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The Mayans grew to become one of, if not the most technologically advanced Native American tribe. Their advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture not only ahead of all other Native American tribes, but for the entire world.

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Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. "Follow the Corn." In An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States, 15-31. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015.

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Cahokia grew to be one of the largest Native American tribes in pre-colonial America. At its peak in the 1200s, Cahokia occupied all of the Mississippi Valley region and had a population bigger than that of London's.

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Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. "Follow the Corn." In An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States, 15-31. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015.

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1607: The first colonial settlement in the Americas

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1607: The first colonial settlement in the Americas

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The English colonists  arrived in Jamestown in 1607. Although the  colonists and Native Americans were initially peaceful towards each other, they  had vastly different ideas on what to do with all the land in what would become the present-day United States.

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Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. "Jamestown." In The American Yawp, 41-46. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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1619: The first enslaved people are imported to the Americas

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1619: The first enslaved people are imported to the Americas

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The first enslaved people to arrive in the Americas were imported to Jamestown in 1619. In the previous years, Jamestown had started to find success in exporting tobacco and the colony started to grow. As a result, enslaved people were imported to increase exports to keep up with the high demand for tobacco. The colonists obviously had different ideas than the enslaved people on how the enslaved people would live their lives, which started to fragment the unity of the colony.

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Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. "III: Slavery, Antislavery, and Atlantic Exchange." In The American Yawp: To 1877, 87-90. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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The Stono Rebellion, although unsuccessful, marked the first major conflict between ethnic groups in what would later become the United States. Although it was a small rebellion, it served as a reminder that enslaved people were willing to fight, and die, for their freedom.

The image attached above is a depiction of the rebellion from the perspective of a white colonist. The description of the image at the bottom describes the "atrocities" that the enslaved people committed against the colonists. This depiction of the rebellion is important to consider as it shows      how colonists doubled down on their stance on enslaved people. In this depiction of the rebellion, the colonists are attempting to prove that they were the ones who were wronged, instead of realizing that a systematic change needed to be made in order to stop these rebellions from happening again.

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Horrid massacre in Virginia. Southampton County Virginia, 1831. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/98510363/.

Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. "III: Slavery, Antislavery, and Atlantic Exchange." In The American Yawp: To 1877, 87-90. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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1750: Slavery is legal in every North American colony

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1750: Slavery is legal in every North American colony

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By 1750, the British had founded thirteen main colonies along the eastern coast of the southern half of North America. Slavery was legal in every colony. And wherever there was slavery, the colonists and enslaved people were divided on whether or not it should exist.

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Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. "III: Slavery, Antislavery, and Atlantic Exchange." In The American Yawp: To 1877, 87-90. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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American growth during the early republic

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American growth during the early republic

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Shortly after Thomas Jefferson was elected president, he bought the territory of Louisiana from France. This purchase nearly doubled the territory of the United States. It was also the home of a multitude of Native American tribes, who inevitably entered into conflict with the Americans as they started to expand westwards onto the land on which they lived.

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"IV: Jefferson as President." In The American Yawp, 177-80. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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In 1807, Thomas Jefferson signed the Embargo Act, which restricted British imports to the United States. This act was extremely controversial as it crippled the United States's economy and escalated tensions with Great Britain. Even though the act was repealed within two years, it caused white Americans to look westwards in pursuit of wealth as opposed to the main economic center of the United States, which was the East Coast. It also greatly hindered the national unity amongst free white men, who up until that point had not vehemently disagreed over a certain topic.

The image above is a political cartoon created in opposition to the Embargo act. It is important to consider because it shows how the white population of the United States, which controlled how the United States was run during the early republic, was divided over the actions of their president.

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Ograbme, or the American Snapping-turtle. Wikimedia, 1807. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ograbme.jpg

"IV: Jefferson as President." In The American Yawp, 177-80. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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The Market Revolution created an even sharper divide between the ethnic groups of the United States - there were the white Americans, who were rapidly expanding westwards into Native lands and creating technologies like the cotton mill which fueled the demand for slave labor. There were also the Native Americans, who were getting treated increasingly worse by the white Americans. And finally, there were the enslaved people, whose population grew with the demand for their labor. Each ethnic group became even more divided from the rest during this time period.

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"The Market Revolution." In The American Yawp, 198-222. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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The territory of Mexico was of great interest to the United States as it expanded westwards. Eventually, the United States went to war in an attempt to claim its territory. The United States won easily and claimed what is now Texas and California for themselves. This subsequently introduced a new demographic to the United States population: Mexicans. They were not particularly happy about their inclusion due to the fact that they felt as if they had become foreigners in their own land. Their inclusion in the United States added to the divide in national unity.

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Takaki, Ronald T. "Foreigners in Their Own Land." In A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown,, 2008.

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The discovery of gold in January of 1848 lead to a great migration to California of people in pursuit of quick wealth. Among the hordes of people flocking to California were Chinese immigrants who sought to gain financial stability in the United States. These immigrants made the United States more diverse, and they were quickly discriminated against by white Americans, which further added to the national divide.

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"Searching for Gold Mountain." In A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown,, 2008.

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The Sectional Crisis was a debate on whether or not Missouri should be admitted to the United States as free or slave state. This debate strengthened the already strong divide between the northern and southern halves of the United States, and ultimately led to the Civil War just a few years later.

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"The Sectional Crisis." In The American Yawp, 342-67. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

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Primary sources:

Horrid massacre in Virginia. Southampton County Virginia, 1831. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/98510363/.

Ograbme, or the American Snapping-turtle. Wikimedia, 1807. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ograbme.jpg

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Secondary sources:

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. "Follow the Corn." In An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States, 15-31. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015.

Locke, Joseph L., and Ben Wright. "III: Slavery, Antislavery, and Atlantic Exchange." In The American Yawp: To 1877, 87-90. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

———. "IV: Jefferson as President." In The American Yawp, 177-80. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

———. "Jamestown." In The American Yawp, 41-46. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

———. "The Market Revolution." In The American Yawp, 198-222. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019.

Takaki, Ronald T. "Foreigners in Their Own Land." In A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, 2008.

———. "Searching for Gold Mountain." In A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, 2008.