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1. Colorado river, Border of California and Arizona
2. Oscar Zepeda - The growing demand for water is a very big problem.  This problem is fueled even more with the recent shortfall of water.  Many people might not be getting the amount of water that everyone else gets.
3.  The solution that they have come up with is to pump water from lake mead.  This lake would allow them to be able to give all the residents water.  It would also help out their shortfall in water and probably even allow the economy of Nevada to grow because of increase in water sells.
4. One problem or challenge being faced is an economic problem.  A lot of the solutions that everyone has suggested are very pricey.  The cost expensive solutions might work very well but there is also a chance that they wont work at all for Nevada.  I believe that the pump is probably the best action for Nevada.
5. One question I have is why did the water shortfall start in the first place? And why is it going to take so long to solve?

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1. California
2. Not enough water for water-dependent resources
3. The California Water Plan from 2013, descriptions of current and potential regional and statewide water conditions to a roadmap for action intended to achieve desired benefits and outcomes.
4. Not sure if it's still an ongoing project but there's obviously issues on making ideas to help with products considering they can't control the water situation.
5. Is it even still going on? Also, how would you solve the drought issue in California?

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Kaullin Gulapa
Increasingly warmer ocean climates have increased the frequency of HABs (harmful algae blooms), which can make humans sick through the consumption of contaminated seafood.  This is most prevalent in southeastern Alaska.  However, the state of Alaska does not test for toxins in recreational/subsistence shellfisheries.
Tribal communities in southeastern Alaska formed the Southeast Alaska Tribal Toxins (SEATT) coalition to combat HABs risks.
The partnership holds workshops to teach people to identify toxins found in shellfish.  The members also plan to open a lab in southeastern Alaska in which they can analyze shellfish for these toxins.
One question I have is is there a need for a similar program to come to other shellfish hotspots around the world?

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Luqman Mohammed
Problem: In 2013, the Marshall Islands were hit by a massive drought where they saw virga, or precipitation that did not hit the ground. Rainwater is usually the primary freshwater that islands get so a lack of it causes impacts the ecosystems negatively and causes human health problems. Some islands only saw 25% of their normal rainfall.
Solution: Citizens used new data and technology in order to collect research about the drought and to warn the authorities. From this authorities were able to ship resources from the outside into the country.
Challenges still being faced: In 2016, the Islands received another drought but used more comprehensive monitoring networks and tools with the use of satellites to send a message anywhere. Thus they were able to respond faster.
Question: How do you help replant crops that have died out because of the drought?

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Alexandra Claire Cunanan

Problem:
Because of the intensified storms over the last 20 years, Delaware County in New York has gone through extensive flooding as well as increased flood damage along the Delaware River. These storms have caused many homes, farms, and businesses to suffer from major floods.

Solution:
The community and people of Delaware County, New York decided that they need to model possible flood impacts and find ways to reduce them. They took input from the people of the community and have started restoring many areas. For example, they have started a restoration project for the West Brook site, where a river overtopped and flooded freely through a village in Walton. This restoration projects plans to take bake the floodplain by removing fill and grading it to the right elevation and slope. This will allow the water to spread out around an area instead of focusing on just one place.

Process/Challenges:
The Village of Walton and its people are still looking for other projects to implement on the West Brook site, making use of it because it is the largest drainage area of their community. If the community can lower flood levels in the West Brooke site, it will likely lower any other tributaries. These kinds of projects continue to study and look for ways to relocate businesses, acquire lands, demolish buildings, and conduct soil tests. On top of all of this, they are also working on restoring native vegetation and removing invasive species.

Question:
How long will it take the community of Delaware County to restore 20 years of flooding and damage to property and businesses?

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China Camp State Park, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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China Camp State Park, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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China Camp State Park, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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Anthony Enriquez

The high tides and heavy rainfall that come with winter cause the only road into China Camp State Park to flood. It endangers habitats and doesn't allow emergency vehicles to reach neighborhoods close to the bay. Solutions that are being considered are raising the road section that floods using solid fill, and raising it using a causeway. Representatives from the neighborhoods, conservation organizations, recreation organizations, road safety, public safety, and park authorities are helping to fix this issue. The project received a $157,321 grant to help further their work. Some questions I have are what are the pros and cons of the two options being considered and how urgently do the people that live near the bay need the road to be fixed if emergency services can't reach them when the road floods?

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Angeline Ly
In Long Beach, the problems would be water shortages, heat warnings, rising sea levels, coastal flooding, and deteriorating air quality in the city. This would affect children, senior citizens, and those who spend time outdoors the most. Students and professors at California State University Long Beach have teamed up with the Aquarium of the Pacific to engage the citizens of Long Beach to be aware of what is happening in their city, creating programs to help inform targeted neighborhoods. The aquarium holds booths, lectures and programs for the community to help spread the awareness about climate change. A question that I have would be are the efforts of the city and the community going to be enough and are the goals of the city realistic?

