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Humanism and renaissance thought emphasized the questioning of everything, setting the stage for the Scientific Revolution

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Galileo is persecuted for contradicting the Church. This demonstrates the shift towards scientific explanations.

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History can add themes and overview

Science can connect zoom ins on specific scientific advancements

Literature can connect historical themes and shifts to specific literature changes and zoom in on pieces

Be sure to include moments for students to respond or build into the padlet

Link to outside sources, if you find a cool exploration or video use it!

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The study of Optics was first developed by a series of Islamic Scientists. Optics is a branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light

The telescope was first developed by Hans Lippershey, a Dutch eyeglass maker. His spyglass magnified objects three diameters. Therefore, it made things look three times larger than they did with the naked eye

Galileo refined the Dutch inventor's spyglass to magnify objects up to eight times, and eventually thirty times

Galileo's telescope let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots, and the rugged lunar surface

Click to begin warm up questions!

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Table of Contents

1. Galileo's Early Life, Education and Experiments

2. Galileo, Telescopes and the Medici Court

3. Galileo Galilei's Trial

4. What Was Galileo Famous For?&nbsp;

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. Galileo invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. His flair for self-promotion earned him powerful friends among Italy's ruling elite and enemies among the Catholic Church's leaders. Galileo's advocacy of a heliocentric universe brought him before religious authorities in 1616 and again in 1633, when he was forced to recant and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Galileo's Early Life, Education and Experiments

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa in 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and scholar. In 1581 he entered the University of Pisa at age 16 to study medicine, but was soon sidetracked by mathematics. He left without finishing his degree. In 1583 he made his first important discovery, describing the rules that govern the motion of pendulums.

Did you know? After being forced during his trial to admit that the Earth was the stationary center of the universe, Galileo allegedly muttered, "Eppur si muove!" ("Yet it moves!" ). The first direct attribution of the quote to Galileo dates to 125 years after the trial, though it appears on a wall behind him in a 1634 Spanish painting commissioned by one of Galileo's friends.

From 1589 to 1610, Galileo was chair of mathematics at the universities of Pisa and then Padua. During those years he performed the experiments with falling bodies that made his most significant contribution to physics.

Galileo had three children with Marina Gamba, whom he never married: Two daughters, Virginia (Later "Sister Maria Celeste") and Livia Galilei, and a son, Vincenzo Gamba. Despite his own later troubles with the Catholic Church, both of Galileo's daughters became nuns in a convent near Florence.

Galileo, Telescopes and the Medici Court

In 1609 Galileo built his first telescope, improving upon a Dutch design. In January of 1610 he discovered four new "stars" orbiting Jupiter-the planet's four largest moons. He quickly published a short treatise outlining his discoveries, "Siderius Nuncius" ("The Starry Messenger"), which also contained observations of the moon's surface and descriptions of a multitude of new stars in the Milky Way. In an attempt to gain favor with the powerful grand duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de Medici, he suggested Jupiter's moons be called the "Medician Stars."

"The Starry Messenger" made Galileo a celebrity in Italy. Cosimo II appointed him mathematician and philosopher to the Medicis, offering him a platform for proclaiming his theories and ridiculing his opponents.

Galileo's observations contradicted the Aristotelian view of the universe, then widely accepted by both scientists and theologians. The moon's rugged surface went against the idea of heavenly perfection, and the orbits of the Medician stars violated the geocentric notion that the heavens revolved around Earth.

Galileo Galilei's Trial

In 1616 the Catholic Church placed Nicholas Copernicus 's "De Revolutionibus," the first modern scientific argument for a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe, on its index of banned books. Pope Paul V summoned Galileo to Rome and told him he could no longer support Copernicus publicly.

In 1632 Galileo published his "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems," which supposedly presented arguments for both sides of the heliocentrism debate. His attempt at balance fooled no one, and it especially didn't help that his advocate for geocentrism was named "Simplicius."

Galileo was summoned before the Roman Inquisition in 1633. At first he denied that he had advocated heliocentrism, but later he said he had only done so unintentionally. Galileo was convicted of "vehement suspicion of heresy" and under threat of torture forced to express sorrow and curse his errors.

Nearly 70 at the time of his trial, Galileo lived his last nine years under comfortable house arrest, writing a summary of his early motion experiments that became his final great scientific work. He died in Arcetri near Florence, Italy on January 8, 1642 at age 77 after suffering from heart palpitations and a fever.

What Was Galileo Famous For?

Galileo's laws of motion, made from his measurements that all bodies accelerate at the same rate regardless of their mass or size, paved the way for the codification of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton. Galileo's heliocentrism (with modifications by Kepler) soon became accepted scientific fact. His inventions, from compasses and balances to improved telescopes and microscopes, revolutionized astronomy and biology. Galilleo discovered craters and mountains on the moon, the phases of Venus, Jupiter's moons and the stars of the Milky Way. His penchant for thoughtful and inventive experimentation pushed the scientific method toward its modern form.

