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1个美好的链接

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Persistent legacy plastic fragments are rising disproportionally faster than larger floating objects in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch | Updates | The Ocean Cleanup

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Latest peer-reviewed publication reveals that legacy plastic fragments are rising disproportionally faster than larger floating objects in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

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Rivers are a major source of plastic waste in the oceans. That 1000 rivers, represented by the red dots, are accountable for nearly 80% of global annual riverine plastic emissions, which range between 0.8 – 2.7 million metric tons per year, with small urban rivers amongst the most polluting. The remaining 20% of plastic emissions are distributed over 30,000 rivers, represented by smaller blue dots.

https://theoceancleanup.com/sources/

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Rivers are a major source of plastic waste in the oceans. We estimate that 1000 rivers, represented by the red dots, are accountable for nearly 80% of global annual riverine plastic emissions, which range between 0.8 - 2.7 million metric tons per year, with small urban rivers amongst the most polluting. The remaining 20% of plastic emissions are distributed over 30,000 rivers, represented by smaller blue dots.

Our findings displayed in this map have been published in the journal Science Advances. The point file that contains the locations of the rivers and their modeled plastic emissions can be downloaded from figshare. The results can assist others in prioritizing, developing, and implementing mitigation measures and strategies.

The Ocean Cleanup has developed Interceptor solutions, including the Interceptor™, to help combat river plastic entering the world's oceans.

Working together with government leaders, private corporations, and the scientific community, we aim to tackle these 1000 most polluting rivers, offering our technology, experience, knowledge and network.

Our new model approach includes geographically distributed data on plastic waste, land use, wind, precipitation, and rivers. The updated model then calculates the probability for plastic waste to reach a river and subsequently the ocean.

This probabilistic approach highlights regions that are likely to emit plastic into the ocean. Combined with mismanaged plastic waste, displayed in this map, our model predicts plastic emissions for each river. Detailed information on our modeling approach and data will follow in our scientific update.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. This means you can blog, link, like, share and tweet as much as you like but can't change or use the work commercially.

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River Plastic Pollution Sources | The Ocean Cleanup

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Rivers are a major source of plastic waste in the oceans. We estimate that 1000 rivers, are accountable for nearly 80% of global annual riverine plastic emissions, which range between 0.8 - 2.7 million metric tons per year, with small urban rivers amongst the most polluting.

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The ocean clean up said,''An important element of our mission has always been what we will do with the trash we remove from the ocean. In tonight’s presentation, Boyan shared how we can use the recovered plastic to help fund our mission and what we were able to make with it using the catch from our System 001/B campaign in 2019. We chose to make timeless sunglasses as our first product because they are durable, useful, and, since we’re dependent on word-of-mouth to spread our mission, we hope that by making something that is often carried around, they can also help create awareness.''

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The Ocean Cleanup is a non-government engineering environmental organization based in the Netherlands, that develops technology to extract plastic pollution from the oceans. After a couple of years of various tests they deployed their first full-scale prototype. It ran into difficulty after two months and was towed to Hawaii for inspection and repair. In June 2019, their second prototype system was deployed.

The organization conducts scientific research into oceanic plastic pollution. It was founded in 2013 by Boyan Slat, a Dutch-born inventor- entrepreneur of Croatian origin who serves as its CEO. It has conducted two expeditions to the North Pacific Gyre, and published scientific papers. The clean-up approach uses barriers in ocean gyres to scoop up marine debris as the barrier is pushed by wind and current. The project aims to launch a total of 60 such systems in the patch by 2021. They predict this capability could clean up 50% of the debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years.

In late October 2019, TOC announced a new initiative, The Interceptor, to attack the trash problem closer to the source, with plans to prevent the 80% of ocean trash coming from 1000 rivers worldwide.

Slat proposed the cleanup project and supporting system in 2012. In October, Slat outlined the project in a TED-talk. The initial design consisted of long, floating barriers fixed to the seabed, attached to a central platform shaped like a manta ray for stability. The barriers would direct the floating plastic to the central platform, which would remove the plastic from the water. Slat did not specify the dimensions of this system in the talk.

In 2014, the design was revised, replacing the central platform with a tower detached from the floating barriers. This platform would collect the plastic using a conveyor belt. The floating barrier was proposed to be 100 km long. In 2015, this design won the London Design Museum Design of the Year, and the INDEX: Award.

In 2015, scale model tests were conducted in controlled environments. Tests took place in wave pools at Deltares and MARIN. The purpose was to test the dynamics and load of the barrier, when exposed to currents and waves, and to gather data for continued computational modeling.

A 100-metre segment went through a test in the North Sea, off the coast of the Netherlands in the summer of 2016. The purpose was to test the endurance of the materials chosen and the connections between elements. The test indicated that conventional oil containment booms could not endure the harsh environments the system would face. They changed the floater material to a hard-walled HDPE pipe, which is flexible enough to follow the waves, and rigid enough to maintain its open U-shape. More prototypes were deployed to test component endurance.

On May 11, 2017, The Ocean Cleanup announced the next step is to test their new drifting system in the North Pacific in 2017.

In May 2017, significant changes to the design were made:

The dimensions were drastically reduced, from 100 km to 1-2-kilometre (0.62-1.24 mi). The Ocean Cleanup suggested using a fleet of approximately 60 such systems.

The seabed anchors were replaced with sea anchors, allowing it to drift with the currents, but moving more slowly. This allowed the plastic to "catch up" with the cleanup system. The lines to the anchor would keep the system in a U-shape. This design allows the system to drift to locations with the highest concentration of debris.

An automatic system for collecting the plastic was dropped. Instead, the system would concentrate the plastic before removal by support vessels.

The Ocean Cleanup performed more scale model tests in 2018. The sea anchors were removed because the wind moved the system faster than the plastic. The opening of the U would face the direction of travel, which would be achieved by having the underwater screen deeper in the middle of the system, creating more drag.

