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The first fight for independence failed and they got a good ally. Napoleon III helped them for Nice and Savoy in return. they attacked austria which started the second war of Italian independence. They were victorious within months but they were still missing a few areas. He was able support from the British. They gave France Venice, and then the French gave Venice to italy. Even after they captured rome, the south and the north continued to fight each other.

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Victor Emmanuel II refused to sign the peace treaty with Austria, which may have given up a major opportunity. Cavour declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, was Austrian authority.

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The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

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More than 1.5 million Mexicans died during the war (most from disease and famine). Emiliano Zapata's followers was going for restoring land ownership for peasants. Pancho Villa's followers thought that the peasants deserved more rights and the urban workers deserved more rights, Pancho was thought of as a villian in us history, but a hero to the agricultural class. After the war they bacically make a new constitution. Wanted to protect the right to go on strike. Also wanted to have universal literacy in mexico. Carranza had Zapata assasinated.

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Pascual Orozco and Pancho villa mobilized their armies and raided government millitary posts. In the south, Emiliano Zapata had a bloody campaign against the rural political bosses.

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Mexican Revolution | Causes, Summary, & Facts

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Mexican Revolution (1910–20), a long bloody struggle among several factions in constantly shifting alliances which resulted ultimately in the end of the 30-year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic. It began with dissatisfaction with the elitist policies of Porfirio Diaz.

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The spanish king was overthrown by Napoleon. Those who lived in spanish america took governing into their own hands. Civil wars broke out between people who wanted to keep their current king and those who wanted independence. Venezuela wanted to break away, Simon Bolivar had been fighting to liberate for multiple years. Bolivar was still driving the spanish out of the rest of south america. He kept becoming president of more and more countries, which he passed onto his friends. Most of the country identified with their state and not their country. His idea of being president for life was refused by everyone.

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Why did Gran Colombia Fail? (Short Animated Documentary)

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Creole leaders wanted to prioritize authority over the new governments. Francisco de Paula Santander was a Colombian general that was a prominent figure in Granadine politics.

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Colombia - Revolution, Independence, Culture

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Colombia - Revolution, Independence, Culture: The French invasion of Spain in 1808 caused an outburst of loyalty to the king and country and excited grave concern for the church. Profound Granadine anxiety over the fate of the empire and conflicting courses of action attempted by colonial and peninsular subjects over control of government during the captivity of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII led to strife in New Granada and to declarations of independence. In 1810 the subordinated jurisdictions in New Granada threw out their Spanish officials, except in Santa Marta, Ríohacha, and what are now Panama and Ecuador. The uprising in Bogotá on July 20,