In his conflict with the Church, Galileo was also largely vindicated. Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire used tales of his trial (often in simplified and exaggerated form) to portray Galileo as a martyr for objectivity. Recent scholarship suggests Galileo's actual trial and punishment were as much a matter of courtly intrigue and philosophical minutiae as of inherent tension between religion and science.

In 1744 Galileo's "Dialogue" was removed from the Church's list of banned books, and in the 20th century Popes Pius XII and John Paul II made official statements of regret for how the Church had treated Galileo.

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Galileo's Early Life, Education and Experiments Galileo, Telescopes and the Medici Court Galileo Galilei's Trial What Was Galileo Famous For? Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy.

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Astronomy became a major focus point of the Scientific Revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to propose a heliocentric theory. In essence, this meant that the sun was now the central part of the solar system, or the universe.

Copernicus's book, De Revolutionibis Orbium Coelestum, published in 1543, eventually became a standard reference point for advanced problems in astronomical research, particularly for its mathematical techniques.

Copernicus's theory paved the way for many others to publish their own theories and work on astronomy. Though, not all of his theory was correct, especially in regards to predicting planetary positions, this theory paved the way for many other great works to be published during the Scientific Revolution. Major examples include Johannes Kepler's Astronomia Novia in 1609 Gaileleo Galilei's Sidereus Nunicus in 1610. Galileo's work, more specificaly, helped to support the idea of the heliocentric theory through his own experiences.

The Scientific Revolution allowed for many people to become educated on major topics like astronomy, especially with the all the works that were published during this time. The literary impact of this period also provided many people great opportunities to develop their own research and theories. With all the research and writings that were accumulated during this time, they helped shape a lot of society's current understanding of astronomy.

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Scientific Revolution, drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. A new view of nature emerged during the Scientific Revolution, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. Science became an autonomous discipline, distinct from both philosophy and technology, and it came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals. By the end of this period, it may not be too much to say that science had replaced Christianity as the focal point of European civilization. Out of the ferment of the Renaissance and Reformation there arose a new view of science, bringing about the following transformations: the reeducation of common sense in favour of abstract reasoning; the substitution of a quantitative for a qualitative view of nature; the view of nature as a machine rather than as an organism; the development of an experimental, scientific method that sought definite answers to certain limited questions couched in the framework of specific theories; and the acceptance of new criteria for explanation, stressing the "how" rather than the "why" that had characterized the Aristotelian search for final causes.

The growing flood of information that resulted from the Scientific Revolution put heavy strains upon old institutions and practices. It was no longer sufficient to publish scientific results in an expensive book that few could buy; information had to be spread widely and rapidly. Natural philosophers had to be sure of their data, and to that end they required independent and critical confirmation of their discoveries. New means were created to accomplish these ends. Scientific societies sprang up, beginning in Italy in the early years of the 17th century and culminating in the two great national scientific societies that mark the zenith of the Scientific Revolution: the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, created by royal charter in 1662, and the Académie des Sciences of Paris, formed in 1666. In these societies and others like them all over the world, natural philosophers could gather to examine, discuss, and criticize new discoveries and old theories. To provide a firm basis for these discussions, societies began to publish scientific papers. The old practice of hiding new discoveries in private jargon, obscure language, or even anagrams gradually gave way to the ideal of universal comprehensibility. New canons of reporting were devised so that experiments and discoveries could be reproduced by others. This required new precision in language and a willingness to share experimental or observational methods. The failure of others to reproduce results cast serious doubts upon the original reports. Thus were created the tools for a massive assault on nature's secrets.

The Scientific Revolution began in astronomy. Although there had been earlier discussions of the possibility of Earth's motion, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to propound a comprehensive heliocentric theory equal in scope and predictive capability to Ptolemy's geocentric system. Motivated by the desire to satisfy Plato's dictum, Copernicus was led to overthrow traditional astronomy because of its alleged violation of the principle of uniform circular motion and its lack of unity and harmony as a system of the world. Relying on virtually the same data as Ptolemy had possessed, Copernicus turned the world inside out, putting the Sun at the centre and setting Earth into motion around it. Copernicus's theory, published in 1543, possessed a qualitative simplicity that Ptolemaic astronomy appeared to lack. To achieve comparable levels of quantitative precision, however, the new system became just as complex as the old. Perhaps the most revolutionary aspect of Copernican astronomy lay in Copernicus's attitude toward the reality of his theory. In contrast to Platonic instrumentalism, Copernicus asserted that to be satisfactory astronomy must describe the real, physical system of the world.

