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Early learning experience with the methods used in this subject

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Early learning experience with the methods used in this subject

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In my opinion, this method is very beneficial to the students, not only the students in the university, even the students in the primary and secondary schools should also be exposed to this method. This method is very important so that students are able to find a way or method that suits their own personality and style because we are born with having various personalities that are different from each other. This is likely to affect most of our lives as a whole as well as will affect the potential of the self if not properly aligned and adjusted.

As we know, every human being has a different personality, it indirectly becomes a source of privilege for each individual that makes us complement each other with a distinctive and unique style. Therefore, we can deepen the ways and methods that are compatible with our personality to improve our abilities and further highlight our potential as students. This will affect our lives in learning by being able to compete with other students and get results that can make us proud of ourselves in particular.

Overall, this method should continue to be encouraged and implemented as one of the measures to produce a successful and distinguished student who is able to provide benefits to the future of themselves, the university and the country in general.

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In my opinion, performing tasks in groups can provide many benefits. Among them, we can share ideas and discuss topics related to learning. This is able to produce students who work together in preparing for a job, in addition to being a source of reference related to learning that is not understood. This group implementation is generally very important to help students be able to work together on something as well as cultivate an attitude of responsibility in each other.

As is well known, this group assignment requires the full involvement of all group members, for which each group member must give their respective commitment in relation to the assigned task. However, there are also students who are not responsible by taking advantage of the responsibilities of other group members. For example, they do not complete their assignments in the hope that other group members will complete them. This should be avoided by all students, but some do. This will indirectly affect the presentation during learning or during the presentation in particular. In addition, it will also cause dissatisfaction among students who also have their own commitments.

Overall, group task execution has various pros and cons. However, we, as students, need to take advantage of it as one of the ways to achieve effective self-potential and obtain various other benefits from group activities. Therefore, it is very important for students to work together and work together to achieve the desired academic goals.

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Kanun Keseksaan & al-Isytirak fil al-Jarimah

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Kanun Keseksaan & al-Isytirak fil al-Jarimah

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Jenayah menurut fuqaha' adalah perbuatan atau perilaku yang jahat yang dilakukan oleh seseorang untuk mencerobohi atau mencabul kehormatan jiwa atau tubuh badan seseorang yang lain dengan sengaja.

Pentakrifan tersebut adalah khusus pada kesalahan-kesalahan bersabit dengan perlakuan seseorang membunuh atau menghilangkan anggota tubuh badan seseorang yang lain atau mencederakan atau melukakannya yang wajib di kenakan hukuman Qisas atau Diyat.

Kesalahan-kesalahan yang melibatkan harta benda, akal fikiran dan sebagainya adalah termasuk dalam jenayah yang umum yang tertakluk di bawahnya semua kesalahan yang wajib dikenakan hukuman mengikut al-Quran:

1. Hudud

2. Qisas

3. Takzir

4. Diyat

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Kesan Jahil, Silap dan Lupa Terhadap Tanggungjawab Jenayah

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Kesan Jahil, Silap dan Lupa Terhadap Tanggungjawab Jenayah

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Tanggungan jenayah sebagai salahsatu komponen penting dalam sistem keadilan jenayah menekankan ciri-ciri bagaimana seseorang boleh dikenakan tanggungan jika terlibat dalam perlakuan jenayah. Elemen-elemen asas untuk suatu tanggungan jenayah merupakan elemen yang perlu wujud di dalam semua jenayah. Tanpa dibuktikan salahsatu daripadanya, maka tertuduh tidak boleh didapati bersalah untuk kesalahan jenayah itu.

Jika seseorang melakukan sesuatuperbuatan dan perbuatan itu adalah suatu jenayah, maka dia mestibertanggungjawab terhadap perbuatannya. Sekiranya dibuktikan bersalahdan disabitkan, dia mesti bertanggungan dan dihukum.

Namun, dalam sesetengah keadaan, pendalihan (defence) atau alasan-alasan yang sah (legal) berlaku terhadap penjenayah akan membolehkan tertuduh terlepas daripada hukuman atau dikurangkan hukuman atau didapati tidak bersalah, atau dikurangkan darjah kesalahannya. Dalam Islam, dalihan-dalihan seperti silap, jahil dan lupa akan membolehkan tertuduh tidak boleh dipersalahkan kerana perbuatan yang telah dilakukannya. Walaupun dia dimaafkan daripada tanggungjawab jenayah, dalam keadaan tertentu, dia tetap perlu ditanggung tanggungjawab sivil serti dikenakan diyat keatasnya.

