# data[].attributes.body
Vocalization:

As we used to see in real life babies start making sounds like "oo" and "aa" this is called “ cooing “

They also listen to voices and start to notice different sounds

Crying as Communication:

Crying is the main way babies communicate at this age

Different cries may mean different things, like hunger, tiredness, or discomfort.

(Harris, M. 2018)

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Child follows parent with eyes.

Smiles at people face.

Enjoys playing games like “peek-a-boo”

Points to show things to others.

Chasing children.

Reference:

Help me Grow. (2020).

Minnesota Department of Education.

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•In the last weeks of pregnancy, the fetus begins to move, kick, change positions, and respond to sounds and light.

Highly sensitive to skin to skin contact which is helps with emotional bounding and Recognise , respond to familiar voices.

When placed on their stomach,infants push up to their elbows.

By 4 months,babies can hold their head steady without support .

(Jude,2025)

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In this age they still can’t speak real words they are learning how to make sounds and understand language.

Firstly they Starting to babble and make sounds like “ba-ba,” “da-da,” and “ma-ma”

Secondly they start to recognize the voices of their parents.

Lastly the can tell the difference between happy, angry, or sad tones in people’s voices.

(Kuhl, P. K. 2004)

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Say a few words with one or two syllables, such as "ball" and "doggie," by 12 months of age. One-year-olds also usually can say "mama" and "dada." They recognize the names of other family members and their favourite toys. And they understand simple statements such as "all gone" and "give me."

Reference: Healthwise,Sraff (October 24, 2023)

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4 to 6 months: sitting properly, reaching items with hands, and holding cubes.

7 to 9 months: bouncing when held, trying to crawl, beginning to creep.

10 to 11 months: moving around the room, standing for few seconds, and throwing items.

(Scharf, 2016)

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At this age /

The baby hears and reacts to sounds

The babies start cry if they’re hungry or sleepy

Smiles and laughs with people

Makes eye contact

Babies try to calm down by sucking there fingers

Refrence

(Sroufe, L. A. 1996)

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Baby start responding to you when talk to them and start to understand your different feelings know what you feeling from your tone or voice , recognize familiar people start to tell if you’re a family member .

Reference

(anonymous،2025)

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At 12 months, your toddler will have well developed his emotional to people and start to show them affection they may begin to become self-aware and show signs of embarrassment if people are watching them.

Reference

(Healthdirect Australia, n.d.)

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What child can do ?

- The child begins to walk without support .

- Used spoons to eat by himself .

-Gets up and down from bed .

- Uses pens and books to scribble .

- Pick up small objects like toy .

(Anonymous,2025).

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baby start to:

- Recognizes familiar faces and voices
- Follows moving objects with their eyes.
- Responds to sounds by turning their head or becoming more alert.
- Begins reaching for and grasping objects, showing early problem-solving skills

Nabta. (2024).

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Toddlers quickly go on to different activities once they can walk, like:

-Running

- Jumping

- Climbing

. Most toddlers can do the following by the age of two to four years:

-Toss or kick a ball.

-Ascend stairs

.-Draw simple lines

(Jude,2025)

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What strong emotions do toddlers feel?

Big Feelings: They feel strong emotions like happiness, and anger.

Showing Care: They start to show care for others, like comforting a sad friend.

Wanting Independence: They want to do things on their own and make choices.

(Anonymous, 2024d)

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babies can easily recognize the look, sound and touch of familiar people. They can also recall a memory of an object or person, such as a parent, when that person or object is not present.

Dev (2024)

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The child can:

Recognize and match colors and shapes

Focus longer on activities like picture books.

Recognize familiar sounds

Name and point to body parts.

Johnson, (2024).

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Children in this years be focus to how people act around them.

Some of them do anything to get attention from them parents

They know and understand what happening in them life.

They be careful or scared from strangers people.

Reference :

Raka 2025 CHILDREN’S NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, LLC

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They begin to see things from other school-age children's perspectives and begin to understand how their behavior affects others. They can compose sentences with five or more words and learn to tell time

Staff (2019)

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Children begin to use pronouns, and their vocabulary expands rapidly. They can easily learn new words.

For example, your toddler may use many nouns such as "baby," "friend," and "car."

