# data[].attributes.body
A group called the Council of Regency wanted their rule to be asserted over the colonies (all the territory in the Viceroyalty must choose either the Council of Regency or the premier hunters) instead of the premier hunters.

Bernardo de Velasco, the governor of Paraguay, sided with the Council of Regency and this is because they needed Rio de la Plata (a waterway system) to trade with other countries in Spain. The premier hunters crushed a revolution in Cordoba, which led to the premier sending an army into upper Peru/Paraguay. The premier hunters thought they were welcome in Paraguay and they sent Manuel Belgrano (with a huge army and Manuel Belgrano was a general from Buenos Aires) to fight their way across Spain to get to Paraguay. Paraguay was not forthcoming with the premier hunters and despite being outnumbered in battle, but Belgrano lost to the Paraguayans. He retreated to the tepee kawari river for reinforcements, but they never came. The Paraguayans won and got independence from Spain!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Paraguayan Independence | 3 Minute History

# data[].attributes.body
The beginning of the revolution began with the ruler of Paraguay not liking the decline of the province's significance. After Argentina's many attempts against Spain, the people of Paraguay started their own revolution with Pedro Juan Cabellero, a military captain for Paraguay. The Spanish saw this coming and asked Portuguese to help defend Spain, but the Spanish underestimated the Paraguayan army The Spanish/Portuguese lost the battle and Paraguay declared their independence on May 14, 1811.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The first colonial settlements were established by Domingo Martínez de Irala in the period 1536-56. The first Spanish colonists, unsuccessful in their search for gold, settled peacefully among the Guaraní in the region of Asunción, the present capital of Paraguay. Those first settlers established their notorious harems of Guaraní women, and their ethnically mixed descendants gradually grew into the rural population of modern Paraguay, which still considers itself to be Guaraní in custom and habit. With Asunción as his principal base, Irala laid the foundations of Paraguay and made it the centre of Spanish power in southeastern South America. Irala's colonization policy involved the delimitation of the boundary with Brazil through a line of forts against Portuguese expansion, the foundation of villages, the settlement of the Guaraní to provide food, labour, and soldiers, and extensive Guaraní-Spanish intermarriage. Rapidly, a national and fairly homogeneous amalgam of Indian and Spanish cultures came into being.

For more than 150 years from early in the 17th century, Jesuit communal missions in the Paraná and Uruguay basins of southeastern Paraguay governed the lives of 150,000 Indians in 30 reducciones (settlements). Those were centres of religious conversion, agricultural and pastoral production, and manufacturing and trade as well as strategic outposts against Portuguese expansion from southern Brazil. Isolated from the heart of Paraguay, which centred on Asunción, the missions became an autonomous military, political, and economic "state within a state," increasingly exciting the envy of the Spanish landowners in the Asunción area. In the period 1721-35 the latter waged a struggle to overthrow the Jesuit monopoly of Indian trade and labour. Unaided, the settlements also had to defend themselves against slave raiders from São Paulo and, in 1754-57, a combined Spanish-Portuguese attack that was designed to enforce a territorial partition of the mission settlements. Defiance of such powerful groups paved the way for the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. The settlements were abandoned; the Indians were absorbed by either the landed estates or the jungle; the settlements fell into ruin; and economic activity ceased.

In 1776 the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created, with its capital in Buenos Aires. That effectively made Asunción and all of Paraguay dependent on Buenos Aires and thus ended the region's colonial dominance.

