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Harlow's work showed that infants also turned to inanimate surrogate mothers for comfort when they were faced with new and scary situations.

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Monkeys are not as complex as humans and it’s hard to generalise (external validity) the findings to human babies

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- harlow concluded infants don’t form an attachment with the person who feeds them
- they form an attachment with the person who offers them comfort and response

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harlow was interested in whether attachment bonds are based on the provision of food or comfort

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ethical issues: effects on monkeys in the future

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ethical issues: effects on monkeys in the future

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-monkeys froze or fled when approached by other monkeys
-they didn’t show normal mating behaviour
-some attacked or killed own infants
shows the effects of being left alone with unresponsive mother made them unhealthy in social situations and they didn’t develop properly emotionally

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evaluation: the 2 mothers looked different 

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evaluation: the 2 mothers looked different 

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the 2 mothers were not only different because of what they were made of:cloth and wire. they also had different heads. this is a confounding variable because the monkeys could’ve been more attracted to the cloth mothers head than the wire mothers and not because of what they were made of. lacks internal validity

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the research demonstrates the process of imprinting which is similar to attachment. it binds the infant to a caregiver

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evaluation: there is evidence that imprinting doesn’t have a permanent effect on mating behaviour. 

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evaluation: there is evidence that imprinting doesn’t have a permanent effect on mating behaviour. 

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Guiton et al 1966 found chickens that imprinted on gloves would try to mate with them as adults but as they matured they learned to mate with other chickens. this shows the impact of imprinting is not as permanent as lorenz proposed

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evaluation: the mammalian attachment system is different to that of birds. 

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evaluation: the mammalian attachment system is different to that of birds. 

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Mammal mothers show a stronger emotional attachment than the mothers of birds. This means it cannot be generalised to  humans or other species

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he randomly divided a group of gosling eggs in half. half hatched with mother goose in natural environment and they saw her as their first moving object. the other half in an incubator and saw lorenz as the first moving object

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Lorenz was interested in imprinting which is an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with a mother figure

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Harry harlow & rhesus monkeys - development.mp4

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Wild Turkeys Hatching and Imprinting on Human | BBC Earth