On September 9, 2018, System 001 (nicknamed Wilson in reference to the floating volleyball in the 2000 film deployed from San Francisco. The ship Maersk Launcher towed the system to a position 240 nautical miles off the coast, where it was put through a series of sea trials.

When the tests were complete, it was towed to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch for real-world duty. It arrived on October 16, 2018, and was deployed in operational configuration. System 001 encountered difficulties retaining the plastic collected. The system collected debris, but soon lost it because the barrier traveled too slowly.

In November, the project attempted to widen the mouth of the U by 60-70m but failed. In late December, mechanical stress caused an 18-meter section to detach. Shortly thereafter, the rig began its journey to Hawaii for inspection and repair. During the two months of operation, the system had captured some 2,000 kg of plastic.

In mid-January 2019, the Wilson system completed its 800-mile journey and arrived in Hilo Bay, Hawaii. Ocean Cleanup planned to return the repaired system to duty by summer. In mid-June, after four months of work, the revamped system (001/B) was redeployed. This too failed. In August, the team announced that after trying multiple alternatives, a water-borne parachute attached to slow the boom and expanding the cork line used to hold the screen in place would be tested. In October it became clear that the new system successfully holds plastic, and even microplastics. The model is also more efficient and smaller, making offshore adjustments possible.

The system uses passive floating structures localized in the ocean gyres, where marine debris tends to accumulate. These structures act as a containment boom. The boom drifts with the wind, waves and ocean currents to capture marine debris. A solid screen underneath the floating pipe catches subsurface debris. The system requires no external energy.

The first deployment, System 001, consisted of a 600 metres (2,000 ft) long barrier with a 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide skirt that hangs beneath it. It is made from HDPE, and consists of 50x12 m sections joined together. It was unmanned and incorporates solar-powered monitoring and navigation systems, including GPS, cameras, lanterns and AIS. The barrier and the screen mounting were produced in Austria by an Austrian supplier.

In 2019 a string of inflatable buoys was installed across the system's opening, to increase its speed. This edition used simpler connections between the barrier and skirt, eliminated stabilizing structures and reduced the barrier size by two-thirds.

In August 2015, The Ocean Cleanup conducted its so-called Mega Expedition, in which a fleet of approximately 30 vessels, including lead ship R/V Ocean Starr, crossed the Great Pacific garbage patch and mapped an area of 3.5 million square kilometers. The expedition collected data on the size, concentration and total mass of the plastic in the patch. According to the organization, this expedition collected more data on oceanic plastic pollution than the last 40 years combined.

In September and October 2016, The Ocean Cleanup launched its Aerial Expedition, in which a C-130 Hercules aircraft conducted a series of aerial surveys of the Great Pacific garbage patch. The goal was specifically to quantify the amount of large debris, including ghosts nets in the patch. Slat stated that the crew saw a lot more debris than expected.

The project released an app called The Ocean Cleanup Survey App, which enables others to survey the ocean for plastic, and report their observations to The Ocean Cleanup.

In February 2015, the research team published a study in Biogeosciences about the vertical distribution of plastic, based on samples collected in the North Atlantic Gyre. They found that the plastic concentration decreases exponentially with depth, with the highest concentration at the surface, and approaching zero just a few meters deeper. A follow-up paper was published in Scientific Reports in October 2016.

In June 2017, researchers published a paper in Nature Communications, with a model of the river plastic input into the ocean. Their model estimates that between 1.15 and 2.41 million metric tonnes of plastic enter the world's oceans every year, with 86% of the input stemming from rivers in Asia.

In December 2017, they published a paper in Environmental Science & Technology about pollutants in oceanic plastic, based upon data from the Mega Expedition. They found that 84% of their plastic samples had at least one persistent organic pollutant in them exceeding safe levels. Furthermore, they found 180 times more plastic than naturally occurring biomass on the surface in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

On March 22, 2018, The Ocean Cleanup published a paper in Scientific Reports, summarizing the combined findings from the Mega- and Aerial Expedition. They estimate that the Patch contains 1.8 trillion pieces of floating plastic, with a total mass of 79,000 metric tonnes. Microplastics (< 0.5 cm) make up 94% of the pieces, accounting for 8% of the mass. The study suggests that the amount of plastic in the patch increased exponentially since 1970.

In October 2019, when research revealed most ocean plastic pollution comes from Chinese cargo ships, an Ocean Cleanup spokesperson said: "Everyone talks about saving the oceans by stopping using plastic bags, straws and single use packaging. That's important, but when we head out on the ocean, that's not necessarily what we find."

The Ocean Cleanup is mainly funded by donations and sponsors. As of November 2019 it has made a little over $35 million from sponsors including Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff, philanthropist Peter Thiel, Julius Baer Foundation and Royal DSM. The Ocean Cleanup raised over 2 million USD with the help of a crowdfunding campaign in 2014.

Criticisms and doubts about method, feasibility, efficiency and return on investment have been raised in the scientific community about the project. These include:

Devices closer to shore are easier to maintain, and would likely recover more plastic per dollar spent overall.

Cleanup on land is more efficient and less costly than cleanup in the ocean.

The device may not be robust enough to survive in the open sea.

The device could imperil sea life.

The approach by itself cannot solve the whole problem. Plastic in the oceans is spread far beyond the gyres; experts estimate that less than 5% of all the plastic pollution which enters the oceans makes its way into any of the garbage patches. Much of the plastic that does is not floating at the surface.

Marcus Eriksen et al. (2014) reported that 92% of marine plastic (by count) is smaller than microplastics and would escape the system.

In late October 2019, The Ocean Cleanup introduced its new river Interceptor initiative to help clean oceans by reducing trash pollution input closer to the source - rivers. Solar-powered Interceptor vessels use floating arms to direct floating waste into the collection conveyor, which dumps trash into dumpsters on a detachable barge below. When full, the collection stops until the barge is removed, emptied and returned to the Interceptor. The Interceptor project is similar to a smaller-scale local project called Mr. Trash Wheel developed in Maryland's Baltimore harbor. The first two Interceptor systems have been operating in Indonesia and Malaysia, with the next planned for Vietnam and the Dominican Republic. Contracts have been signed for Thailand, Honduras, Los Angeles County, expected to be deployed in 2020.