Struggle for independence

As the power of Buenos Aires grew, the leaders of Paraguay began to resent the decline in their province's significance, and, although they had early challenged Spanish authority, they refused to accept the declaration of Argentine independence in 1810 as applying to Paraguay. Nor could an Argentine army under Gen. Manuel Belgrano enforce Paraguayan acceptance, as Paraguayan militia repulsed Belgrano's forces in 1811. Later, however, when the Spanish governor sought assistance from the Portuguese in defending the colony from further attacks from Buenos Aires, he underestimated the nationalistic spirit of the Paraguayans. Under the leadership of the militia captains Pedro Juan Cabellero and Fulgencio Yegros, they promptly deposed the governor and declared their independence on May 14, 1811.
Elman R. Service Gilbert James Butland John Hoyt Williams

Establishment of the republic

The Francia regime

A governing junta was soon established, led by Yegros but in reality dominated by a civilian lawyer, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. Francia proposed the idea of a confederation of equals to Buenos Aires. The city was hoping for eventual domination but settled for a vague military alliance, which was signed in October 1811. That constituted de facto recognition of Paraguayan independence, and, when Buenos Aires attempted to use the alliance to acquire Paraguayan troops for its own interprovincial quarrels, the accord became void. Buenos Aires's response was to blockade Paraguay. In the face of regional fragmentation, Buenos Aires sent Nicolás de Herrera to Asunción to frighten, bluff, or bribe Paraguay into a union of unequals. Francia responded by convening a congress, which on October 12, 1813, formally declared Paraguay an independent republic and rejected further treaties with Buenos Aires. A consulate of two men, Yegros and Francia, was established to rule the republic for a year.

At the end of that year, a new congress met and proclaimed Francia supreme dictator of the republic for a period of five years. In 1816 a third congress made him perpetual dictator, and his will was the law in Paraguay for an additional 24 years. El Supremo, as he was known, prohibited any political activity, stripped the church of its holdings and power, confiscated the wealth of the small Spanish elite, abolished the municipal government of Asunción, and generally isolated Paraguay from its rather hostile neighbours. In 1820 El Supremo found out about a plot to depose him and restore the native elite to power. Hundreds of arrests were made, and in the following year at least 68 men of the traditional Paraguayan aristocracy (including Fulgencio Yegros) were executed. Their wealth in land and slaves became part of the national patrimony, and well before Francia's death (1840) the state came to own a vast proportion of the country. With the borders sealed, Paraguay became of necessity almost self-sufficient; only a small carefully regulated commerce was permitted with Argentina and Brazil. Uninvited foreigners were often held for years under loose arrest in the interior.

The start of modernization

When Francia died, he left behind a quietly prosperous country that had adjusted well to what amounted to state socialism, but he also left a country of rustics with no political experience and a strong tradition of dictatorial rule. In 1841 a second consulate emerged from the chaos in the figures of a civilian, Carlos Antonio López, and a soldier, Mariano Roque Alonso. It was soon clear that López was the true ruler of Paraguay, and in 1844 a congress named him president. The same congress promulgated a constitution, notable for the great powers accorded the president and the absence of the word liberty from its text. López devoted much of his two decades in power to opening the country slowly to the wider world and to modernization. Doing so provoked international crises, and it was not until after the fall of the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1852 that Argentina recognized Paraguayan sovereignty and eased its stranglehold on the rivers leading to the sea.