Around the age of ₂, your toddler will start to combine 2 or 3 words and will be able to form longer sentences. This developmental stage marks a significant increase in their language skills.

Reference :

( Kliegman RM , 2020 )

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Eastern Ontario Health Unit/Bureau de santé de l’est de l’Ontario

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kids start to think more logically and understand things better.

and they will :

Understand conservation

Understand Cause and Effect

Better Problem Solving

Improved Language Skills

Better Attention

Staff (2019)

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At age 4-5 years children move from using simple, short sentences to more complex ones

Also they start ask questions, like “What’s that?” “Why?” “How?”

-After that they may start drawing letters and attempting to write their names and recognize a few sight words.

(Berman, R. A. 2011)

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Enjoys sitting to listen or look at book.

Usually plays with toys without mouthing them.

Enjoys playing with new toys in varied ways

Reference :

Milestone checklists. (2022, June 28).

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Reference:

Berko Gleason, J., & Ratner, N. B. (Eds.). (2021). The development of language (10th ed.). Pearson.

Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews

TED. (2018, June 15). The linguistic genius of babies [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=example

Smith, J. (2020). The study of language. Oxford University Press.

Harris, M. (2018). Language development in toddlers. In T. G. Wilson (Ed.), Child development research (pp. 25-40). Routledge.

Johnson, L. (2022, March 15). Early language development. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/early-language

Berman, R. A. (2011). "Language Development and Literacy."

Gleason, J. B. (2013). The Development of Language (8th ed.). Pearson Education.

Petersen, D. B. (2015). "The development of sentence structure in early childhood."

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The child can do:

5 Years=> Stand up without the use of hands. As well running on tiptoes.

6 Years=>Swim well also jumping, running, and dancing.

7 & 8 Years=>Learn sports that require good physical control.

(Lee,2023)

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Growing Empathy:

By age 5, children are able to express empathy more clearly.

Understanding Other Perspectives:

children begin to understand that others have different feelings and viewpoints

Friendships:

children begin to form close friendships.

Reference :

Anonymous.Jan 30, 2018 · Social and emotional development learning goals for children is to make friends with peers and adults in pre-school.https://allaboutchild.org/social-emotional-development-4-5-years/Jan

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https://youtu.be/BKJzl8P3pR4?si=ZftFMitbVSF2zW0f

ECETP (2017)

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1- Interact with peer and friendships (The relation is meaningful and they like to not be in big groups and having more loyalty and trust with each other)

2- Social rules are easy to understand (They can follow rules while playing)

3- Communication and conflict resolution (They can express their emotions and able to solve problems)

4- Sense of belonging and group activity (They are more aware of social rules and show interest in role models)

5- Independence & responsibility (They can be assigned to do any task and more able to make their own decision

6- Empathy & emotional Awareness (They understand others feeling and able to control emotions)

How to support children in social domain

- Motivate group activities

- Teach how to handle any issue

- Encourage cooperation and sharing

- Support them in making decisions when needed

References:

1. Berk (2020)

2. Santrock (2021)

# data[].attributes.body
Anonymous,2-3 years: toddler development. (2024c, February 22). Raising Children Network. https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/development/development-tracker-1-3-years/2-3-years

Ciberforma Lda. (2023, October 16). Child domain. NETWORK ENCYCLOPEDIA. https://networkencyclopedia.com/child-domain/#:~:text=A%20child%20domain%20serves%20as%20a%20subdomain%20under,delve%20deep%20into%20the%20world%20of%20child%20domains.

Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.). Development milestones - your child 12 to 18 months. Pregnancy Birth and Baby. https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/development-milestones-12-to-18-months#:~:text=ear%20or%20nose.-,Emotional%20milestones,start%20to%20throw%20temper%20tantrums.

