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Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society, which based on factors such as wealth, income, social status, education, and power.

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21.21-社会分层(Av8965753,P21)是【公开课】10分钟速成课：社会学[Crash Course Sociology]合集 英文字幕的第21集视频，该合集共计44集，视频收藏或关注UP主，及时了解更多相关视频内容。

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Functionalism Theory, proposed by Davis and Moore (1945), argues that the purpose of social stratification is ensuring that the most qualified people play important roles in the society.

Higher rewards (such as wealth and prestige) can encourage people to acquire deeper specialized skills. However, critics argue that without addressing structural disadvantages, this perspective justifies the inequality (Tumin, 1953).

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Karl Marx (1848) viewed stratification as a consequence of capitalist exploitation, which means the bourgeoisie control resources while the proletariat are oppressed.

Max Weber (1922) expanded on this idea by introducing the concepts of class, status, and power as distinct instead of interconnected forms of stratification. This theory highlights that the central of social stratification is economic inequality and class struggles.

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Goffman (1959) emphasizes the role of daily interactions in maintaining and reinforcing social stratification.

Symbols of wealth (such as luxury goods) and language usage shape the perception of social class.

Pierre Bourdieu (1984) introduced the concept of cultural capital, explaining how knowledge, skills and behaviors maintain class distinctions.

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Rigid social hierarchy with little mobility.

For example, India's caste system, where social position is inherited and fixed.

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More opportunity for social mobility。

For example, class system in capitalist democracies, where merit and effort can affect status.

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Elements of both open and closed systems.

For example, China's Hukou system, a kind of household registration system, restricts rural-to-urban migration, which limited mobility to a certain extent.

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According to the Pew Research Center (2020), in the U.S., only 30% of those who born in the lowest income quintile moved to the middle or higher class.

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A nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.

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Downward mobility may occur due to job loss, economic recession, or personal setbacks.

For example, the 2008 financial crisis led to a significant decline of wealth in middle-class, with over 8.7 million jobs lost in the U.S.

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Payroll employment increases by 175,000 in April; unemployment rate changes little at 3.9%

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, and the unemployment rate changed little at 3.9 percent. Job gains occurred in health care, in social assistance, and in transportation and warehousing.

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The Bureau of Labor Statistics is the principal fact-finding agency for the Federal Government in the broad field of labor economics and statistics.

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The family's wealth is related to education level and social mobility.

For example, a World Bank report (2022) states that in India, less than 12% of children who born in the family that parents are in the lowest income bracket can achieve middle-class status.

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international bank for reconstruction and development (ibrd)

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World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability

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With 189 member countries, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership fighting poverty worldwide through sustainable solutions.

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The change in social status within a person's lifetime.

For example, a worker in a factory can become a business owner.

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Income disparity contributes to class divisions (Piketty, 2014).

For example, in 2021, the top 1% of earners in the U.S. controlled 32.3% of total wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2.6%

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board of governors of the federal reserve system

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The Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington DC.

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A UNESCO report (2022) highlights that in sub-Saharan Africa, only 9% of students from low-income families complete secondary education.

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UNESCO : Building Peace through Education, Science and Culture, communication and information

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Learn more about UNESCO's role, vision and results. UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Our aim is to promote peace and security through international cooperation

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White-collar vs. blue-collar jobs can reflect social stratification, which means professional roles can receive higher status and rewards.

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Gender pay gaps and racial discrimination limit social mobility

For example, according to the World Economic Forum (2022), women worldwide earn on average 37% less than men in similar roles.

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The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests.

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Global Perspectives on Social Stratification

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Global Perspectives on Social Stratification

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U.S.: Income inequality is rising due to the economic policies that favoring wealth accumulation (Saez & Zucman, 2019).

UK: Class distinctions persist despite under democratic structures.

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China: The government is trying to reduce inequality through wealth redistribution, but there still exist regional disparities.

Cuba: Egalitarian policies reduced class differences, but economic limitations persist.

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Brazil & India: There exist high level income inequality, significant rural-urban divides and low social mobility.

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1. Impact of Technology

Automation and artificial intelligence may replace low-skill jobs, which may exacerbate inequality (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014).

2. Basic Income Policies

Universal Basic Income (UBI) proposals aim to reduce economic disparities in order to ensure social security (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017).

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PewResearchCenter: https://www.pewresearch.org/

Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.bls.gov/

World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/

FederalReserve: https://www.federalreserve.gov/

UNESCO: https://www.unesco.org/

World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/

OECD Reports: https://www.oecd.org/

Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2019). The Triumph of Injustice.

Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century.

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age.

Van Parijs, P., & Vanderborght, Y. (2017). Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy.

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22.22-为什么会存在社会分层(Av8965753,P22)是【公开课】10分钟速成课：社会学[Crash Course Sociology]合集 英文字幕的第22集视频，该合集共计44集，视频收藏或关注UP主，及时了解更多相关视频内容。

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Income Inequality: The top 10% of earners control nearly 70% of wealth, while the bottom 50% own less than 3%.

(source: https://www.federalreserve.gov/)

Social Mobility: The decline of economic mobility makes it more difficult for lower-income people to rise (Pew Research, 2020).

Racial Disparities: The median value of wealth of White families is nearly 10 times that of Black families (Brookings Institute, 2022).

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23.23-美国的社会分层(Av8965753,P23)是【公开课】10分钟速成课：社会学[Crash Course Sociology]合集 英文字幕的第23集视频，该合集共计44集，视频收藏或关注UP主，及时了解更多相关视频内容。

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Hukou System: A kind of household registration system that restricts rural citizens from accessing urban education and job markets, which limited mobility (World Bank, 2022).

Wealth Disparity: The richest 1% of Chinese households own about 31% of the country’s wealth. (source: https://www.credit-suisse.com/)

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1. It can promote social division of labor and improve efficiency.

2. It can inspire individuals to strive and promote social progress.

3. It can maintain social order and avoid chaos.

4. It can provide leadership and decision-making mechanisms.

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1. It can widen the gap between the rich and poor, which leads to the solidifying of the class.

2. It can leads to social injustice, exploitation and oppression.

3. It can intensify psychological pressure and social conflicts.

4. It can stifle creativity and diversity.

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