Paraguay's conflicts with its neighbours

While López was attempting to modernize Paraguay, he also had to attend to border crises with Brazil and Argentina. Those crises convinced him that Paraguayan modernization should proceed along military avenues. Thus, hundreds of foreign engineers, medical workers, scientists, machinists, and advisers were put to work on military projects. López was threatened by a major Brazilian naval expedition on the Paraná River in 1855. In 1858 a large flotilla of the U.S. Navy appeared to force a solution to a complex diplomatic issue, but British war vessels captured and held for a time the flagship of the small Paraguayan navy. In most of those contretemps, López was forced to give in, and the consequent humiliation lent greater urgency to his desire to strengthen Paraguay's defenses. By the time of his death, in September 1862, he had created a major regional military machine. López, a cautious man, warned his eldest son, Francisco Solano López, who was to succeed him, not to use the new military might capriciously but to settle disputes through diplomacy and negotiation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Paraguay - Colonial History, Jesuit Missions, Independence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Paraguay - Colonial History, Jesuit Missions, Independence: The first colonial settlements were established by Domingo Martínez de Irala in the period 1536-56. The first Spanish colonists, unsuccessful in their search for gold, settled peacefully among the Guaraní in the region of Asunción, the present capital of Paraguay.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany was originally made of hundreds of different states that were mainly ruled under Austria. When the Napoleonic War came, Austria lost power over Germany and Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine out of Germany. As the war continued, Germany felt a sense of unity amongst each other after Napoleon's retreat out of Germany and many Germans volunteered to fight for the Prussians against France. Otto von Bismarck lost his position in Germany. The Germans created a confederation that tried to stop the rivalry between Prussia and Austria (but failed). Caused more unity supporters throughout Germany! In early 1832, there was a large festival at Hambach castle that was celebrating unity! In late 1833, the Persians formed the sovereign away from Austria (a custom union that gradually expanded/tied some of the economies of some of the German states). The calls for unification and liberal reforms grew louder and started up the revolutions of 1848 (Spread across Germany). Liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and pushed for the United German Constitution/tried to take over the conduct of the war which broke out between Prussia/Denmark. The Liberals met again in the Frankfurt Assembly after the Prussian king didn't want them to be united and the Liberals discussed other ways to get Germany united (South of Germany is Christian/supported Germany being ruled under Austria again and North of Germany= Protestants supported the lesser Germany). The people who believed the Prussian king should be emperor won the vote and crowned Fredrick William the Fourth emperor of Germany (Didn't want the liberals to give him the crown). Many of the revolutions were subdued after the states started adopting their own constitution and then in 1861, King Wilhelm became King of Prussia/reappointed Bismarck power of the Chancellor beside Wilhelm. Bismarck wanted to expand Prussia's/Germany's land through blood and iron. Bismarck claimed war on Denmark, (after constitutional problems) hoping to claim the territory and won the war with the help of Austria. Bismarck goes to war with Austria in 1866 and forced the German states to separate again to join either Austria or Prussia. Prussia emerged victorious and united Northern Germany as the northern German Confederation. Prussia was considered the dominant force in the unification of Germany! The Spanish had a bad relationship with France, so Bismarck claimed war first on them in 1871. (Gave him support from the German states) The Germans won against the French in battle, so they crowned Wilhelm the emperor of Germany! (Bismarck protected Germany from other powerful lands; such as Italy) Bismarck also got rid of the power of the Catholic church and finally Germany was united under Wilhelm/Bismarck.

# data[].attributes.body
The German empire's unification started when Prussia won the Franco-Prussian War. The German were lead by by Otto von Bismarck (Was a Prussian politician/ the first chancellor of Germany) and William 1 (the German emperor/king of Prussia) led Germany through wars with France/other European countries. The German armies won each battle and the leaders succeeded with leading them throughout all the wars. Otto von Bismarck and William 1 led the German empire to unification! The unification was finally made in around the late 1860s.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The German Empire was founded on January 18, 1871, in the aftermath of three successful wars by the North German state of Prussia. Within a seven-year period Denmark, the Habsburg monarchy, and France were vanquished in short, decisive conflicts. The empire was forged not as the result of the outpouring of nationalist feeling from the masses but through traditional cabinet diplomacy and agreement by the leaders of the states in the North German Confederation, led by Prussia, with the hereditary rulers of Bavaria, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Württemberg. Prussia, occupying more than three-fifths of the area of Germany and having approximately three-fifths of the population, remained the dominant force in the nation until the empire's demise at the end of another war in 1918.

At its birth Germany occupied an area of 208,825 square miles (540,854 square km) and had a population of more than 41 million, which was to grow to 67 million by 1914. The religious makeup was 63 percent Protestant, 36 percent Roman Catholic, and 1 percent Jewish. The nation was ethnically homogeneous apart from a modest-sized Polish minority and smaller Danish, French, and Sorbian populations. Approximately 67 percent lived in villages and the remainder in towns and cities. Literacy was close to universal because of compulsory education laws dating to the 1820s and '30s.

