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Some frontline soldiers privately ceased fire ahead of schedule, even exchanging gifts and playing football, forming a temporary peace similar to the "Christmas Truce".

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The official ceasefire took effect at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918 ("11-11-11"). However, soldiers were still killed or wounded in the hours before, becoming the war’s last victims.

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The treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. This hall was where the German Empire was proclaimed after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, and choosing this site for the signing was seen as a humiliation to Germany, carrying obvious symbolic meaning.

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The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, which happened to be the 5th anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in the Sarajevo Incident—an event that served as the immediate trigger for the outbreak of World War I.

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Identity: Member of the Chinese Delegation

• Role: Argued for Shandong's rights at the Paris Peace Conference, ultimately leading to China's refusal to sign the treaty.

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Identity: President of the United States

Role: One of the "Big Three" at the Paris Peace Conference, who proposed the "Fourteen Points" and advocated for the establishment of the League of Nations.

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David Lloyd George played a key mediator role in the negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles, advocating the search for a middle line between France's demand for severe punishment and the idealism of the United States to safeguard British interests and the European equience.

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1．A big immediate event: A man from Serbia killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for this and declared war. 2．Countries had "friendship pacts": Many European nations made agreements. If one was attacked, the others would help. So when Austria-Hungary fought Serbia, Serbia’s friends (like Russia) joined, and Austria-Hungary’s friends (like Germany) joined too. Soon, most of Europe was at war. 3． Countries wanted more power: They competed to build bigger armies and navies. They also fought over land and resources in other parts of the world (like Africa and Asia).

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Position: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Role: One of the "Big Three" at the Paris Peace Conference, advocating for moderate punishment of Germany and maintaining the balance of power in Europe.

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Identity: President of the United States

Role: One of the "Big Three" at the Paris Peace Conference, who proposed the "Fourteen Points" and advocated for the establishment of the League of Nations.

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The Battle of the Somme (July 1 - November 18, 1916) was one of WWI's largest and bloodiest offensives, fought by British/French forces against Germany on the Western Front, primarily to relieve pressure on Verdun and break the trench warfare stalemate.

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George Clémenteau was the main promoter and designer of the Treaty of Versailles, who strived to minimise the weakening of Germany to ensure France's security and European hegemony.

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The entry into force of the treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations

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The entry into force of the treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations

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The treaty officially started to work, and the League of Nations was set up at the same time. It was based on the first part of the treaty, called the Covenant of the League of Nations.

The League’s goal was to keep world peace, but the United States didn’t join it. What’s more, it didn’t have the power to force countries to follow its rules.

When Germany broke the treaty—like building up its military in 1935 and sending soldiers to take over the Rhineland in 1936—the League of Nations could only speak out against these actions. It couldn’t stop Germany at all.

This “weakness and letting things go” let Germany slowly break the treaty’s limits. Its military got stronger and stronger. Finally, Germany felt brave enough to launch a fast attack on Poland in 1939, which started World War II.

At the same time, the unfairness of the treaty also became an important lesson for the world after World War II: countries shouldn’t punish defeated nations in extreme ways anymore, so that the cycle of revenge wouldn’t happen again.

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The Battle of Verdun (February 21, 1916 – December 18, 1916) was one of WWI’s longest and bloodiest battles, a brutal attritional struggle between France and Germany on the Western Front, famously summed up by the French cry " Ils ne passeront pas!" ("They shall not pass!").

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The Battle of Amiens (August 8–12, 1918) was a decisive Allied offensive in World War I, marking the start of the "Hundred Days Offensive" that led to Germany’s defeat. It was famously dubbed the "Black Day of the German Army" by General Erich Ludendorff due to its devastating impact on German morale and forces.

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Place:Verdun, northeastern France

Importance:

Allied armies attempt to open a sea route to Russia .

The campaign failed,causing heavy losses for Britain, France, Newzeland and Australia troops.

Boosted national pride

Interesting fact:

The soldiers faced unfavourable conditions including cliff,desease dehydration.

