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Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterial pathogen that causes the chlamydia infection.

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Although many patients are asymptomatic, some common symptoms that are experienced include painful urination, testicular or pelvic pain (in males), and abnormal discharge (vaginal in females and penile in males).

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Chlamydia can also cause conjunctivitis in individuals with the infection, causing redness, irritation, swelling,  and abnormal secretions from the eye. This can be easily resolved with the antibiotics that treat the bacterial infection.

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Antibiotics are a highly effective treatment for chlamydia. The most common antibiotic treatment is doxycycline, taken every day for 7 days, and others include azithromycin and levofloxacin. The CDC recommends that an infected individual should practice abstinence for 7 days after antibiotic treatment, to prevent further spread.

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Sexually active men and women at high risk for infection, especially those under 25 and those who are pregnant, are recommended to be tested for chlamydia. This is commonly done by urinalysis test, and can also be done by a swab sample test.

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Newborns infected in the birth canal can develop trachoma, a blinding form of conjunctivitis.

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In women, it is common for untreated chlamydia to lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and fertility issues (see PID caption). In men, epididymitis can develop in some cases, which is inflammation of the epididymis. This can cause pain and swelling of the testicles. Chronic pelvic pain can come as a result of an untreated chlamydia infection in both males and females. A more rare long-term effect is reactive arthritis, causing inflammation in joints, eyes, skin, and urethra.

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If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, when spread to the uterus and uterine tubes. This causes severe scarring, which may lead to infertility or may cause an obstruction to the uterus, causing fertilized ovum to implant in the uterine tube (becoming an ectopic pregnancy).

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Chlamydia is the highest reported bacterial STI in the United States according the the CDC, with over 3 million infections each year. It is most common in younger people (ages 15-25).

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PID from chlamydia may result in an ectopic pregnancy (in which the egg is implanted in the Fallopian tube). It is very unlikely that a fetus will survive outside of the uterus, but if the egg continues to grow, internal bleeding, damage to nearby organs, and even death are potential risks for the mother.

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Effects on newborns: Respiratory Tract Infection

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Effects on newborns: Respiratory Tract Infection

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Newborns that have contracted chlamydia in the womb may be susceptible to respiratory tract infection, which is a potentially fatal condition for infants.

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Outside of abstinence, reliable methods of chlamydia prevention include the use of condoms, limiting one's number of sexual partners, and testing for infection regularly. In women, it is recommended to avoid douching or washing away good bacteria from the vagina.

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CDC.gov, MayoClinic.org, NHS.uk, everywell.com, healthline.com, and information from the A&P textbook.