Domestic concerns

From its origins in 1871, the empire was governed under the constitution designed four years earlier by Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian prime minister, for the North German Confederation. This constitution reflected the predominantly rural nature of Germany in 1867 and the authoritarian proclivities of Bismarck, who was a member of the Junker landowning elite. There were two houses: the Reichstag, to represent the people, and the Bundesrat, to represent the 25 states. The former comprised 397 members elected by universal manhood suffrage and a secret ballot. The constituencies established in 1867 and 1871 were never altered to reflect population shifts, and rural areas thus retained a vastly disproportionate share of power as urbanization progressed. In theory the Reichstag's ability to reject any bill seemed to make it an important reservoir of power; in practice, however, the power of the lower house was circumscribed by the government 's reliance on indirect taxes and by the parliament's willingness to approve the military budget every seven (after 1893, every five) years. Most legislative proposals were submitted to the Bundesrat first and to the Reichstag only if they were approved by the upper house. Although members of the Reichstag could question the chancellor about his policies, the legislative bodies were rarely consulted about the conduct of foreign affairs. Imperial ministers were chosen by and were responsible to the emperor rather than to the legislature.

A problem that was to plague the empire throughout its existence was the disparity between the Prussian and imperial political systems. In Prussia the lower house was elected under a restricted three-class suffrage system, an electoral law that allowed the richest 15 percent of the male population to choose approximately 85 percent of the delegates. A conservative majority was always assured in Prussia, whereas the universal manhood suffrage resulted in increasing majorities for the political centre and left-wing parties in the imperial parliament. William I was both German emperor (1871-88) and king of Prussia (1861-88). Apart from two brief instances the imperial chancellor was simultaneously prime minister of Prussia. Thus, the executives had to seek majorities from two separate legislatures elected by radically different franchises. A further problem was that government ministers were generally selected from the civil service or the military. They often had little experience with parliamentary government or foreign affairs.

The constitution had been designed by Bismarck to give the chancellor and monarch primary decision-making power. Universal manhood suffrage had been proposed because of Bismarck's belief that the rural population would vote for either the Conservative or Free Conservative parties. (Female suffrage had not been proposed because politics was considered a male preserve at the time.) The Progressives, a left-wing liberal party, were expected to do poorly in the two-thirds of Germany that was rural in 1867. Bismarck had not counted on new parties such as the Centre Party, a Roman Catholic confessional party, or the Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD), both of which began participating in imperial and Prussian elections in the early 1870s. The Centre generally received 20-25 percent of the total vote in all elections. The SPD grew from 2 seats in the first imperial election to 35 by 1890, when the SPD actually gained a plurality of votes. Bismarck termed the Centre and SPD along with the Progressives Reichsfeinde ("enemies of the empire") because he believed that each sought in its own way to change the fundamental conservative political character of the empire.

Beginning in 1871, he launched the Kulturkampf ("cultural struggle"), a campaign in concert with German liberals against political Catholicism. Bismarck's aim was clearly to destroy the Centre Party. Liberals saw the Roman Catholic church as politically reactionary and feared the appeal of a clerical party to the more than one-third of Germans who professed Roman Catholicism. Both Bismarck and the liberals doubted the loyalty of the Catholic population to the Prussian-centred and, therefore, primarily Protestant nation. In Prussia the minister of ecclesiastical affairs and education, Adalbert Falk, introduced a series of bills establishing civil marriage, limiting the movement of the clergy, and dissolving religious orders. All church appointments were to be approved by the state. As a result hundreds of parishes and several bishoprics were left without incumbents. Clerical civil servants were purged from the Prussian administration.