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Axis de Guzman
Kake is a rural village in south east Alaska that is concerned about the problems that pollution and climate change will bring to the streams and oceans that they rely on for food. In 2020, Kake and the University of Alaska Fairbanks partnered with each other to research the effects of climate change and pollution. The partnership allows them to monitor the ocean and freshwater food sources. They are currently compiling data for further research on climate change and pollution. Some questions I have is how long the partnership will last and if the data they compile will somehow help others as well.

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(Jessie Lemus)

Rising temperature in the dunes located in the Navajo reservation is leading to drier climates which can heavily alter the ecosystem in these dunes. The solution to this problem is to combat the climate change affecting these dunes. Many things are being done like observing areas prone to being affected by climate change and planting core-based material to enhance water absorption. One question I have is if this situation is affecting any other dunes in the world?

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The problem is a severe drought in Tuolumne District.
Water engineers found solutions by communicating with the public consistently and finding innovations to keep water flowing into the district.
Some challenges still being faced include still having extremely little precipitation and snowfall. Citizens are running out of water, and engineers are still looking for more ways to increase resilience to extreme drought.
One question I have about this case study is about how COVID has impacted drought. As people quarantined and human activity decreased, has it helped minimized drought ?

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Claire Lee
Problem: With extreme climate change taking place in this city, Boulder experienced a record flooding of 7.84 feet after receiving more than 8 inches of rain, negatively harming the people of this community.
Solution: To ease the constant struggles of flooding, the town is constantly promoting mitigating their carbon footprint as well as keeping climate resilience (adapting) in mind.
Challenges: Boulder is noted to be a "college town", meaning many individuals enter and leave the area on a daily basis. This decreases the ability to foster residents/visitors of understanding of local risks and preparedness.
Question: One question I do have is how exactly the climate resilience plan will help the town in cases of more flooding's/weather emergencies. The situation in this area is severe, and even whilst understanding full procedures, how will the town continue to thrive (weathering won't end anytime soon).

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Erna K.
Lane County was faced a dangerous possibility of runoff and flood from that year's precipitation and snowfall. In 2010, Emergency Manager, Linda Cook predicted that the season's flood may be excessive. The best that the community could do was prevention and damage control. So, they dealt with the situation by preparing for the floods and making sure that everyone was well-versed on how to deal with the problem. Since the issue is climate change, the more ideal solution would be directed at climate change and temperature. A question I still have is how much would flood insurance would actually cover?

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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1. South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA
2. Alvin Phan
Habitat degradation has caused the amount of salmon in South Fork, Washington to dramatically decline. Salmon are considered a keystone species to the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, making this an urgent problem. The river's water quality causing the habitat degradation has been negatively influenced by the commercial forestry, intensive agriculture, flood control, and transportation infrastructures.
3. Several adaptation strategies have been identified due to researched-based projects. Some of these strategies include removing barriers to upstream migration, floodplain reconnection, restoring steam flow regimes, increasing cold-water refuges, reducing erosion and sediment delivery, and restoring riparian functions.
4. Many researchers are still making adjustments to their recommendations, and figuring out a way to make the salmon adaptable to climate change. As researchers expand on their research, more  solutions and methods will come.
5. Why has the water degraded in the past decade, and not earlier?

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Lynna Vu
2) Sewer overflows, poor water quality, basement sewage flooding, and surface flooding have intensified in frequency as a result of the aging infrastructure, that made it harder for water and liquid to pass through, making it burst when it was too much.
3) PSWA made a stormwater advisory group in 2019 and they issued a project that aimed to create a green infrastructure and cleave private lands of impermeable areas.
4) To prevent the problem from arising again, Pittsburg has decided to invest more attention into stormwater management, as the neglect towards managing stormwater over the years was the root cause of the whole ordeal.
5) How long did it take to improve the stormwater system/How rigorous was the process?

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2015 was a year of drought and minimal rain. With Puerto Rico being a small country they didn't know what to do about this oncoming drought. This came into affecting the local people of Salinas that depended on the. This made it hard for the people who had farms, building and business wince everyone depended on the aquifer for a water supply. The solution that experts came up with obtaining the water from other locations that would be diverted or harvested and then stored in the aquifer. This was called  aquifer storage and recovery strategy. This enejdeup helping the people greatly. However, I wonder if anyone else used this project to also help themselves during those years of drought?

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2) Joel Romero; Salinas, which is located on the south coast of Puerto Rico, had a severe drought and water levels rapidly declined.