The reception of Copernican astronomy amounted to victory by infiltration. By the time large-scale opposition to the theory had developed in the church and elsewhere, most of the best professional astronomers had found some aspect or other of the new system indispensable. Copernicus's book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"), published in 1543, became a standard reference for advanced problems in astronomical research, particularly for its mathematical techniques. Thus, it was widely read by mathematical astronomers, in spite of its central cosmological hypothesis, which was widely ignored. In 1551 the German astronomer Erasmus Reinhold published the Tabulae prutenicae ("Prutenic Tables"), computed by Copernican methods. The tables were more accurate and more up-to-date than their 13th-century predecessor and became indispensable to both astronomers and astrologers.

During the 16th century the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, rejecting both the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems, was responsible for major changes in observation, unwittingly providing the data that ultimately decided the argument in favour of the new astronomy. Using larger, stabler, and better calibrated instruments, he observed regularly over extended periods, thereby obtaining a continuity of observations that were accurate for planets to within about one minute of arc-several times better than any previous observation. Several of Tycho's observations contradicted Aristotle's system: a nova that appeared in 1572 exhibited no parallax (meaning that it lay at a very great distance) and was thus not of the sublunary sphere and therefore contrary to the Aristotelian assertion of the immutability of the heavens; similarly, a succession of comets appeared to be moving freely through a region that was supposed to be filled with solid, crystalline spheres. Tycho devised his own world system-a modification of Heracleides'-to avoid various undesirable implications of the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler placed the Copernican hypothesis on firm astronomical footing. Converted to the new astronomy as a student and deeply motivated by a neo- Pythagorean desire for finding the mathematical principles of order and harmony according to which God had constructed the world, Kepler spent his life looking for simple mathematical relationships that described planetary motions. His painstaking search for the real order of the universe forced him finally to abandon the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion in his search for a physical basis for the motions of the heavens.

In 1609 Kepler announced two new planetary laws derived from Tycho's data: (1) the planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits, one focus of the ellipse being occupied by the Sun; and (2) a planet moves in its orbit in such a manner that a line drawn from the planet to the Sun always sweeps out equal areas in equal times. With these two laws, Kepler abandoned uniform circular motion of the planets on their spheres, thus raising the fundamental physical question of what holds the planets in their orbits. He attempted to provide a physical basis for the planetary motions by means of a force analogous to the magnetic force, the qualitative properties of which had been recently described in England by William Gilbert in his influential treatise, De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus et de Magno Magnete Tellure (1600; "On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth"). The impending marriage of astronomy and physics had been announced. In 1618 Kepler stated his third law, which was one of many laws concerned with the harmonies of the planetary motions: (3) the square of the period in which a planet orbits the Sun is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun.

A powerful blow was dealt to traditional cosmology by Galileo Galilei, who early in the 17th century used the telescope, a recent invention of Dutch lens grinders, to look toward the heavens. In 1610 Galileo announced observations that contradicted many traditional cosmological assumptions. He observed that the Moon is not a smooth, polished surface, as Aristotle had claimed, but that it is jagged and mountainous. Earthshine on the Moon revealed that Earth, like the other planets, shines by reflected light. Like Earth, Jupiter was observed to have satellites; hence, Earth had been demoted from its unique position. The phases of Venus proved that that planet orbits the Sun, not Earth.

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Scientific Revolution | Definition, History, Scientists, Inventions, & Facts

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Scientific Revolution, drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. A new view of nature emerged during the Scientific Revolution, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. Learn more about the Scientific Revolution in this article.

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Click here for the activity

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Black and Yellow Illustrative Science The Solar System Educational Presentation

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Copernicus and his discovery of the Sun as the center of the Solar System paved the way for the scientific revolution. However, his views were mostly ignored due to Copernicus reporting cautiously to the Church. The reason that the Catholic Church denied this theory is that they took the scripture from the bible and interpreted it to describe the Earth in the middle. Copernicus also conflicted with previously held notions by Greek Philosophers that the Earth was the center. This challenge, however, was followed by other scientists such as Galileo, who were soon found to be correct. The issue that now faced humanity is that the Catholic Church, once seen as the epitome of knowledge and wisdom, was wrong. This made society now question science and Christianity.

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Copernicus's theory of Heliocentric solar system

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Copernicus's theory of Heliocentric solar system

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Here is a historical document of what was believed before Copernicus

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When the Western Roman Empire fell, A power vacuum was created. The Catholic Church was able to gain that power and in a spiritual way, control society. An example is repentance for sins. Individuals who repented to their church were given tasks for salvation. This power was heightened when the Pope crowned Charlemagne. The message was sent to present and future kings that if you were to be deemed as chosen by God, An important factor that helped kings hold their power, the Pope must approve of you. The Pope now had the power to control empires and civilizations by threatening kings with the removal of their approval if they did not do what the Church Asked. Fast forward to the Scientific Revolution, the power of the Church is being threatened. In a world where the Church has had power since the 500's, this is a new experience that could change European society as a whole.

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1. Anticipations form

2. Watch the video and fill out this

3. Fill out the TIDES sheet for this topic

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Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12