The Kulturkampf failed to achieve its goals and, if anything, convinced the Roman Catholic minority that their fear of persecution was real and that a confessional party to represent their interests was essential. By the late 1870s Bismarck abandoned the battle as a failure. He now launched a campaign against the SPD in concert with the two conservative parties and many National Liberals. Fearing the potential of the Social Democrats in a rapidly industrializing Germany, Bismarck found a majority to outlaw the party from 1878 to 1890, although constitutionally it could not be forbidden to participate in elections. Party offices and newspapers were closed down and meetings prohibited. Many socialists fled to Switzerland and sought to keep the party alive in exile. During the 1880s Bismarck also sought to win the workers away from socialism by introducing legislation granting them modest pensions, accident insurance, and a national system of medical coverage. Like the Kulturkampf, the campaign against the SPD was a failure, and, when the 1890 elections showed enormous gains for the Reichsfeinde, Bismarck began to consider having the German princes reconvene, as in 1867, to draw up a new constitution. The new emperor, William II, saw no reason to begin his reign (1888-1918) with a potential bloodbath and asked for the 74-year-old chancellor's resignation. Thus, Bismarck, the architect of German unity, left the scene in a humiliating fashion, believing that his creation was fatally flawed. Indeed, his policy of supporting rapid social and economic modernization while avoiding any reform of the authoritarian political system did lead to an atmosphere of persistent crisis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Germany - Unification, Imperialism, WWI: The German Empire was founded on January 18, 1871, in the aftermath of three successful wars by the North German state of Prussia. Within a seven-year period Denmark, the Habsburg monarchy, and France were vanquished in short, decisive conflicts.

# data[].attributes.body
The people of Argentina were mainly from European descendants, spoke Spanish, and believed in Christianity. The main hero of the revolution to gain independence from Spain, which Jose de San Martin, which lead the people of Argentina to victory. They also made an assembly of representatives that protested against the Spanish crown and declared independence for themselves (with the idea of making a constitution). In 1816, Argentina gained independence from Spain, but Argentina's boundaries were not entirely set in stone until the 20th century.

# data[].attributes.body
In May of 1810, the premier hunter was set up in Argentina after France took Spain's king off of the throne. The premier hunter had differing views: Some supported the king in a conservative way and others like Merino Belgrano/ Castelli, who were radicals/called for constitution for more rights. The people of Argentina/the premier hunt fight against the general of Buenos Aires (which Argentina wins), Castelli then sends an army up North to upper Peru to join guerrillas who fought for their side and lost against Peru. The other armies that Castelli had reinforcements and crushed Nieto/Sanz (Argentina had control of upper Peru). The people who agreed with the premier hunt gathered in Buenos Aires and the Federalists had a problem with the Centralists. The president of the premier hunter, Cornelius Saavedra, got Moreno (apart of the movement for Argentina to have independence) to resign and set up a new hunter (The hunter grande). The new hunter grande did not approve of Castelli taking the rest of his army to the Viceroyalty of Peru and this gave the Royalists (people who support the king/not apart of the hunter) time to form another attack against Castelli's army. Castelli's army was defeated by the Royalists in 1811 and Bolivia's guerrilla forces helped Argentina by stopping the Royalists from getting in Argentina. Savage Red took control of the armies after Paraguay became independent and the first triumphant was formed (focused on independence and wrote a constitution). Belgrano and Jose de San Martin led the army that was tasked with stopping the Peruvian empire (Adopted scorched earth tactics which all of the locals had to evacuate). In late 1812, the leaders halted the Peruvian army (which stopped them from attacking upper Peru) and the Spanish influence in the Rio de la Plata had ceased to exist. The second triumphant lead Argentina into many wars and they lost to the Royalists a lot (lots of conflict). The people in Argentina still did not support the Spanish king after he was put back on the Spanish throne and at the Congress of Tucuman, representatives from Argentina declared independence for themselves/succeeded.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Argentinian Independence | 3 Minute History