The project and its founder have been recognized in many fora.

1. ^ Chen, Qiqing (November 2017). "Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre". Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (2): 446-456. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04682. PMID 29185716.

2. ^ Lebreton, L. (March 2018). "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4666. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4666L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w. PMC . PMID 29568057.

3. Winners announced for three Nor-Shipping 2015 Awards Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Mynewsdesk.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.

4. Designs of the Year 2015, Designmuseum.org. Retrieved 2015-10-29.

5. ^ Milman, Oliver (2016-10-04). "'Great Pacific garbage patch' far bigger than imagined, aerial survey shows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.

6. ^ Reisser, J.; Slat, B.; Noble, K.; du Plessis, K.; Epp, M.; Proietti, M.; de Sonneville, J.; Becker, T.; Pattiaratchi, C. (2015-02-26). "The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre". Biogeosciences. 12 (4): 1249-1256. Bibcode:2015BGeo...12.1249R. doi:10.5194/bg-12-1249-2015. ISSN 1726-4189.

7. ^ Chen, Qiqing; Reisser, Julia; Cunsolo, Serena; Kwadijk, Christiaan; Kotterman, Michiel; Proietti, Maira; Slat, Boyan; Ferrari, Francesco F.; Schwarz, Anna (2017-12-21). "Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre". Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (2): 446-456. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04682. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 29185716.

8. ^ Ryan, Peter G.; Dilley, Ben J.; Ronconi, Robert A.; Connan, Maëlle (September 25, 2019). "Rapid increase in Asian bottles in the South Atlantic Ocean indicates major debris inputs from ships". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (42): 20892-20897. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620892R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909816116. PMC . PMID 31570571.

9. ^ "4 ways to tackle trash besides Ocean Cleanup's broken system". January 4, 2019.

10. Wise, Jeff (October 9, 2018). "This Thiel-Backed Startup Says It Can Clean Up the Seas. Scientists Have Doubts". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16.

11. ^ Boyan Slat Founder - The Ocean Cleanup 2014 Champion of the Earth INSPIRATION AND ACTION Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, web.unep.org. Retrieved 2015-10-29.

12. ^ "Plastic-scooping Ocean Cleanup project wins prestigious Katerva Award".

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The Ocean Cleanup is a non-government engineering environmental organization based in the Netherlands, that develops technology to extract plastic pollution from the oceans. After a couple of years of various tests they deployed their first full-scale prototype. It ran into difficulty after two months and was towed to Hawaii for inspection and repair.

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Founded 2013

Dutch inventor Boyan Slat founded The Ocean Cleanup at the age of 18 in his hometown of Delft, the Netherlands.

Non-profit foundation

We are fully reliant on donations from individuals, corporations, governments and institutions.

HQ Rotterdam

The Ocean Cleanup's team consists of 120 engineers, researchers, scientists, computational modelers, and supporting roles, working daily to rid the world's oceans of plastic.

Big problems require big solutions

Every year, millions of tons of plastic enter the oceans, primarily from rivers. And the plastic that's afloat within the oceans isn't going away by itself. To effectively solve the problem, we need to both turn off the tap and mop the floor at the same time.

The Ocean Cleanup, a non-profit organization, is developing and scaling technologies to rid the world's oceans of plastic. Our aim is to put ourselves out of business once the oceans are clean.

Environment

Plastic pollution in the world's oceans is one of the biggest environmental issues of our time, impacting nearly 700 marine species.

Economy

According to a study conducted in collaboration with Deloitte, yearly economic costs due to marine plastic pollution are estimated to be between $6-19bn USD. The costs stem from the plastic's impact on tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, and (governmental) cleanups.

Health

Plastic pollution does not only impact sea life, it also carries toxic pollutants into the food chain - a food chain including us humans.

A simple idea turned into a moonshot project

At 16 years of age, Boyan Slat saw more plastic bags than fish when scuba diving in Greece. He thought: "Why can't we just clean this up?" This question led him to research the plastic pollution problem for a school project. He learned about plastic accumulating in five large oceanic gyres, the largest one being the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. In 2012, Boyan Slat held a TEDx talk about how to rid the world's oceans of plastic using technology. The video went viral, and the momentum that followed allowed him to drop out of school and found The Ocean Cleanup.

Read more

After many years of research, development, testing, and iteration, The Ocean Cleanup now has technologies to intercept plastic in rivers before it reaches the ocean, and technologies to remove the plastic that is already out there-debris that has been building up for decades.

OCEAN SYSTEMS

Plastic, once trapped in a gyre, will slowly break down, continually fragmenting into microplastics. Microplastic debris (< 5mm) is not only more challenging to clean up, but is also easily mistaken for food by marine life. The time to clean up is now.

The ocean garbage patches are massive. To effectively clean an area of such magnitude, a calculated and energy-efficient solution is required. With a relative speed difference maintained between the cleanup system and the plastic, we can concentrate the plastic for extraction. Learn more about our ocean technology and System 03, our current ocean system iteration.

The harvested plastic will be brought back to shore for recycling. We made our very first product - The Ocean Cleanup Sunglasses - using the catch of System 001/B in 2019. Going forward, we do not intend to make our own products, but partner with companies who will use our ocean plastic in their products.

INTERCEPTORS™

1000 rivers, or 1% of the world's rivers, account for 80% of the plastic flowing into the oceans from land. We have developed a toolkit of Interceptors to tackle these rivers.

Together with corporations, governments and individuals globally, we plan on tackling 1000 of the most polluted rivers with our technology, knowledge, experience, and network.

The Ocean Cleanup is a project; our goal is to reach a 90% reduction of floating ocean plastic by 2040. To see all cleanup systems deployed, visit our Dashboard.

