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Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. This foundational skill is crucial for early reading success as it helps children understand that words are made up of individual sounds that can be blended together or taken apart.

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Classroom Activity 1: Sound Detective Game

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Classroom Activity 1: Sound Detective Game

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Students become 'sound detectives' identifying beginning, middle, or ending sounds in words. For differentiation, some students can work with simple CVC words while others tackle more complex words. Visual cues and manipulatives can support students with auditory processing challenges.

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Classroom Activity 2: Sound Sorting Centers

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Classroom Activity 2: Sound Sorting Centers

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Create sorting centers where students group pictures/objects by their initial sounds. Differentiate by using fewer categories for struggling learners and adding written words for advanced readers. Provide tactile materials and visual supports for students with diverse learning needs.

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Families can play 'I Spy' focusing on sounds rather than letters. For example, 'I spy something that starts with /b/.' This activity can be simplified by limiting search areas or made more challenging by including multiple sound requirements. This game naturally adapts to each child's level while building essential phonemic awareness skills.

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PBS Kids offers interactive games that develop phonemic awareness through engaging activities suitable for various skill levels. These games provide immediate feedback and can be played repeatedly to build confidence and skills.

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Explore reading and play games with your favorite PBS KIDS characters like Elmo, Molly of Denali, Clifford, WordGirl, and Daniel Tiger!

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Phonics is the relationship between letters and their sounds. It's the crucial bridge between written and spoken language, helping children decode words by understanding letter-sound correspondences.

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Phonics Step By Step Instruction for Parents I Teaching Your Child To Read Phonetically

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Classroom Activity 1: Letter-Sound Match Up

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Classroom Activity 1: Letter-Sound Match Up

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Students match letter cards with pictures beginning with that letter's sound. Differentiate by using fewer letters for some students, adding letter combinations for others, and incorporating multisensory elements like textured letters for tactile learners.

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Classroom Activity 2: Word Building Station

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Classroom Activity 2: Word Building Station

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Using magnetic letters or letter cards, students build simple words. Modify complexity by providing picture cues, word banks, or challenging word lists. Students with motor difficulties can use larger manipulatives or digital tools.

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Families create scavenger hunts for objects beginning with target letters/sounds. This activity can be simplified by focusing on one sound at a time or made more challenging by including multiple sounds or letter patterns.

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Starfall.com offers systematic phonics instruction through interactive games and activities. The website adapts to different learning levels and provides multiple ways to practice letter-sound relationships.

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Starfall Education: Kids Games, Movies, Books & Music for K-5 and above

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At Starfall, children have fun while they learn - specializing in reading, phonics & math - educational games, movies, books, songs, and more for children K-5 and above.

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Vocabulary refers to the words we need to know to communicate effectively. Strong vocabulary skills are essential for reading comprehension and overall academic success.

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Vocabulary Development In Early Childhood: Change Up Your Words!

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Introduce new vocabulary through interactive word walls with pictures, definitions, and example sentences. Differentiate by providing simplified definitions, visual supports, and native language translations for English language learners.

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Classroom Activity 2: Vocabulary Theater

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Classroom Activity 2: Vocabulary Theater

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Students act out vocabulary words through movement and drama. This multi-sensory approach supports different learning styles and can be modified for various ability levels through partner work or simplified actions.

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Families create personalized picture dictionaries using magazines, drawings, or photos. This activity naturally differentiates as children choose words meaningful to them and can include written definitions, pictures, or both.

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WordWorld provides engaging vocabulary-building activities through their website and TV show. The multimedia approach helps children with different learning styles acquire new vocabulary naturally.

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In WordWorld, young children are introduced to a colorful, vibrant world of words with a lovable cast of WordFriends. Watch WordWorld on PBS KIDS.

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Fluency is the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. It's the bridge between word recognition and comprehension.

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How to Help Your Child Improve Their Reading Fluency

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Students practice fluency through dramatic readings of stories. Differentiate by assigning roles of varying difficulty and providing preview time or partner support for struggling readers.

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Students practice reading poems with partners, focusing on rhythm and expression. Modify by using simpler texts, providing recorded models, or incorporating movement for kinesthetic learners.

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Parents read a sentence, then children echo it back, matching expression and pace. This naturally adjusts to each child's level and builds confidence through immediate modeling.

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Reading A-Z offers leveled readers and fluency passages that families can use at home. Materials are available at multiple levels to support various reading abilities.

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Reading A-Z: The online reading program with downloadable books to print and assemble | Reading A-Z

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Award-winning reading solution with thousands of leveled readers, lesson plans, worksheets and assessments to teach guided reading, reading proficiency and comprehension to K-5 students

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Reading comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret what is being read. It's the ultimate goal of reading instruction and involves making meaning from text.

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Early Childhood Reading - Oral Comprehension

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Classroom Activity 1: Story Map Creation

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Classroom Activity 1: Story Map Creation

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Students create visual maps of stories including characters, setting, and events. Differentiate by providing pre-made templates, picture supports, or allowing oral responses instead of written ones.

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Students generate and answer questions about texts using question stems. Modify by providing different levels of question stems and allowing various response formats (oral, written, drawn).

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At-Home Activity: Picture Walk Predictions

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At-Home Activity: Picture Walk Predictions

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Families look through picture books together, making predictions before reading. This strategy works for all levels and can incorporate simple or complex prediction discussions.

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ReadWorks provides comprehension passages and questions at various levels, with text-to-speech options and graphic organizers to support diverse learners.

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ReadWorks | Award-Winning, EdTech Nonprofit Organization

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ReadWorks is an edtech nonprofit organization that is committed to helping to solve America’s reading comprehension crisis.

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The National Reading Panel's report provides comprehensive research on effective reading instruction methods, including the five key components discussed in this bulletin board.

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This peer-reviewed journal offers current research on literacy instruction and development, including specific studies on inclusive early childhood reading instruction.

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Cookies are disabled for this browser. Wiley Online Library requires cookies for authentication and use of other site features; therefore, cookies must be enabled to browse the site. Detailed information on how Wiley uses cookies can be found in our Privacy Policy.

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Cookies are disabled for this browser. Wiley Online Library requires cookies for authentication and use of other site features; therefore, cookies must be enabled to browse the site. Detailed information on how Wiley uses cookies can be found in our Privacy Policy.

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This scholarly journal provides research-based strategies for teaching reading in inclusive early childhood settings, with particular attention to differentiated instruction.

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Journal of Early Childhood Literacy: SAGE Journals

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Since its foundation in 2001, this journal has become a distinctive, leading voice in research in early childhood literacy, with a multinational range of contri...

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National Reading Panel (2000). Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction.

Snow, C. E., & Moje, E. B. (2010). Academic Literacy and the Role of the Teacher in Promoting It. International Reading Association.

Shanahan, T. (2016). The Foundations of Literacy: Research and Practice for Children with Disabilities. Cambridge University Press.