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This photo is of a woman named Vladka Meed. She was active in the Warsaw ghetto and a member of the underground Jewish fighting organization. She was smuggled out to the Aryan to try and find a place for children and adults to be safe.

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This is a photo of a woman named Charlene Schiff. Both of her parents were Jewish community leaders and her father got arrested and she never saw him again. Shortly after her mother and she were forced to live in the ghettos.

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This is a picture of the Nuremberg race laws, enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935. These laws aimed to enforce racial discrimination against Jews and stripped them of their citizenship and rights, establishing a framework for the systemic persecution that escalated into the Holocaust. They serve as a stark reminder of the consequences of hatred and intolerance.

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This is a picture of an armband that Paulina was required to wear when she arrived at the camp. The armband was a clear identifier, allowing others to recognize her as a worker. It symbolizes the difficult conditions she faced and the role she was expected to play during her time there.

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Armband that belonged to Paulina Chiger who survived with her family in the sewers of Lwow thanks to Leopold Socha

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Leopold Socha, a resident of Lwow, knew the sewer system of the city well because he had made use of it to evade the authorities. After the Soviet occupation of the city he worked for the Sanitation Department, and his familiarity with the sewage system and his position facilitated the saving of 10 Jews.

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Picture taken of three men reading a scroll.

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This is a picture of 3 men reading from the Torah scroll. The Torah scroll is used for reading during Jewish prayers and services.

Torah scroll: A Torah scroll is a handwritten copy of the Torah, meaning the five books of Moses. The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during Jewish prayers

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This picture features many people at a table. The picture depicts a Hanukkah candle in a transit camp located in Holland.

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This picture shows Jews reading from the Passover Haggadah. The Haggadah is a foundational Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder. It was originally written in Hebrew

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A lit Menorah in a window facing a Nazi flag.

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This is a picture a Rabis wife took. As you can see, the candles are lit and there is a Nazi flag on the back. This is showing how they are still practicing their religion despite the Nazis not wanting them to. This is showing resistance.

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This map illustrates the locations of Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in occupied Europe between 1939 and 1944.

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This is a video of Vladka Meed. She is talking about her experience in the ghettos.

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Vladka (Fagele) Peltel Meed describes clandestine cultural activities in the Warsaw ghetto

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I also belonged at that time in the ghetto, before deportation, to the Jewish cultural group, and we had lectures with the ... Ringelblum, the historian Emanuel Ringelblum, and with, with the teacher Virovsky [ph], and we had some events, cultural events.

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"When the Germans came in, they let it be known that the Jews are the ones that they are going to try to murder, all of us."

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1. What were the Nuremburg laws? How did they contribute to the death of Jewish people in Nazi Germany?

2. What was the significance of the armband that Paulina Chinger wore?

3. What message does the lit Menorah on the window facing the Nazi flag send?

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Written in Pencil in the Sealed Railway-Car / Dan Pagis (poem)

here in this carload
I am eve
with abel my son
if you see my other son
cain son of man
tell him I

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This is a short video of Charlene Schiff. She explains how the schools for children were in the ghettos.

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Charlene Schiff describes a clandestine school for children in the Horochow ghetto

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Both of Charlene’s parents were local Jewish community leaders, and the family was active in community life. Charlene’s father was a professor of philosophy at the State University of Lvov. World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. Charlene’s town was in the part of eastern Poland occupied by the Soviet Union under the German-Soviet Pact of August 1939. Under the Soviet occupation, the family remained in its home and Charlene’s father continued to teach. The Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, and arrested Charlene’s father after they occupied the town. She never saw him again. Charlene, her mother, and sister were forced into a ghetto the Germans established in Horochow. In 1942, Charlene and her mother fled from the ghetto after hearing rumors that the Germans were about to destroy it. Her sister attempted to hide separately, but was never heard from again. Charlene and her mother hid in underbrush at the river’s edge, and avoided discovery by submerging themselves in the water for part of the time. They hid for several days. One day, Charlene awoke to find that her mother had disappeared. Charlene survived by herself in the forests near Horochow, and was liberated by Soviet troops. She eventually immigrated to the United States.es.