3) Aquifer storages are being utilized to solve the problems from the drought. Aquifer storages work by by diverting water from other locations, such as reservoirs, into storages which are redistributed into Salinas.

4) The most challenging part about this solution was implementing it in the first place, as funding from the United States had been continuously delayed. The aquifer storages also wouldn't necessarily eradicate the drought, but rather reduce the severity of it.

5) A question I still have is how some areas of Puerto Rico are severely effected by the drought, whereas nearby locations in close proximity face are not effected nearly as much.

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1) Kake, Alaska, USA
2) Calista Ly
Problem: In Kake, Alaska, climate change has become more serious and noticeable, where it has been impacting the nearby areas of water. This includes ocean waters and stream, which are where the tribes in the area depend on for sources of food. This is causing problems for the food security in the area.
3) The solution for Kake's waters was a partnership that the local leadership of the area did with the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
4) In order to help prevent sickness or harm from the water's pollution, the Kake Climate Partnership created protocols for the safety and monitoring of the oceans. The partnership with the University of Alaska Fairbanks ensured monitoring of the water pollution and common sources of food from seawater. This allowed the seafood of the area to be checked for pollution, making sure that it did not contain dangerous metals that could be consumed.
5. What is being done to help reduce the contamination and pollution of the seawaters in Kake, Alaska?

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Ganesh Reddy Gummadi

2) Problem - With increases in water temperature combined with the perfect amount of nutrients and sunlight, the perfect environment for algal blooms is present which result in a mass increase in harmful algal blooms or HABs. As other marine animals eat these infected plankton, the are also contaminated and then pass it onto humans when we eat seafood, causing illnesses and diseases to arise in us.

3) Solution - To allow the safe harvest of marine food, there has no been an increased attention placed upon the marine life to check for signs of infection.

4) Through more weekly checks on all commercial marine life, especially phytoplankton species identification and quantification, increased use and education on phytoplankton nets, filtering apparatus, and  identification tools, along with more laboratories and equipment to do all this testing, the people of Sitka, Alaska have reduced the amount of deaths caused by HABs.

5) How are these organizations and the government there getting the funding and resources necessary to make all these changes?

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1) Reedsburg, Wisconsin
2) Samantha Nguyen
There have been prolonged heavy rains all over south central Wisconsin. It has led to big floods in the community.
3) The solution has been to use simulations to understand how a storm could affect locations. It can help identify vulnerabilities and help communities find options for building resilience.
4) Currently, using the storm transposition tools requires specific technical skills. Engineer consultants or regional planning commission staff still use it to demonstrate what would happen if a certain storm event happened in their own location.
5) A question that I have is how accurate have these simulations been and how have people acted upon seeing the results to better prepare for future storms?

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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South Fork Nooksack River, Washington, USA

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(Nicholas Bernal)
2. The amount of salmon in South Fork has dramatically decreased due to habitat degradation.
3. In order to better understand the impact of climate change the U.S. Environmental protection agency-through region 10, the office of research and development, and the office of water-partnered with the Washington department of ecology, the Nooksack Indian tribe, and the Lummi nation in order to launch a collaborative research pilot project for river.
4. In addition to the problems of warming water, global climate change has the potential of significantly impacting the freshwater ecosystem that salmon depend on.
5. One question I had was if there were other major rivers or lakes suffering from similar issues, and if so are they taking the same sort of actions?

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Jody Lieu, Period 6

Harmful algal blooms have been threatening Alaskan tribes as several outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning are causing mass casualties. A solution was created through the SEATT partnership where environmental staff from participating tribes learn to use phytoplankton nets, filtering apparatus and identification tools. With these "eyes on the water", members of the SEATT partnership can advise their communities of the dangers of local shellfish. Their efforts are continuing as weekly plankton monitoring is being developed into a forecasting tool. A question I have is: What did the tribes do with the contaminated food?

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Salinas, Puerto Rico. Mona Jubran. The problem in Puerto Rico is that they have been in a severe drought for over a year. They have little rainfall and water levels on the Southern Coast have been declining. The solution is a committee dedicated to the water crisis. They hope to divert water from other locations and store it in the aquifer which is called aquifer storage and recovery. This is currently still a work in progress but they have received grants from the government that will cover the majority of the cost. I wonder how long it would take for water levels to go back to normal and how long it would take for rainfall to regulate?

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Eric Vo
Wildfires and floods are some of the main climate threats facing the city of Asheville.
The city found 3 primary stressors: precipitation, drought, and temperature variability. Actions are scheduled to be tackled later in the year, but they will require collaboration for innovative solutions outside of government control, such as trying to fix pipelines carrying gasoline that are affected. I wonder if Asheville's plan of action will be a success, or if they will be left on their own.