The impact of cleanup

Research shows the majority of plastic in the gyres (by mass) is made up of larger debris. By removing the plastic while most of it is still large, we prevent it from breaking down into dangerous microplastics.

Our aim is to have removed 90% of floating ocean plastic by 2040.

We plan to do this by cleaning up the legacy plastic - the plastic already floating in the ocean - and by stopping the sources of plastic flowing into our oceans.

Macroplastic in ocean surface layer. To clean up the ocean we need to stop new plastic coming in and clean up what is already out there. Lebreton et al (2019).

Leadership

To succeed in its mission, The Ocean Cleanup's management team relies on a combination of innovative talent and high-level industry experience. The organization also benefits from the invaluable support and guidance of its advisory boards.

Management team

Inventor since birth. Founded The Ocean Cleanup at age 18. Youngest ever recipient of the UN's highest environmental accolade; Champion of the Earth in 2015. Awarded the maritime industry's Young Entrepreneur Award in 2015 by HM King Harald of Norway.

Chosen as European of the Year by Readers Digest in 2017. Member of the Thiel Fellowship.

Over 15 years of experience in finance in senior positions across both for-profit and non-profit sectors. MSc in International Business Administration from Erasmus University Rotterdam (2006) and an International Executive Master of Finance and Control from Maastricht University (2014). Previous roles include senior positions at ING, GE, and Greenpeace.

Joël Jansen has worked for over 14 years in the offshore industry, gaining practical,
technical, safety, and leadership experience at Ampelmann, a high-tech start-up turned
scale-up. He has a broad professional background in the fields of R&D, engineering,
quality, health, safety, and environment; project engineering; and management. Joël
holds a BSc in Civil Engineering and an MSc in Offshore Engineering, both from
Delft University of Technology.

As a critical thinker and realistic optimist, he is at his best in dealing with changing circumstances and ambiguity, reducing complexity to its bare essence. Driven by delivering environmental impact in a professionally disciplined setting. He has a passion for water, as he was raised, and is currently living on the water. A self-made entrepreneur experienced in technology-driven start-ups and scale-ups.

After selling his last venture, BusinessForensics, delivering financial crime prevention solutions to the financial industry, he joined the Ocean Cleanup. Initially, as the Director for Business Development in the River Team, where his aim was to turn dirty rivers into profitable business opportunities, operating as a venture lab. He currently holds the position of River Director. In his words, he transitioned 'from catching criminals to catching plastics', where the latter proves to be both more challenging and more fulfilling

Supervisory Board

COO at bioMason; former executive roles with Tesla, SunEdison, Cypress Semiconductor, and Next Gen Powersystems. Holds a B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Micro-Electronics from the Katholieke University in Leuven. Currently serves as an advisor to Holo, a novel metal 3D printing solution, and Torramics, a microfluidic pump solution, and Shyft, a smart energy management solution.

Non-executive director at The Prysmian Group and Shop Apotheke Europe. Former CFO at Royal FrieslandCampina and Royal HaskoningDHV. Other former leadership roles at Leaf, CSM and Boston Consulting Group. Holds an MBA and a M.Sc. in Econometrics and Operations Research.

Entrepreneur and offshore Engineer. Partner at FORWARD.one a venture capital firm for hardware. Co-founder of Ampelmann Operations BV.

Entrepreneur, Filmmaker and Investor. Former director at PharmAccess Foundation and Health Insurance Fund. MSc. Civil Engineering (hydraulic Engineering).

Honorary Chair Royal DSM (former CEO, 2007-2020), Chairman Supervisory Board Royal Philips, non-executive Director Unilever, Member Supervisory Board Dutch Central Bank. Co-chair Global Climate Adaptation Centers, Climate Leader for the World Bank Group (Carbon Pricing Champion), Member Board Trustees World Economic Forum. Awarded Humanitarian of the Year (2010) by United Nations, Honorary Doctorates Universities of Groningen & Maastricht, Listed by Fortune World's Greatest Leaders (2018) and by Harvard Business Review World's 100 most successful CEO's (2019), Decorated as Grand Officer in order or Orange Nassau.

Join
the team

Contribute with your skills and build a clean future together.

Fund the cleanup

With your donations, we can continue to scale the cleanup.

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The Ocean Cleanup is a non-profit organization, developing advanced technologies to rid the oceans of plastic. Solving it requires a combination of closing the source and cleaning up what has already accumulated in the ocean and doesn't go away by itself.

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【1】Vacuum Smarter, Not Harder: This Is the Best Home Cleaning Technique

Vacuuming isn't fun by any means, but it's a chore that keeps your home looking spotless. This simple technique will ease your workload and have your house looking spick and span.

Macy Meyer

Chris Wedel

Dec. 18, 2024 5:23 p.m. PT

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【1】

https://www.cnet.com/tech/ocean-cleanup-system-03-is-catching-plastic-pollution-in-the-pacific/?playlistVideoId=6353745191112

[2]Ocean Cleanup System 03 Is Catching Plastic Pollution in the Pacific

Boyan Slat, founder and CEO of The Ocean Cleanup, explains the nonprofit's mission to clean up floating plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Stephen Beacham

April 22, 2024 11:06 a.m. PT

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Ocean Cleanup System 03 Is Catching Plastic Pollution in the Pacific

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Boyan Slat, founder and CEO of The Ocean Cleanup, explains the nonprofit’s mission to clean up floating plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

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table

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探究线索1：海洋清理技术  LOI1: Ocean Clean up Technology

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探究线索1：海洋清理技术  LOI1: Ocean Clean up Technology

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ocean clean up technology(๑• . •๑)

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PPT 新链接（大家都可以编辑）

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PPT 新链接（大家都可以编辑）

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How to improve the health of the ocean

如何改善海洋的健康

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LOI3：清理海洋的新方法 New development for the clean ocean

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LOI3：清理海洋的新方法 New development for the clean ocean