April 25th the day when Australia and Newzeland troops landed is now well known as the day of ANZAC Day

Important people:

1. Winston Churchill: British First Lord, key Gallipoli campaign initiator.

2. Otto Liman von Sanders: German commander defending Gallipoli.

3. Ian Hamilton: British general leading the Allied landing.

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Second Battle of the Marne

1. Ferdinand Foch (French): Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces, core planner of the counteroffensive.

2. Philippe Pétain (French): Led French 6th Army, defended key positions firmly.

3. Joseph Joffre (French): Former Allied Commander, advised on strategic deployment.

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Germany was forced to accept the main terms of the treaty: it had to say it was fully responsible for the war, give up 13.5% of its land (like the Danzig Corridor and giving Alsace-Lorraine back to France), have limits on its military (only 100,000 soldiers, no air force or submarines), and pay 132 billion gold marks as compensation.

These strict rules made Germany’s economy break down—for example, in 1923, prices rose crazily and money became almost worthless. People totally lost trust in the Weimar Republic (Germany’s government at that time).

Hitler took this chance to call for “getting revenge and making Germany strong again.” He said the treaty was a “national shame” and quickly got support from people who were angry. This was the most direct reason that led to World War II, pushing Germany to build up its military and start seeking revenge.

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The conference was led by Britain, France and the United States. Twenty-seven countries that won the war took part in it, but defeated countries like Germany were not allowed in.

At first, ten powerful countries (called the "Big Ten") controlled the conference. Later, the main power went to the "Big Three"—leaders from Britain, France and the United States. Italy had little say in things. Japan cared mostly about its own interests in the Asia-Pacific area. Small countries like China had their ideas completely ignored.

The conference followed "power politics"—it only focused on making Germany weaker, instead of building a fair and peaceful order. This broke the trust between countries completely. Germany was left alone, and the trend of extreme nationalism (thinking one’s own country is always right and better than others) got stronger.

This way of "letting the strong make the rules" not only made Germany want to take revenge later, but also upset the balance of the world order. It planted hidden troubles for conflicts in the future.

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The armistice agreement of World War I was signed.

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The armistice agreement of World War I was signed.

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Germany signed a treaty with the Allied Powers to terminate the military operations of World War I. However, the harsh demands of the Allied Powers had already sown the seeds of conflict. The German people's dissatisfaction with the "forced surrender" continued to grow, giving rise to the resentment of "stabbing in the back" - this collective mentality of being treated unfairly became an important social foundation for the Nazi Party to incite nationalism and gain public support, and planted the first seed for the ideological foundation of World War II.

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Place:Ypres, Belgium

Prevented German armies from reaching

the Channel ports.

Heavy casualties on both sides followed by the stalemate of Western Front.

Interesting facts:

Young ,unecperienced rookies held off the German advance.

The area around Ypres experienced 5 wars during WWI, it was one of the bloodiest regions of the war.

The town was completely destroyed by artillery shelling but rebuilt after the war.

The peom "In flanders field "later beome a symbol on rememberance day

Important people:

1. Douglas Haig: British commander, led forces in later Ypres battles.

2. Ferdinand Foch: French general, coordinated Allied defenses.

3. Erich Ludendorff: German strategist behind major Ypres offensives.

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Battle of Cambrai (1917): WWI key battle, British first large-scale use of tanks to break German Hindenburg Line.

Important figure

1. Julian Byng: British general, leader of Cambrai offensive.

2. Erich Ludendorff: German commander counterattacking at Cambrai.

3. Henry Rawlinson: British officer aiding Cambrai operations.

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Stopped the German capture Paris and ended thier quick victory

The start of trench warfare on the Western Front.

Interesting facts:French army used taxi cabs to rush 6,000 soldiers to the front lines

This is also called "the miracle of Marne"since it symbolized French resilience

Important people:

Joseph Joffre (French): Commander-in-Chief of French Army, key planner.

John French (British): Commander of British Expeditionary Force.

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Battle of Jutland (1916) WWI’s largest naval battle between Britain’s Grand Fleet & Germany’s High Seas Fleet.

