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Black Power and Stokely Carmichael
https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power#:~:text=Black%20Power%20began%20as%20revolutionary,of%20political%20and%20cultural%20institutions.

http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/blackspeech/scarmichael-2.html

Malcolm X
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated

Watts Riots:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Watts-Riots-of-1965

http://crdl.usg.edu/events/watts_riots/?Welcome
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/watts-rebellion-los-angeles

Kerner Commission:
https://belonging.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/kerner_commission_full_report.pdf?file=1&force=1
https://policing.umhistorylabs.lsa.umich.edu/s/detroitunderfire/page/kerner-commission

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What Happened:
He was a civil rights leader and supporter of Black nationalism, arguing that African Americans should defend themselves by "any means necessary", so he was not against violence. He believed in Islam at one point but in 1964 he abandoned it and his belief in violence and that blacks and whites should be separate, which was part of Black Islam, as it was called. He then argued that racism was the enemy, not the white race. In 1965 he was assassinated before giving a speech in NY.

What Groups Organized:
Malcolm C believed in Black Islam, which influenced many of his teachings.
After leaving Black Islam, Malcolm X established the Organization of Afro-American Unity, and his teachings influenced the Studen Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Response:
His views were controversial at times, but many people listened to him speak.

Why it is a turning point in the CRM:
Malcolm X helped inspire people to join the Civil Rights Movement, leading to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated

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What Happened:
In Watts an African American neighborhood in South Central Los Angeles, an African American man named Marquette Frye was arrested by a white officer who suspected that he was driving drunk. His brother who was in the car with him found his mother, and she fought with the officers, who also responded with force, and all three Fryes' were arrested. While this was happening, a crowd gathered to watch, and tensions between the officers and the crowds led to the riots. cars were burned, stores were looted and damaged, and 14,000 National Guard troops were sent to try to restore order. 34 people died, at least 1,000 were injured, and almost 4,000 were arrested.

What Groups Organized:
No groups organized this, but the riot was also fueled by "longstanding grievances" and discontentment with high unemployment rates, low-quality housing, and inadequate schools. (http://crdl.usg.edu/events/watts_riots/?Welcome)

Response:
The damage done by the riots cost about 40 million dollars.
The government investigated the cause of the riot but did not try to improve the conditions in Watts.

King commented on the riots and visited Watts, and was concerned that some African Americans thought violence was the only way to be heard, and that nothing was being done to help the poverty rate in Watts.

http://crdl.usg.edu/events/watts_riots/?Welcome
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/watts-rebellion-los-angeles

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Black Power Movement in the North (1966-1980s)/Stokely Carmichael (1941-1998)

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Black Power Movement in the North (1966-1980s)/Stokely Carmichael (1941-1998)

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What happened:
The Black Power Movement "emphasized racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions." It embraced African culture, art displaying the realities African Americans faced, and demanded Black history to be taught (archives.gov). The movement was started by Stokely Carmichael who popularized the black power in 1966.

What groups were involved:
Stokely Carmichael was involved in many groups such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Black Panthers. He also established a campaign that led to the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, which led to the Black Panthers.

Response:
The Black Power Movement led to the creation of art that depicted African American struggles.

Why it was a turning point in the CRM:
Because of Stokely Carmichael, many Civil Rights organizations were founded that pushed the Civil Rights Movement Forward. The Black Power Movement emphasized that African Americans could rely less on integration and more on securing human rights by creating their own organizations to serve their needs.

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What Happened:
The Black Panthers were a militant political party that challenged police brutality. They grew to about 2,000 members. They patrolled certain cities to challenge police brutality.

What Groups Organized:
They tried to get more African Americans into political office but were unsuccessful.
Response of (whites, gov, media, etc):
The FBI successfully weakened the group, but it was also weakened by internal violence. The media portrayed them as a gang.

Why it is a turning point for the CRM:
This group confronted politicians and police. They also provided free breakfasts for African American children before school (schools at this time did not provide free breakfast).

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This is a picture of a short publication outlining the findings of the Kerner Report

Because of riots, violence, and unrest throughout the country, often blamed on young African American men, Lyndon B Johnson issued an executive order for the Kerner Commission to study the true cause of riots. The Kerner Commission pointed out that ignorance, discrimination, racism, poverty, unemployment, and most importantly, white institutions, racism, and police brutality, led to violence.

Quotes from the Kerner Commission:

Quote from Lyndon B Johnson: "The only genuine, long-range solution for what has happened lies in an attack—mounted at every level—upon the conditions that breed despair and violence. All of us know what those conditions are: ignorance, discrimination, slums, poverty, disease, not enough jobs. We should attack these conditions—not because we are frightened by conflict, but because we are fired by conscience. We should attack them because there is simply no other way to achieve a decent and orderly society in America."

- "White society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it."

- "White racism is essentially responsible for the explosive mixture which has been accumulating in our cities since the end of World War II"

- "Our nation is moving towards two societies - one white, one black - separate and unequal."

https://belonging.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/kerner_commission_full_report.pdf?file=1&force=1
https://policing.umhistorylabs.lsa.umich.edu/s/detroitunderfire/page/kerner-commission

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King's Assassination and Response (1968)

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King's Assassination and Response (1968)

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What Happened:
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated while standing on the balcony of his hotel.

What Groups Organized:
An escaped prisoner, James Earl Ray had killed Dr. King.

Response:
As a result of his death, there were riots across the United States, pressing President Johnson to enact more Civil Rights laws.

Why it is a turning point to the CRM:
The assassination led to anger and rioting that pushed more legislative action regarding Civil Rights into law, including the equal housing bill.

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Today there are still issues with systematic racism and poverty for African Americans, as discovered by the Kerner Commission. Black Power, in a sense, pride of being African American, and the creation and support of African American-owned businesses seems to be emerging again. In addition, police brutality has led to riots and still exists, as it did in the Watts riots and as mentioned in the Kerner Commission. The Civil Rights Movement was not even a century ago, and so not all of the problems fought against in the Civil Rights Movement have been resolved.