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我做了一个调查问卷在老师说的网站上，请帮我检查一下 I did a survey on the website that the teacher said, please help me to check

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我做了一个调查问卷在老师说的网站上，请帮我检查一下 I did a survey on the website that the teacher said, please help me to check

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https://forms.office.com/Pages/DesignPageV2.aspx?origin=Marketing

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这是我写的PPT的第一页，请帮我看一下 This is the first page of PPT that I wrote, please check

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这是我写的PPT的第一页，请帮我看一下 This is the first page of PPT that I wrote, please check

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https://ocasuzhou-my.sharepoint.com/:p:/r/personal/32huangyueyi_ocac-suzhou_net/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc=%7B5B512297-6F72-4830-AA48-D827C0244554%7D&file=%E6%AF%95%E4%B8%9A%E5%B1%95%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B8%85%E7%90%86%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84ppt%20PYPX%20Ocean%20Clean%20Up%20group%20ppt.pptx&action=edit&mobileredirect=true&DefaultItemOpen=1&ct=1740726221569&wdOrigin=OFFICECOM-WEB.MAIN.REC&cid=74429286-afb6-436c-bd98-9b55db8e4c21&wdPreviousSessionSrc=HarmonyWeb&wdPreviousSession=7593e96b-a662-4956-964b-204c509c0e3e

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PPT设计可以参考的网站——可画：https://www.canva.cn/ 里面有很多模板和设计元素，可以编辑和参考。（可以搜索”海洋"关键词“）There are many templates and design elements in it, which can be edited and referenced. (You can search for "ocean" keywords ")

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思考方向：

1.采访谁？如何联系到他们？

（海洋馆的工作人员？海洋清理专业人士？......）

（官网、公众上搜索关键词“如苏州、海洋清理”的信息）

2.贴合四条线索，思考采访的问题，每人思考并发布1-2个针对性问题。(注意和问卷问题的关联性)

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The Ocean Cleanup projects to be able to remove 90% of floating ocean plastic by 2040.

海洋清理计划到2040年能够清除90%的漂浮海洋塑料。

As the cleanup systems must remain in the GPGP for long periods (sometimes under extremely harsh conditions), it is crucial that our systems can withstand ocean forces. We closely monitor the loads on the system, and we adapt the speed and span during rough seas. We track the latest weather forecasts to plan our route to avoid storms and to identify areas where cleaning conditions are most optimal. In the case of a particularly severe storm, the system can be temporarily withdrawn from operation.

由于清理系统必须长期留在GPGP中（有时在极其恶劣的条件下），我们的系统能够承受海洋力量至关重要。我们密切监控系统上的负载，并在波涛汹涌的海上调整速度和跨度。我们跟踪最新的天气预报，以规划我们的路线，以避免风暴，并确定清洁条件最佳的地区。在特别严重的风暴的情况下，系统可以暂时停止运行。

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海洋清理的创始人Boyan Slat在2011年夏天的一次潜水经历中，亲眼目睹了海洋中大量的塑料垃圾，这激发了他清理海洋垃圾的决心

Ocean clean up founder is Boyan Slat ,in summer of2011 Boyan Slat dived once and saw many trash,this inspired his determination to clean up marine debris（这边找不到图片 对不起🙏 I can not find the picture SORRY！）

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“PYPX 毕业展”选题与基本框架 PYPX topics and elements

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“PYPX 毕业展”选题与基本框架 PYPX topics and elements

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为什么海里会有这么多垃圾，如何去清理海洋里的垃圾，（ 有个组织叫Ocean cleanup )他们专门去清理海洋里的垃圾（ 而且还是非营利性组织 ）why we have so many trash in the ocean, how to clean the trash in the ocean, (There is a organization call Ocean cleanup) They focus on clean the trash in the ocean,(and it’s a nonprofit organization):

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为什么海里会有这么多垃圾，如何去清理海洋里的垃圾，（ 有个组织叫Ocean cleanup )他们专门去清理海洋里的垃圾（ 而且还是非营利性组织 ）why we have so many trash in the ocean, how to clean the trash in the ocean, (There is a organization call Ocean cleanup) They focus on clean the trash in the ocean,(and it’s a nonprofit organization):

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At The Ocean Cleanup, our mission is to rid the world's oceans of plastic. To achieve this, our strategy is two-pronged: remove it from rivers and waterways that flow into the ocean, and extract legacy debris from the ocean.

In my last blog I explained why we focus on intercepting plastic in rivers; we think it is the fastest and most cost-effective way to stop the inflow of plastic to the oceans. (If you haven't read the post yet, I recommend doing so before reading ahead.)

However, we think it is equally essential to clean up the legacy pollution that has accumulated in the oceans.

When someone learns about ocean plastic pollution, the most common initial response we hear is, "Let's just hire some ships and go clean it up!" Those who spend slightly more time delving into the issue usually come to realize that the oceans are very big, and that it would probably be much easier to find ways to prevent plastic from entering the ocean in the first place, versus cleaning it up at sea. We've studied the issue for years, yet here we are, working to clean up plastic directly from the oceans.

Why? Let me explain.

THE PROBLEM IN A NUTSHELL

Every year about a million tons of plastic pollution enter the world's oceans. Most of it comes from rivers. Of this plastic, the majority only stays afloat in the ocean for a brief period of time.

Because about half of this plastic floats, a substantial amount of trash quickly sinks into the sediment. According to our modelling, within one month, more than 80% of what remains afloat has the potential to beach on a coastline not far from where it entered the ocean. And within one year, 97% might end up back on land. At this point, only a tiny fraction of plastic emissions appears to be 'lucky' enough to escape the grip of coastlines and make it to the open ocean. However, once the plastic finds itself in the open ocean, we can expect it to stay there for a very long time.

Plastic accumulates in five areas in the world's oceans, known as the subtropical oceanic gyres. Basically, these are vast circular currents that trap the floating trash inside of them. This is where the five ocean garbage patches can be found.