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KESAN JAHIL, SILAP & LUPA TERHADAP TANGGUNGJAWAB JENAYAH

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Keadaan ini berlaku dimana timbul azam atau niat dalam hati seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu perbuatan jahat serta merupakan asas bagi tanggungjawab jenayah dan ianya berbeza mengikut peringkat kejahatan. Namun begitu seseorang itu tidak boleh disabitkan hukuman ke atas niat tanpa perbuatan.

Perbuatan jahat merupakan faktor penting yang semestinya ada pada semua jenis kesalahan sama ada berat atau ringan, sengaja atau tidaksengaja. Sedangkan niat jahat pula, tidak semestinya ada kecuali pada kesalahan-kesalahan yang disengajakan sahaja.

Dalam syariat islam, hukuman sama ada niat jahat telah wujud atau baru timbul adalah sama. Ini kerana, hukuman dijalankan atas asas niat jahat yang ada sewaktu perbuatan jahat dilakukan. Hukuman tidak mungkin diberatkan semata-mata kerana wujudnya niat terdahulu dari perbuatan jenayah.

Sabda Rasulullah SAW mafhumnya,

“Sesungguhnya Allah tidak mengambil kira apa yang diwas-waskan, atau apa yang terlintas dalam hati seseorang selagi dia tidak berbuat atau berkata apa-apa.”

(Riwayat Muslim dari Abu Hurairah)

Misalan perbuatan yang disertai dengan niat jahat adalah seorang yang membaling batu, melalui tingkap dengan tujuan hendak mengenakan orang yang sedang berjalan di bawahnya. Ini bermakna, dia telah melakukan perbuatan jahat dengan niat jahat kerana niatnya adalah jelas. Islam tidak membeZakan antara perbuatan sengaja yang telah lama terpendam dengan perbuatan sengaja yang baru timbul, dalam kesalahan membunuh dan mencederakan dan hukuman bagi perbuatan sengaja, dalam kedua-dua keadaan ini adalah sama iaitu Qisas.

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My personal information

Rafiza Nur Shabila Raduan is currently a second-year student in the Department of Fiqh and Usul, Academic of Islamic Studies at the University of Malaya (UM). From Gemas, Negeri Sembilan.

My education

2006 – 2007 PASTI al-Taqwa Batu 6, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu (preschool)

2008 SK Bukit Tunggal, Terengganu (grade 1)

2009 SK Pasir Besar, Gemas, Negeri Sembilan (grade 2)

2014 – 2015 SMA Repah, Tampin, Negeri Sembilan (form 1-2)

2016 – 2018 SMA Gemas, Negeri Sembilan (form 3-5)

2019 Maahad Ahmadi Gemencheh, Negeri Sembilan (STAM)

2019 Universiti Malaya Nilam Puri, Kota Bharu, Kelantan (Foundation of Islamic Studies)

2020 University of Malaya (Bachelor Degree of Department of Fiqh & Usul, Academic of Islamic Studies)

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My learning style

According to the results of that learning style test, I am a visual learner! And my visual scores are the highest (85%), followed by 10% for auditory and 5% for tactile. This means I am a visual learner, which means I need to see things as well as hear them in order to learn effectively.

I believe that seeing the material being taught helps me learn better, and that seeing a demonstration before being told how to do something helps me follow instructions better. Furthermore, I prefer visual representations such as images, maps, graphs, and other graphics to other forms of instruction. So, by color-coding my notes, making to-do lists, and using concept maps to organize my thoughts, I will practice something that will help me learn better, manage and achieve my goals. These strategies can assist me in developing skills such as critical thinking, better decision-making, problem-solving, and comprehension.

For example, I am easily distracted by sound, which means I can't focus in class or on my homework. So, as a solution, I will go to a comfortable and convenient location, such as the library and study cube, to avoid distractions, or else I will use an earphone while listening to a soothing music playlist to ensure that I stay focused on my work. Furthermore, as we all know, visual learners have exceptional spatial awareness and the ability to recall mental images. To improve my recall, I'll emphasize important information with colors, sticky notes, and highlighters. I use different colored highlighters to categorize information, whether it's in handwritten notes or textbooks.