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Eesha Patel, Period 6 and the problem is flooding and hurricanes. Floods have taken over the streets due to hurricanes and rain storms. There are climate plans currently put in place. There is an increase ability to recover from damage. The only challenge is to get this plan out to the public. One question is how is this story still going on, as this case study was last modified in 2019.

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Problem: Along coastal Carolina the human development has been steady rising so the wetland area has been significantly reduced. The wetlands are crucial areas for flood protection.
Solution: Scientists are trying to identity areas that are vulnerable and are able to grow/develop into a wetland
Process: They analyzed land cover change within five classifications (water, emergent wetland, forest, agriculture, and development) using 30-meter resolution CCAP Regional Land Cover data from NOAA.
Question: When they do find areas that are vulnerable for growth, how exactly are they going to grow these areas into wetlands?

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1) Fredericktown, MO, USA
2) Sebastian Aguilan. The problem in this town was the effects of both heavy rainfall and drought affected the size of the city lake, exposing the bottom.
3) The solution was to adapt to this change. Their method was developing a way of collecting wastewater, using water release from a different lake, and building the water resilience of the town.
4) The main problem was how precipitation was going to affect the water quality. Droughts are still able to reduce the water supply of the town.
5) One question I have about the case study is if the lake is their only water source rather than surrounding lakes.

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Garrick Perea (P6)

The environmental issue being tackled was the lack of water following a drought in 2015. Another issue was the lack of drinking water from the Salinas aquifer. Due to over-extraction and the use of fertilizers, the drinking water has exceeded healthy levels of salt and nitrate concentrations. This has also led to the decline in populations of native species and difficulties in sustaining agriculture.

Some strategies were implemented such as rationing water amongst households. However, a sustainable solution was needed. A proposed idea is recharging the aquifer by redirecting water from a nearby reservoir, the Patillas Reservoir.

One question I have is how this project will be sustained for long term mitigation. Would the Patillas Reservoir one day run out? What environmental effect will redirecting water from the Patillas Reservoir have?

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1. Walton, New York
2. Tracy Nguyen. Over the past two decades, Delaware County in New York has been subjected to major flooding and increased flood damage due to the strengthening storms along the Delaware River. Many communities are in danger due to how they are build in and around the river and floodplain.
3. The Delaware Country started the Walton Flood Commission as a solution by having them serve to bring together local leaders to discuss flooding issues as well as mitigation opportunities. They were able to restore various sites in the area such as the West Brook Site and Water Street Site. When these areas were rebuilt, the floodplain was reclaimed and was graded to the right elevation and slope that allows water to spread out over the area. As a result, homeowners and businesses are receiving fewer flooding impacts.
4. A lot of work is still being done as the village of Walton is looking for additional projects to implement in the West Brook site, where the drainage area is the largest. By doing so, flood levels in surrounding areas should lower as well.
5. How did the community cope with the onset of floods prior to the actions of the Walton Flood Commission.

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(Megan Tran, P6)
Problem: Long Beach is California's sixth-largest city located along the coast, as it is one of the nation’s busiest seaports and a popular destination for coastal tourism. Because of this, Long Beach faces consequences of climate change, not only on land but in the ocean as well. Some of these consequences include drought/water shortages, extreme heat, sea-level rise and coastal flooding, and deteriorating air quality.
Solution: A guide to these consequences called "Citizens’ Guide to Building a Climate-Resilient Long Beach" was released in early 2017 to provide the citizens of this city with more information to bring awareness to these topics. Climate Resilience Workshops have been led, with the goal of improving Long Beach community leaders’ basic knowledge, providing opportunities for leaders from different communities and professions to learn about potential hazards and possible solutions, discuss their concerns and preferences, and find ways to raise awareness across the city.
Actions/challenges: In addition to that, they are continuing to address climate change and relevant local issues in its core exhibitions, reaching out to Business majors, lecture programs at local colleges, and mini-courses for the community. These options allow people to prepare for discussions that will be necessary as this coastal community adapts to a changing climate.

Question: How has the city of Long Beach slowly implemented these ideas into the citizens' lives? What did they do to get people actively involved in the community?

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China Camp State Park, San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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China Camp State Park, San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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China Camp State Park, San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Peacock Gap Trail, San Rafael, CA, USA

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Kos Nguyen

The road to the China Camp State Park is often unusable due to flooding from rain and high tides.

The most effective solution decided on is to raise the most vulnerable part of the road through either solid fill, which would also improve the marsh's hydrology, or a pile-supported modular causeway.

The project team has engaged almost 40 community stakeholders to build community participation in the project, working together with them to review data and identify the best solutions for a safer road.

I'm curious as to what factors led to the denial of the suggestion to relocate the road. Was it mainly the cost difference? Or was the new location for the road also not optimal?