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Classical Conditioning - type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eventually triggering a similar response

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Operant Conditioning - the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

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Social Observational Learning - learning from the behaviors of others around you

Albert Bandora - learning is the product of interaction if biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences

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Last year, I had lunch at the same time on all weekdays. The bell that rang before lunch was a neutral stimulus for me since it didn’t connect with anything yet. Over time, my body started to learn that the bell that rang at the specific time was associated with lunch. The bell became a conditioned stimulus in which the conditioned response was to get hungry.

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When my cat was a kitten, I used positive reinforcement to teach her to use the litter box. Every time she used it correctly, I gave her a small treat and lots of praise. She quickly learned that using the litter box resulted in rewards, which cause a boost of Dopamine. Over time, she started using the litter box on her own, even without treats, because she had developed the Law of Effect.

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Classical Conditioning Research - Will a cat respond to a certain sound if it is previously heard at the same the cat is presented with their meal? If the cat repeatedly hears a sound when they are presented with their food, then over time, the cat will respond to the sound the same way they would with food. The cat will be presented with an unconditioned stimulus, such as food, Since the cat already has an unconditioned response to the smell of food, the sound will be added to associate with the food. Every time the cat is about to be fed, the owner will play a certain sound. There will be some outliers, such as your cat being used to eat at a certain time. Eventually, the cat will be trained to think of food every time that sound is played. The owner should then play the sound without presenting any food and see if the cat responds in the same way. I predict that the cat will mostly likely generalize the sound and the smell of food and respond the same way.

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Example 1 - I used to never think to bring an umbrella even if it was supposed to rain. One day, I didn’t bring an umbrella like usual when it started to rain. It eventually started pouring and I got drenched. Now, I bring an umbrella when it is going to rain.

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The findings of classical condoning by Pavlov and the development of operant conditioning by BF Skinner are frequently used to shape student behaviors and encourage better study strategies. Pavlov conducted an experiment on his dog in which every time the dogs got food, they also heard a bell. Over time, the dogs would salivate as an automatic process at just the sound of the bell. BF Skinner, on the other hand, found that behavior can be rewarded or punished. They found that they can either give a stimulus or remove it in order to increase or decrease certain behaviors. In other cases, there can be a schedule of reinforcing where you will not be rewarded every time.

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1. Societal norms

2. Being patient in tough situations

3. What you do matters more than what you say

4. To keep going even when things are hard

5. Being kind makes others want to be kind too

6. Good time management make your life easier

7. Listening carefully helps you understand better

8. Learning the best way to study is important

9. Making a mistake is a chance to learn

10. Hard work is more important than just being talented

11. Staying positive makes everything feel better

12. Sharing what you have helps everyone

13. Being thankful makes life happier

14. Working together gets more done

15. Being honest and fair makes people trust you

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Positive Reinforcement - saying good job and giving a high five when someone completes a task

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Example 2 - I used to feel anxious every time I heard the sound of a dental drill. Over time, I learned to associate that sound with getting a cavity filled, which caused me to feel nervous even before I entered the dentist’s office.

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Positive Punishment - Yelling at your child in public as punishment because they are doing bad in school

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Anecdotes - Social Observational Leaning

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Anecdotes - Social Observational Leaning

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When I was very young, I always saw my mom crossing her legs when she sat down. I was very confused as to why she wouldn’t just sit normally. One day, I decided to copy her and cross my legs when I sat down. Now, I usually cross my legs when I sit down because it is the most comfortable for me.

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Social Observational Learning - Will a child act the same way as adults to a doll after observing their behavior towards it? If a child is placed in a room to observe the adults behavior to the doll, then they will behave the same way when alone with the doll. This experiment will include an adult will be placed in the same room as a child and a doll. The adult will then act roughly with the doll by punching it, throwing it, and treating it roughly. After the child observes this behavior, they will behave left alone with the doll. The child will most likely be learning from the actions of the adults and being to play roughly with the doll as well.

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These learning theories are important because they help us understand how people change and grow through their experiences. It explains how we learn new skills, form habits, and make decisions based on what we’ve seen, heard, or done in the past. This knowledge can be used to solve problems in school, work, and daily life, like figuring out better ways to study or improving teamwork. It also helps us understand others better, showing us that behavior often comes from what someone has learned over time. By applying learning theory, we can break bad habits, build good ones, and help others do the same. It affects everyone and helps us grow as individuals and as a society. Learning how we learn makes us stronger and more connected.

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Example 3 - Every morning when my alarm clock rings, I wake up. The sound of the alarm has become linked with getting out of bed, so it’s now an adaptive value and I automatically wake up as soon as I hear it, even if I don’t want to

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Negative Reinforcement- putting on your seatbelt is reinforced when driving so the beeping stops

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Negative Punishment - Taking your child's iPad since they are staying up too late on it

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Positive Reinforcement - Giving your cat a treat when they are nice