Anonymous ,Social & Emotional Development (noticing & playing with others) - Kamloops Childrens Therapy. (n.d.-d). Kamloops Childrens Therapy. https://www.ctfrc.com/social-emotional-infant-milestones.htm.htm#:~:text=Between%20the%20ages%20of%206%2D9%20months%2C%20your%20baby%20will%3A&text=Play%20games%20like%20Peek%2Da,an%20angry%20tone%20of%20voice)

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Milwaukee County (2020, December 30).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Social Emotional Development in Children

# data[].attributes.body
Help me Grow. (2020). Social & Emotional Milestones. Helpmegrowmn.org. https://helpmegrowmn.org/HMG/DevelopMilestone/SocialEmotionalMilestones/index.html

Key milestones for 2-3 year Olds | Milestone checklists. (2022, June 28). Pathways.org. https://pathways.org/growth-development/2-3-years/milestones/#:~:text=Simple%20understanding%20of%20concepts%20including,Understands%20most%20simple%20sentences

Pitt School of Education. (n.d.). Developmental Milestones: 3-5 Years. https://www.ocd.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Parent_Guides/Foster-Parents/3-5%20Developmental%20Milestones%20Foster%20Parent%20Guide.%20pdf.pdf

Berk, L. E. (2020). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Pearson.

2. Santrock, J. W. (2021). Children (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

# data[].attributes.body
Johnson, J. (2024, June 17). Cognitive Domain | PlayVolution HQ. Playvolution HQ. https://playvolutionhq.com/cognitive-domain/

Nabta. (2024, August 27). Milestones: 2-4 months: Cognitive development - Nabta Health. Nabta Health. https://nabtahealth.com/article/milestones-2-4-months-cognitive-development/?srsltid=AfmBOoo-MUSai--InBu57Qq9gJqX7gQxEEUv5KxCJ05EISxsO2AdXLzs

Morin, A. (2024, April 2). Developmental milestones for 4-year-olds. Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/developmental-milestones-for-typical-4-year-olds

Lorina. (2015, January 5). Cognitive development for toddlers 2-3 year olds - Aussie Childcare Network. https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/child-development/cognitive-development-for-toddlers-2-3-year-olds

Staff, S. P. (2019b, December 13). Cognitive development in 8-10 year olds. https://www.scholastic.com/parents/family-life/creativity-and-critical-thinking/development-milestones/cognitive-development-8-10-year-olds.html

Dev. (2024, November 29). Brain development in babies at 6-12 months. The Wonder Weeks. https://thewonderweeks.com/blog/infant/brain-development-babies-6-12-months/

ECETP. (2017, August 17). Preschoolers - cognitive [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJzl8P3pR4

Anonymous 4–5 years old: Cognitive and linguistic development. (n.d.). https://naitreetgrandir.com/en/step/3-5-years/development/4-5-years/child-cognitive-and-linguistic-development-4-5-years

Babies’ cognitive development from 6-9 months | HealthLink BC. (2018, January 24). https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/living-well/parenting/parenting-babies-0-12-months/baby-growth-and-development/babies-cognitive

# data[].attributes.body
Birth-2-month developmental milestones. (2025). St. Jude Together. https://together.stjude.org/en-us/emotional-support-daily-life/early-childhood-development/birth-to-2-months.html

- 2-4 month developmental milestones. (2025). St. Jude Together. https://together.stjude.org/en-us/emotional-support-daily-life/early-childhood-development/2-to-4-months.html

Scharf, R. J., Scharf, G. J., Annemarie Stroustrup, MD, MPH, Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture, Charlottesville, VA, & Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. (2016). Developmental milestones. In Pediatrics in Review (Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 25–26). https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uw.edu/dist/4/20234/files/2018/01/Develomental-Milestones.pdf

Your child’s development: 1.5 years (18 months) (for parents). (2025.). https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/development-18mos.html

2-4 month developmental milestones. (2025). St. Jude Together. https://together.stjude.org/en-us/emotional-support-daily-life/early-childhood-development/2-to-4-months.html

Lee, G. (2023, May 4). Physical development milestones/gross motor skills (ages 5 to 8). BabyCenter. https://www.babycenter.com/child/development/physical-development-milestones-gross-motor-skills-ages-5-to_3659044

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Starting to tell simple stories , like toy cars, animals and shoes. Putting things in size order. Remembering what they did yesterday

Lorina (2015)

# data[].attributes.body
Child can:

sort and classify objects by color, size, and shape.

focus on activities they like for a few minutes.

Enjoys matching games and can compare object sizes (biggest, smallest).

order events in a story and understands number order.

Morin (2024)

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They may have conversations with themselves

They have a strong desire to do things

They able to share, take turns, and play in groups

They are very proud of their achievements and are not shy about talking about them

Reference :

Pitt School of Education. (n.d.)