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According to the 'Improving Your Study Habits' test, almost all of the study habits that I have practised are effective. I plan to study every day, set up a quiet study area at the hostel, and listen to quiet background music while doing so. Furthermore, I spent the most time on the most difficult things: asking for help if I am having difficulty with something; taking notes as I study; using my own words to simplify complex ideas; keeping my notes in a notebook or folder; and making connections between what I am studying and what I know to effectively manage my studies. Furthermore, I will use a planner or agenda to keep track of my study progress and to reward myself after a successful study session, particularly after completing a presentation for a class lesson.

Developing good study habits, in my opinion, can be difficult, especially if we already have a busy life. But don't underestimate the value of education. So, in order to achieve the best study habits, I will practise the 'Plan to Do' study habits that I have not yet practised.

As a result, while studying, I will turn off the phone, TV, and other distractions, study in a way that suits my learning style, such as going to a comfortable and convenient location, such as the library and study cube, and emphasise important information with colours, sticky notes, highlighters, and other tools. Furthermore, I will practise taking short but frequent breaks, such as 5 minutes every half hour, studying early so that I do not have to wait until the last minute, and doing the work when I have some free time. Next, I'll study the most difficult topics first, then move on to easier ones, review my notes on a regular basis, take practise tests so I don't panic when the real test comes around, and quiz myself on what I've just learned.

I believe that by putting all of my study habits into practise, I will soon see an increase in my test scores and pass my exam with flying colours.

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Almost all of the points I've made are correct, according to the 'What kind of student are you?' test. With that, I believe I am one of the good students, which means I am concerned about my academic performance. For example, I will continue to do well in class and give it my all each day. In addition, I will complete the homework that I gave to the lecturer. Every day, I'll make a list of my homework and revise after each lesson. Next, I'll gather the materials I'll need for class, such as a reference book, a note book, stationary, and other items, before heading to or beginning the lesson that day. I also take thorough notes in class so that I can refer back to them later for revision. Furthermore, I may not be the student with the highest grade, but as long as I achieve and improve my grades from the previous grades, it's fine with me, and I will be grateful for the outcome.

Besides, for me, I think that myself is always ready before doing something like I will search for the references at the internet to do the revision first about presentation and paper work. I also will conduct in the group for what we have to for presentation, but in a small group. With that, I will make sure that all of my work and my group’s work are always complete. And of course, I don’t like to do the work late because it will distract the presentation for lesson in class.

Furthermore, I believe that I am always prepared before doing something, such as searching for references on the internet to do the presentation and paper work revision first. I will also lead the group in what we need to do for the presentation, but in a small group. As a result, I will ensure that all of my work and the work of my group are always completed. And, of course, I dislike working late because it interferes with my presentation for the lesson in class.

In a nutshell, I believe I will be successful and do well in my future, particularly in my exam.

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Experience of self -assessment and reflection of the overall experience of this course

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Experience of self -assessment and reflection of the overall experience of this course

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In my opinion, this assessment method can provide various benefits and advantages that can be obtained by implementing it in the learning syllabus for the course taken. This is very important to have a positive effect and impact on students and is a method that needs to be practiced in the future. This assessment has the potential to help students always be efficient with the tasks given by reviewing the tasks entrusted to them as well as being able to be a medium for students to review learning indirectly. In addition, students can also train their minds to be able to evaluate the assignments given in accordance with the rubric of marks that have been set.

In turn, this course plays an important role in producing students with extensive knowledge in the field of Fiqh. This can be directly practiced in the lives of students, in order to contribute ideas related to the concept of crime in Islamic law in general. Therefore, it is very important to continue to maintain this learning as a subject in the future and even upgrade the learning syllabus so that students are able to be competitive and advanced in the fields of religion and academics.

Overall, this course should be encouraged to be open to all students as a measure to ensure that religious goals continue to be preserved. This step is very important in producing a society that is knowledgeable and capable in the field of Fiqh, especially in terms of preserving the effectiveness and purity of Islamic law so that it does not fade with time. This is also accompanied by self-assessment, which plays an important role in ensuring the potential of students to be more effective.

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Rukun jenayah terbahagi kepada dua iaitu Rukun Am dan Rukun Khas.