The ocean garbage patches are the planetary equivalent of the corner of your room to which you swept all the mess you left on the floor. The most polluted - and best-studied - of these is the infamous Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) located between Hawaii and California. The GPGP only covers about 0.5% of the world's ocean surface, yet is estimated to contain more than 50% of all the plastic mass floating in the open oceans.

The word 'patch' is a bit of a misnomer, though. These accumulation zones are not islands of tightly packed trash, as they are sometimes portrayed in news reports. If only this were the case - cleanup would be so much easier! Instead, the trash is spread out over vast areas. In the GPGP, the average density of plastic is roughly the weight of one soccer ball for every soccer field worth of ocean; not exactly close to something you can walk on.

However, because these patches cover such a large area (the GPGP spans a piece of the ocean larger than France, Germany, and Spain combined), all these 'soccer fields' add up to vast amounts of pollution. The GPGP now contains an estimated 100,000,000 kilograms of plastic. Associated with this plastic are all the well-known impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystems, human health, and economies. In fact, nowhere else is the ratio between plastic and naturally occurring prey as high as in the ocean garbage patches, ingestion risk for marine life (as well as the associated chemical effects) are likely highest here.

Still, you may rightly ask: why should we bother with cleaning up these areas if, pound for pound, it's bound to be cheaper and easier to collect trash in river mouths? Wouldn't it be enough to cut the source, as is the case for smog, for example? And why start with it now, rather than wait for the inflow to be solved first?

To answer these questions, it is vital to understand two things:

1. Plastic in the ocean garbage patches is highly persistent
2. Floating plastic becomes more harmful over time

A PERSISTENT PROBLEM

In short: we can only return to clean oceans if we clean up the ocean garbage patches. Stopping the source will prevent more plastic from entering the oceans. But the only way to reduce the amount of plastic across the ocean is to actually go out there and clean it up.

The reason for this is that plastic pollution is persistent. Imagine the condition/scenario of a bathtub that is overflowing. For a nonpersistent pollutant scenario, merely closing the tap is enough to solve the problem. But in the case of a persistent pollutant, one also has to mop up the overflow on the floor.

This is why Londoners today don't suffer anymore from the soot emitted during the Great Smog of 1952. Yet, it's still unhealthy to consume fish from the San Francisco Bay due to PCBs emitted in that same year. Soot is not a persistent pollutant, while PCBs are. It's why smog problems in wealthy countries have reduced considerably since the 1970s and why plastic pollution isn't like smog.

Plastics are incredibly stable and durable. This is good if you want to make lasting products (or fake diamonds), but it's problematic if it ends up in the environment. During our most recent expedition to the GPGP, the oldest object we found with its production date still identifiable was a buoy from 1966.

Might this observation have been a fluke? An object that was stored indoors for decades and only recently entered the oceans? Probably not. Our researchers have analyzed many dozens of recovered objects from which we could identify the production date. Suppose the old items we find are exceptions. In that case, we'd expect those older objects to be exceptions in our catch, between a bulk of more recently produced objects. Instead, we find that the age distribution of plastic in the patch neatly overlaps with the plastic production trends of the last 60 years. About half of the plastic we could identify has a production date from the 1990s or earlier. These findings are a strong indication that all this plastic has been gradually accumulating in the patches and does not leave.

Recent lab experiments support this conclusion. A Dutch team recreated the ocean environment in the lab and measured the degradation of various plastic objects over time. They found that the weight loss of plastic items typically observed at sea is less than 1% per year. Other experiments used strong UV lamps to accelerate the degradation process, which indicated that polyethylene (the most common type of plastic in the ocean) might take "up to centuries" to fully degrade.

Besides degradation, plastic can leave the patch if it gets spewed onto a coastline. This, however, also seems to be a rare occurrence. The only shorelines close to the patches are remote islands. For example, under 100 tons of trash is estimated to escape the GPGP and wash up on the Hawaiian Islands every year. This is an impressive amount, but it is only 0.1% of the mass of the whole GPGP.

Clearly, these ocean garbage patches are not going away by themselves in any reasonable frame of time.

A TICKING TIME BOMB

A lot of plastic is still entering the oceans every day. And if I could choose, I'd prefer to catch a piece of plastic before it enters the ocean than wait for it to have accumulated in the middle of the ocean. So why not just focus on closing the tap now, and worry about cleaning up the patches later, once the plastic inflow has been halted?

The obvious answer to this is that the sooner the patches have been cleaned up, the sooner they stop causing harm. Less obvious is the fact that the longer we wait, the more harmful the accumulated plastic becomes. While the true degradation of plastic into harmless compounds is predicted to take centuries, the sun and waves do break down the objects into smaller and smaller pieces over time. For example, a single crate will ultimately turn into hundreds of thousands of microplastic particles. Every piece of plastic has the potential to cause damage, so the higher the plastic count, the greater risk of harm the plastic might pose to the oceans.

At the moment, about 5-10% of the plastic mass in the GPGP is microplastic. On the one hand, this is good news; it means most plastic hasn't fragmented into microplastics yet. But it also means that the number of microplastics might increase by a factor of 10 or more if we don't remove the plastic floating in the oceans today. The longer we wait with the cleanup, the more microplastics there will be in the oceans.

What's more, plastic doesn't only become more harmful over time, it also becomes harder to clean up. The smaller the pieces become, the less buoyant they are. In 2019, our researchers crossed the GPGP and took measurements from the surface down to 2000 meters of depth. Under the patch, we found that it was snowing microplastics. The concentrations of this fallout are tens of thousands of times lower than those we see at the surface. The amount of microplastics we found suspended in the deep sea represents less than 10% of the total mass of plastic in the patch. Still, if we don't remove the surface plastic, we may expect that eventually most of this other 90% will also end up under the surface.

