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1865: Gregor Mendel's Pea Plant Experiments

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1865: Gregor Mendel's Pea Plant Experiments

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Gregor Mendel, often called the 'Father of Genetics,' discovered the basic principles of heredity by experimenting with pea plants. He found that traits like plant height and flower color were passed down from parent plants to their offspring in predictable patterns. He identified dominant and recessive traits, which became the foundation of modern genetics!

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Friedrich Miescher made a remarkable discovery while studying white blood cells. He found a substance in cell nuclei that he called 'nuclein' - this would later be known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the molecule that carries our genetic information!

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1902: Chromosomes and Heredity Connection

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1902: Chromosomes and Heredity Connection

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Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently discovered that chromosomes carry genetic information. They observed that chromosomes behave exactly like Mendel's factors during cell division. This was a huge breakthrough in understanding how traits are passed from parents to children!

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Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the word 'gene' to describe the units of hereditary information. He also created the terms 'genotype' and 'phenotype' to distinguish between an organism's genetic makeup and its observable traits.

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1927: Physical Changes in Genes Discovered

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1927: Physical Changes in Genes Discovered

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Hermann Muller showed that X-rays could cause genetic mutations in fruit flies. This was the first demonstration that genes could be changed by external factors, leading to new understanding about how evolution might work!

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Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty proved that DNA is the genetic material that carries hereditary information. They did this by showing that DNA from one strain of bacteria could transform another strain - a groundbreaking discovery!

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1953: DNA Double Helix Structure Revealed

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1953: DNA Double Helix Structure Revealed

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James Watson and Francis Crick, with help from Rosalind Franklin's X-ray images, discovered the double helix structure of DNA. They showed that DNA looks like a twisted ladder, which helps explain how genetic information is copied and passed on!

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Scientists created the first recombinant DNA molecules, combining DNA from different sources. This was like using genetic 'building blocks' to create new combinations, leading to many modern applications in medicine and research!

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Scientists from around the world started working together on the Human Genome Project, aiming to map all human genes. This huge project would help us better understand genetic diseases and human development!

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Scientists finished mapping the human genome, identifying about 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA. This amazing achievement helps doctors understand genetic diseases better and develop new treatments to help people stay healthy!