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The Canadian soldiers did not enter the war until 1915.They were notorious for their brutal combat and cruel ways to treat war criminals.In 1915, Canadian sergeants shot two German soldiers during the Christmas truce despite knowing their intention of kindness .Moreover when socializing with other soldiers ,they would trick them by first giving them meat and then throw bombs.

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The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the Marne Miracle) was a key battle on the Western Front of World War I, which took place in the Marne region of France from September 5th to 12th, 1914. The British and French forces successfully prevented the German attack in this battle, leading to the bankruptcy of the German Schliffin Plan and the transition of the Western Front to positional warfare. [1]

In the early stages of the campaign, the German army quickly advanced to the outskirts of Paris, and the French commander-in-chief, Xia Fei, organized the retreat and regrouping of the troops. The commander of the Paris garrison, Galieni, discovered the tactical loopholes exposed by the German right wing and directed the French Sixth Army to launch a counterattack, using about 600 taxis to urgently transport 6,000 soldiers to reinforce the front line. 9 On June 6th, the British and French forces launched a comprehensive counterattack, using the gap between the First and Second German armies to divide the German forces, forcing the German forces to retreat on September 9th. More than 2 million troops were deployed on both sides, making it the largest battle in the first month of World War I. After the German strategy of quick victory was set back, the western front entered a long-term stalemate.

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World War I was mainly divided into two opposing alliances, which directly decided the war’s fight pattern:

Central Powers

Core members: Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; later, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined. Italy was a member at first but switched to the Allies in 1915.

The core goal was that Germany tried to get the leading power in Europe, the Austro-Hungarian Empire stopped the Balkan nations from becoming independent, and the other members wanted to take back or expand their lands.

Allied Powers

Core members: Britain, France, Russia (left in 1917), the United States joined in 1917, Italy in 1915, and also Serbia and other countries.

The core goal: Britain and France wanted to protect their own interests and hold back Germany; Russia once tried to expand its influence in the Balkans; the United States joined the war to keep its interests safe and get a voice in the world after the war.

Key Influences

After the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, the two major alliances joined the war one after another. This quickly turned the local conflict into a world war.

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The Battle of Jutland, from May 31 to June 1, 1916, was a major naval battle between Britain and Germany in the North Sea near the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. From May 31 to June 1, 1916, the main fleets of the British and German navies engaged in a duel in the North Sea near the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. This battle was the largest naval battle in history with the largest number of participating troops and the largest scale of World War I. It was also the only full-scale battle between the main fleets of both sides, ending the history of naval battles with battlecruisers as the main ships. In the end, although the German Navy lost fewer ships and personnel in the battle compared to the British Navy, the Royal Navy Home Fleet commanded by Admiral John Jericho successfully blockaded the German Navy in German ports, leaving the latter almost useless in the later stages of the war and achieving strategic victory

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a famous general of Nazi Germany, known as the "Desert Fox". He commanded the Germans against the British in North Africa,Known for his skill, he was eventually defeated by the Allies.

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第一次马恩河战役（法语：马恩河，又称马恩奇迹），是第一次世界大战中西部战线上的一场战役。战役发生在1914年9月5日至12日。在这场战役中，英法联军击败了德意志帝国。

第二次马恩河战役，又称兰斯战役，是第一次世界大战西线战役，发生于1918年7月15日至8月6日，是德军在西线的最后一次重大进攻，在法军率领的联军反攻和压制德军的过程中，德军伤亡惨重。

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The Battle of Jutland (May 31-June 1, 1916) was WWI's largest naval clash between Britain's Grand Fleet and Germany's High Seas Fleet. Britain retained North Sea control despite heavier tonnage losses.

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This stage of the operation lasted until the signing of the armistice agreement on November 11. The Allied forces gradually recovered the lost land and forced the Germans to withdraw to the Hindenburg Defence Line. The battle marked the complete exhaustion of German military power. It became the direct cause of the collapse of the Second German Empire.