This is a crucial point. By cleaning up the surface waters of the ocean garbage patches now, we can prevent a 2D problem from becoming a 3D problem. At this moment, most plastic is in the upper two meters of the ocean. If this plastic disperses throughout the top 2000 meters, the volume of water we would need to clean increases a thousandfold. In other words, the effort required to clean a vertically dispersed patch would be like cleaning up today's ocean garbage patches a thousand times! So we have a brief window of opportunity to take care of the legacy plastic before it turns into microplastics and pollutes the entire water column for an indefinite duration.

From this perspective, one might argue that cleanup is prevention too. By removing the floating trash now, we prevent this trash from doing further harm and becoming almost impossible to eradicate.

A NECESSARY INGREDIENT

If I could choose, I'd rather catch plastic with Interceptors in rivers than with ocean cleanup systems. Unfortunately, it's too late for the hundreds of millions of kilos of trash that already pollute the ocean today. Stopping plastic before it reaches the oceans allows us to keep the amount of plastic in the oceans constant, but the only way to reduce the amount of ocean plastic is to clean up that legacy pollution. That's what we need to do to truly rid the oceans of plastic.

The good news: if we stop plastic from entering the ocean, most of the ocean cleans itself.

The bad news: this does not apply to the ocean garbage patches.

This is why we need to clean them up https://t.co/5TcKWuFnUs pic.twitter.com/dcxf09HXP6

- Boyan Slat (@BoyanSlat) September 17, 2021

One can debate what the optimal resource allocation is between different removal activities. I agree with those who argue that the majority of resources aimed at solving plastic pollution should now go to stopping the inflow. Yet, that doesn't mean we should only do one or the other. Humanity works on eradicating diseases, solving climate change, reducing poverty, and improving education in parallel. Clearly, humanity can do more than one thing at the same time.

Returning to the analogy of the overflowing bathtub: here, an optimal strategy might be for a few people to work on trying to close the tap, while one person starts to mop the floor.

You see this parallel approach after an oil spill; some workers attempt to stop the leak, while in parallel, others try to clean up the pollution that has already been leaked to prevent further harm to the ecosystem. Similarly, the prevention and cleanup of ocean plastic can, and should, be applied in tandem.

Cleaning the ocean garbage patches will not be easy. System 002 is currently undergoing testing in the GPGP, and first results look promising. Still, success is not guaranteed. Even if System 002 proves its effectiveness in the next few weeks, there is still a complex journey ahead to scale it up.

All I know is that it's worth trying.

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Why We Must Clean The Garbage Patches? * The Ocean Cleanup

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Stopping plastic entering the ocean is a must, but we find cleaning up pollution that has accumulated in the oceans essential as well. Learn why here.

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Agenda
1.Get to know each other& take photos
2.Review the essential agreement and sign on their pypx journal
3.Create the Padlet, modelling how to do the post

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中心思想：人们清理海洋的过程改变着海洋的环境

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中心思想：人们清理海洋的过程改变着海洋的环境

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人们清理海洋的过程改变着海洋的环境 The process of people cleaning up the ocean changes the environment of the ocean

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海洋垃圾

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这本书里写了海洋里的塑料污染，过渡捕捞，海洋风暴，海平面上升，人类对海洋的影响，海洋生物的灭绝等问题，我们可以按照这些方向去收集资料。In this book, it says about the plastic pollution in the ocean, overfishing, ocean storms, sea level rise, the impact of humans on the ocean, the extinction of marine sea animals, etc. We can search information from these directions.

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有一次去吃饭，拿到了这本书，幸运的是，这本书刚好是关于海洋危机的 Once I went to eat outside, I got this book, luckily, this book is about ocean crisis :

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有一次去吃饭，拿到了这本书，幸运的是，这本书刚好是关于海洋危机的 Once I went to eat outside, I got this book, luckily, this book is about ocean crisis :

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荷兰的非盈利组织“海洋清理”（Ocean Cleanup）就在这里设置了一个巨大的C形网状围栏，利用洋流收集北太平洋环流表面的垃圾。 该组织在全球各地的河流中设置了数十个打捞塑料的围栏，并将自己的行动描述为 “历史上规模最大的清理行动”。 然而，这片环流中生活着海龙、帆水母、海螺等表层生物，它们可能会跟塑料一起被清理走。 赫尔姆等科学家警告称，环流清理工作可能会严重破坏这个生态系统，困住海洋生物。

The Dutch non-profit organization Ocean Cleanup has set up a huge C-shaped mesh fence here to use ocean currents to collect garbage from the surface of the North Pacific circulation. The organization has set up dozens of fences to salvage plastic in rivers around the world and described its actions as "the largest cleanup operation in history". However, surface organisms such as sea dragons, sail jellyfish and conch live in this circulation, and they may be cleaned up with plastic. Helm and other scientists warned that circulation cleanup may seriously damage the ecosystem and trap marine life.

How to Stop Plastic Pollution in the Ocean

It is quite hard to retrieve plastic from the ocean once it has entered it. New technologies allow us to catch larger marine debris, but small plastic items and microplastics are virtually impossible to reach, especially when they are deep in the ocean.

Therefore, many scientists and conservationists have declared that the best solution is to prevent plastic waste from entering rivers and seas in the first place.

This could be accomplished with the improvement of our waste management systems and the implementation of recycling. In addition, it is essential to reconsider the design and usage of disposable packaging, and the reduction in manufacturing of unnecessary single-use plastics.

What Can We Do

There are many ways to keep plastic out of the ocean! Here are some strategies you can adopt and share with your community:

Reduce plastic use
Think about all the plastic items you use in your daily life. Can you even count them all? Being more aware of the way you use plastic is a great starting point to reduce plastic waste.

We know, habits are hard to change, but even a small individual commitment can make a difference especially when talking about the single-use plastics we mentioned earlier which, according to data from the European Parliament, are responsible for 49% of all marine pollution.

Here are some new habits you can take inspiration from:

Swap plastic bags for reusable ones, made of cloth or fiber.

Reduce the use of disposable plastic cups, plates, cutlery and bottles. For example, bring your own reusable bottle to work and a reusable coffee cup for your morning take-away!)

