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People made a electric beam that can make IC wafers very fast.

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The source of Japan’s failure to move forward is mostly about the failure of their Theory Z management style and an unwillingness to change. Back in the eighties, I did a lot of strategic work in how to turn the tide against Japan.

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System On Chip -SOC- began to emerge as the 90's came to a close and Taiwan's foundries needed to address the need for IP to help fabless semiconductor companies succeed. Selling manufacturing capacity was no longer enough.

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At ISSCC, someone predicted that fabs would soon cost $100B. Do you agree (i don’t) and why is it that the academics keep throwing around these big numbers?

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Silicon mythology has it that node progression is predictable and constant. In reality it's not. Node times have varied substantially and companies have even fallen behind. The key to success is persistence in R&D no matter how tough the going gets. There was a time when Intel was extremely consistent and TSMC was falling behind. This is that story. Eventually, TSMC's persistence paid off.