). Triumphal Arch. May 7tn, 2020, from  World History Encyclopedia Websites: https://www.ancient.eu/Triumphal_Arch/

N/A. (s/f). Roman Aqueducts. May 7th, 2021, from National Geographics Website: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/roman-aqueducts/

TecMilenio. (2020). Topic 5. Mediterranean Civilizations. May 7th, 2021, de TecMilenio Sitio web: https://cursos.tecmilenio.mx/courses/52642/pages/my-course?module_item_id=205669

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