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In June 1919, the victorious powers signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany. The Central Powers were imposed with harsh terms: Germany had to pay huge war reparations, cede large areas of territory, and restrict its military forces. The Austro - Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and others disintegrated directly, and the political map of Europe and even the world was redivided.

This outcome not only ended the war but also profoundly changed the world pattern.

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The trench environment was very bad. During WWI, trenches spread from the Swiss border to the Baltic Sea, with a total length of more than 40,000 kilometers. Inside the trenches, it was wet and muddy. The northwestern part of France had much rain and was low-lying. Soldiers often had to stand in dirty water and mud, which made them easy to get trench foot. In serious cases, doctors had to cut off their affected legs or feet. There were not enough toilets, and human waste was everywhere. Dead bodies and body parts that were not buried went bad and smelt terrible. This smell mixed with the smell of gunpowder and sulfur, making a special bad smell. Besides, there were many pests like rats, fleas and lice everywhere in the trenches.

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In February 1916, Germany concentrated its main forces to attack the Fort of Verdun in France, initiating the Battle of Verdun. The Allied forces, in an effort to alleviate the offensive on the Somme River during the Battle of Verdun, compelled Germany to redirect its troops.

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The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Battle of the Somme, was the largest battle of World War I, which took place from June 24 to November 18, 1916. The joint forces of Britain and France fought in the Somme region in northern France to break through German defenses and retreat them to the Franco German border. In this battle, the Allied forces lost 615000 soldiers and the German forces lost 650000 soldiers. It was the most brutal positional battle of World War I and also a battle where tanks were deployed in actual combat. The UK uses the Mark I tank. It is known as the 'Somme Hell' due to its cruelty

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The naval battle fought between Britain and Germany to compete for control of the Atlantic sea route ended with the British forces successfully maintaining their control of the sea.

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Also known as the Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser's Battle), this was Germany's last, desperate gamble to win the war before full American deployment. Its ultimate failure exhausted Germany's last reserves and opened the door for the decisive Allied counter-attack, the Hundred Days Offensive.

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He led the Soviet military and civilians to inflict heavy losses on the German army in key battles such as the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow, reversing the situation on the European battlefield and serving as the core pillar of the Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War.

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Hunger and poor morale are consequences of insufficient food supply.Meat rations for British soldiers were 10 ounces per day,but after the flour shortage,the proportion dramatically declined.German soldiers had a different diet including 14 ounces of egg biscuit .

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The Lorraine Campaign (1944-45) was a WWI Allied offensive in northeastern France, aiming to breach Germany's Siegfried Line. It saw heavy fighting, slow progress, and laid groundwork for the final push into Germany.

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Many soldiers who suffered from shell shock were misdiagnosed as cowardliness or lying .Even after the war ,many found it difficult to get on with normal civil life.The veterans who survived were undoubtedly heroes and of high resiliency, some later recovered this post trauma stress disorder through music art or reading.

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In WWI trenches, fleas and lice multiplied heavily because soldiers lived crowded, lacked washing facilities, and had poor sanitation. Lice were especially harmful, as they mainly carried typhus and trench fever.

Typhus killed thousands on the Eastern Front. Infected people had high fever, skin rashes, and could die in severe cases. Trench fever caused soldiers periodic fever, headaches and dizziness. From 1915 to 1918, 1/5-1/3 of sick British soldiers and about 1/5 of sick German and Austrian soldiers got it

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Germany's Surrender and the End of the War

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Germany's Surrender and the End of the War

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(November 1918): The Allied Powers launched a full-scale counteroffensive. Germany broke out in revolution and was no longer able to fight. On November 11, Germany signed the Armistice of Compiègne with the Allied Powers, and World War I officially ended.

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(November 1917 - March 1918): After the October Revolution in Russia, the newly established Soviet regime signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and withdrew from World War I. Germany was thus able to transfer its troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front and launch a final offensive.

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The Battle of the Marne (Sept 5-12, 1914): A key WWI battle. Allied forces halted Germany's Schlieffen Plan, ending blitzkrieg hopes and leading to trench warfare on the Western Front.