Rukun Am terbahagi kepada 3 bahagian iaitu:

1.       Rukun Syar’ie- terdapat nas syarak yang melarang perbuatan tersebut dan akan dijatuhkan hukuman jika laragan tersebut dilaksanakan

2.       Rukun Madi- perkataan/perbuatan yang dilaksanakna yang mengandungi larangan

3.       Rukun Adabi- tanggungjawap pelaku atas perbuatan yang dibuat

Terdapat 3 bentuk perbuatan dalam melakukan jenayah:

1.       Mubasyarah- Segala perbuatan secara langsung yang mewujudkan jenayah tanpa perantaraan dan ianya menjadi sebab secara langsung jenayah tersebut. Pelaku kepada perbuatan tersebut menjadi syarat sebab berlakunya jenayah dan bertanggungjawap atas jenayah yang dilakukan. Sebagai contoh perbuatan menyembelih dengan pisau, mencekik mangsa yang menyebabkan kematian secara langsung dan menjadikan ia jenayah membunuh. Selain itu, perbuatan mengambil harta orang lain di tempat simpanan tanpa kerelaan si pemilik harta tersebut, ia menjadi sebab secara langsung jenayah mencuri. Tidak dinafikan juga perbuatan minum arak menjadi sebab secara langsung kesalahan minum arak.

2.       Tasabbub- Segala perbuatan yang dapat melahirkan jenayah tidak secara langsung tetapi dengan perantaraan perbuatan lain yang menjadi sebab secara langusng jenayah itu berlaku. Dengan adanya bentuk Menyebabkan ini,maka terjadilah jenayah tersebut. Ianya tidak dikira sama ada melakukan dengan sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Sebagai contoh, seseorang ingin membunuh si mangsa melalui meracuni makanannya, apabila si mangsa telah makan dan terima kesannya seperti mulut berbuih dan berlakunya kematian, maka disitu berlakunya bentuk Menyebabkan dalam jenayah. Apabila selesai postmortem ke atas mayat tersebut dan didapati ianya mati disebabkan termakan makanan yang diracuni itu, hal ini telah jelas ianya adalah bentuk Menyebabkan terjadinya terjadi bunuh. Begitu juga perbuatan menggali lubang dengan tujuan untuk membubuh, ia tidak dianggap sebagai perbuatan yang secara langsung melahirkan jenayah apabila mangsa terjatuh ke dalamnya dan menyebabkan kematian. Ini kerna yang menyebabkan kematian sebenarnya adalah kejadian terjatuh itu sendiri, manakali perbuatan menggali itu dianggap sebagai sebab berlakunya kematian itu.

3.       Syarat- Segala perbuatan yang tidak secara langsung melahirkan jenayah tetapi menjadi syarat kepada berlakunya jenayah berkenaan. Sebagai contoh, seseorang telah mencampakkan mangsanya ke dalam perigi yang digali dan oleh orang lain dan menyebabkan si mangsa itu mati. Apa yang mewujudkan kematian dan menjadi sebab secara langsung kepadanya ialah perbuatan mencampak dan bukannya perbuatan menggali. Akan tetapi, si pembunuh tidak dapat mencampakkan mangsanya itu sekiranya perigi itu tidak ada. Jadinya, adanya perigi itu merupakan syarat kepada berlakunya jenayah membunuh tersebut.

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Isi penting/catatan daripada Video Youtube berikut:

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Isi penting/catatan daripada Video Youtube berikut:

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https://youtu.be/grsAmORhhJI

1. Rukun Madi merupakan perbuatan jenayah dilakukan oleh penjenayah sama ada dalam bentuk perbuatan/perkataan atau tidak melakukan apa-apa.

2. Perbuatan jenayah dianggap sebagai jenayah apabila datangnya kemudharatan hasil dari perbuatan itu. Oleh itu, jika penjenayah hanya berniat untuk melakukan jenayah namun tidak melakukannya/menzahirkannya, makai a tidak dianggap sebagai jenayah- kerana tiada kemudharatan yang terhasil.

3. Penjenayah akan bertanggungjawap serta menerima hukuman atas perbuatan jenayah yang dilakukannya sendiri dan terhasilnya kemudharatan dari perbuatannya itu.

4. Penjenayah itu tidak akan bertanggungjawap atas hasil buruk yang berlaku tetapi hanya bertanggungjawap atas perbuatannya sahaja apabila perbuatannya itu terputus dengan perbuatan jenayah lain yang lebih dominan dan ia diklasifikasikan sebagai perbuatan jenayah tanpa hasil buruk.

5. Terputusnya akibat atau hasil perbuatan jenayah itu secara semulajadi (sembuh) dari kecederaan atau dapat mengelak dari kematian maka penjenayah itu hanya akan dipertanggungjawapkan atas perbuatannya sahaja.

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مراد محمود حيدر

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فقه الجريمة والعقوبة ـ الركن المعنوي للجريمة ـ تقسيمات الفقهاء للجرائم ـ مذاهبهم