# data[].attributes.body
African Civilizations, John Jackson (1980) devotes a chapter to African Civilizing of Europe and it builds a strong case for Europe's debt to Africans, namely Moors, who raised the Spaniards out of the period 500-1000 C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Queen Nzingha of Angola's long war with the Portuguese, Samory Toure of Western Sudan's ongoing war with French, the Zulu nation's defeat of the British at the Battle of Isandlwana, 1896.

# data[].attributes.body
Askia Muhammad is called Askia the Great, who built the largest empire in history of West and Central Africa, He built an effective army out of POW's and men formerly enslaved whom he freed and pit into service to the empire.

# data[].attributes.body
The largest and greatest of the Western Sudanic civilizations was Songhai. Songhai's foundation was laid by Sunni, Ali Ber came to the throne in 1464.

# data[].attributes.body
Mansa Musa is known for his famous hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. His achievements and power compelled European recognition and respect of Africa during that time.

# data[].attributes.body
Ghana was the first sub-Saharan African country and emerged as state in approximately 300 C.E;

# data[].attributes.body
Mali has its roots in the state of Kangaba, a small state part of Ghana Empire. The first emperor was Sundiata, established his rule in approximately 1230.

# data[].attributes.body
Tunka Menin, the king of the time, circa 1065 was an absolute monarch with elaborate court of counselors, ministers, interpreters and a treasurer.