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The trench rat was the most widespread biological disaster on the Western Front during World War I. Due to the large number of corpses, food residues and filthy environment on the battlefield, its reproduction speed was extremely fast, with an estimated population of several million, even exceeding the number of soldiers. They were active at night, crawling over the faces of sleeping soldiers, snatching the food in their hands, causing soldiers to suffer from severe lack of sleep. At the same time, they damaged the sanitary environment, sped up the spread of diseases, and even gnawed on the corpses of soldiers, causing great psychological fear among soldiers and seriously weakening their morale. Although various methods of killing rats were attempted at that time, none of them were effective. It was not until after the war that their numbers dropped sharply.

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The battle took place from February 21 to December 19, 1916. Germany and France invested more than 2 million troops. The battle caused Germany a huge loss of manpower and material resources, marking the transition of Germany's military offensive capability from prosperity to decline, and the initiative of the war gradually transferred to the Allied Powers.

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Woodrow Wilson the 28th President of the United States

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Woodrow Wilson the 28th President of the United States

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Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States, who led the United States to go to war in the later part of the war and put forward the famous "Fourteen Principles", which had a profound impact on the peace process after the war.

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Battle of the Somme

The Battle of the Somme also took place in 1916 and was a typical attrition battle, with heavy casualties on both sides, nearly 1 million. The purpose of this battle was to relieve the pressure at Verdun and attempt to break the deadlock of the front line. Although the outcome of the battle did not completely change the situation of the war, it marked the beginning of the Allies gradually regaining the initiative.

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 Failure of Germany's "Schlieffen Plan" 

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 Failure of Germany's "Schlieffen Plan" 

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(August - September 1914): Germany attempted to quickly defeat France before turning to attack Russia. However, its offensive was halted by the British and French allied forces in the First Battle of the Marne. The "blitzkrieg" plan collapsed, and the war fell into a long-term stalemate of trench warfare.

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1916年2月，德国集中主力攻打法国的凡尔登堡垒，从而引发了凡尔登战役。盟国在索姆河上发动攻势，以缓解凡尔登的压力，迫使德国撤军。

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The Battle of Verdun refers to a large-scale German offensive launched against the French fortress of Verdun on February 21, 1916. It was the most devastating battle of World War I and marked a turning point in the war

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Lloyd George (the only solicitor among British Prime Ministers)

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Lloyd George (the only solicitor among British Prime Ministers)

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During World War I, he served as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War and other positions.

On December 7, 1916, he took office as Prime Minister and expanded the government's control over the economy domestically.

After the war, Lloyd George remained Prime Minister in the coalition government of the British Conservative Party and the British Liberal Party. During his tenure in public office, he introduced a number of reforms and laid the foundation for the modern welfare state.

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The United States' declaration of war on Germany in April 1917 dramatically altered the strategic and resource balance of the conflict. It moved the war from a largely European affair to a true world war and broke the deadlock that had gripped the Western Front.

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During the war everything in life was affected, including fashion. Did you know that skirts and dresses became shorter? This is because women needed to be able to move more easily. Women also started working and needed more practical clothing. This is one of the reasons corsets stopped being so popular.

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Chemical weapons pollute the environment

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Chemical weapons pollute the environment

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During World War I, chemical weapons were widely used, ranging from chlorine gas, tear gas to mustard gas. These chemical weapons not only caused severe harm to soldiers' bodies but also polluted the air, soil and water sources, bringing long-term negative impacts to the battlefield environment.

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Infection caused by constant exposure to unsanitary conditions such as mud .Trench foot manifested itself in chronic pain and vulnerable feet.Some may lead to amputation and severe infection for soldiers.In 1914,the British army established routines to tackle with this issue, since it incapacitated “hundreds if not thousands ”.Not only the British soldiers suffered trench foot but also the soldiers of alliances nations.

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In June 1914, a man called Archduke Franz Ferdinand, from Austria-Hungary, went to the city of Sarajevo.
A young man from Serbia killed him and his wife with a gun.
The killing made Austria very angry at Serbia.
One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and World War I began.