Buy food and cleaning products in bulk to avoid useless plastic wrappings. Nowadays, there are plenty of options to choose from, and many supermarkets let you fill your own jars/bags.

Choose metal or glass food containers and storage options instead of plastic ones.

Avoid buying and using cosmetics that contain plastic microspheres or microbeads.

如何阻止海洋中的塑料污染

一旦塑料进入海洋，就很难从海洋中取回。新技术使我们能够捕获更大的海洋碎片，但小型塑料物品和微塑料几乎无法到达，特别是当它们在海洋深处时。

因此，许多科学家和保护主义者宣布，最好的解决方案是首先防止塑料垃圾进入河流和海洋。

这可以通过改进我们的废物管理系统和实施回收来实现。此外，必须重新考虑一次性包装的设计和使用，以及减少不必要的一次性塑料的制造。

我们能做什么

有很多方法可以防止塑料远离海洋！以下是您可以采用并与社区分享的一些策略：

减少塑料的使用

想想你在日常生活中使用的所有塑料物品。你能把它们都数一数吗？更多地了解塑料的使用方式是减少塑料垃圾的一个很好的起点。

我们知道，习惯很难改变，但即使是小小的个人承诺也能有所作为，特别是在谈论我们之前提到的一次性塑料时，根据欧洲议会的数据，这些塑料造成了所有海洋污染的49%。

以下是一些你可以从中汲取灵感的新习惯：

将塑料袋换成可重复使用的塑料袋，由布或纤维制成。

减少一次性塑料杯、盘子、餐具和瓶子的使用。例如，带上你自己的可重复使用的瓶子去上班，早上带一个可重复使用的咖啡杯作为外卖！）

批量购买食品和清洁产品，以避免无用的塑料包装。如今，有很多选择，许多超市都允许你自己装满罐子/袋子。

选择金属或玻璃食品容器和存储选项，而不是塑料容器。

避免购买和使用含有塑料微球或微珠的化妆品。

Plastics produced from fossil fuels are just over a century old, but they revolutionized ourPlastic Pollution in the Ocean: Where does it come from?

It is clear that plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental issues we are currently facing, but how did it come to be? Moreover, where does all the plastic in the ocean come from? life completely. It allowed the invention of many life-saving devices and the implementation of new technologies that changed the course of history.

However, the great advantages plastic offered led to a throwaway trend that made us discover plastic’s dark side: the threat it poses to our environment and life.

The majority of plastic pollution in the ocean is caused by littering: we buy or use disposable plastic items (food wrappings, plastic bags, razors, bottles, etc.) and do not dispose of them properly, which cause them to end up in the waterways and eventually in the ocean.

Yet, not all-plastic waste in the ocean is an effect of littering: many plastics and microplastics are the product of improper manufacturing processes and about 20% of the ocean’s plastic pollution comes from industrial fishing.

化石燃料生产的塑料有一个多世纪的历史，但它们彻底改变了我们的海洋塑料污染：它来自哪里？

很明显，塑料污染是我们目前面临的最紧迫的环境问题之一，但它是如何出现的呢？此外，海洋中的所有塑料都来自哪里？生活完全。它允许发明许多救生设备，并实施改变历史进程的新技术。

然而，塑料提供的巨大优势导致了一次性的趋势，这让我们发现了塑料的黑暗面：它对我们的环境和生活构成的威胁。

海洋中的大多数塑料污染是由乱扔垃圾造成的：我们购买或使用一次性塑料物品（食品包装、塑料袋、剃须刀、瓶子等），但没有妥善处理它们，这导致它们最终进入水道，最终进入海洋。

然而，海洋中并非全塑料垃圾是乱扔垃圾的影响：许多塑料和微塑料是制造工艺不当的产物，大约20%的海洋塑料污染来自工业渔业。

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选题与基本框架

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链接🔗（关于海洋清理）https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1757776671560109212&wfr=spider&for=pc

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这些资金将用于支持该非营利组织在大太平洋垃圾带(Great Pacific Garbage Patch)推出最新的海洋清洁系统。

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海洋里的酸度问题The acidity problem in the ocean:

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海洋里的酸度问题The acidity problem in the ocean:

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Ocean Clean Up（一个非营利性组织）做了些什么：他们清理了海洋表面上1000万千克的垃圾的事件 What did Ocean Clean Up( a nonprofit organization) do: They cleaned 10 million kilograms of garbage that was floating on the ocean surface issue.

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Ocean Clean Up（一个非营利性组织）做了些什么：他们清理了海洋表面上1000万千克的垃圾的事件 What did Ocean Clean Up( a nonprofit organization) do: They cleaned 10 million kilograms of garbage that was floating on the ocean surface issue.

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https://theoceancleanup.com/press/press-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-breaks-10000000-kg-barrier/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=toc_end_of_year_wrap%20&utm_term=all&utm_content=linkincopy_pressrelease10mln_18-12-2024

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The Ocean Cleanup Breaks 10,000,000 KG Barrier | Press Release | The Ocean Cleanup

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海洋里的酸度问题 The acidity problem in the ocean：

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海洋里的酸度问题 The acidity problem in the ocean：

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海洋里的酸度问题The acidity problem in the ocean：

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海洋里的酸度问题The acidity problem in the ocean：

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海洋里酸化问题的照片Photos of acidification issues in the ocean：

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海洋里酸化问题的照片Photos of acidification issues in the ocean：

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第八周主要任务:

1. 完善查找资料的【思维导图】，记录更多的【摘要】。

2. 进行【一手资料】的准备——拍照取材，提问，采访等等。
1. Improve the 【mind map】 for searching for information and record more 【summaries】.
2. Prepare 【first-hand】 materials such as taking photos, asking questions, conducting interviews, and so on.

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现在，科学家们发现了一种海洋生物，它不仅对微

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现在，科学家们发现了一种海洋生物，它不仅对微塑料无懈可击，而且可能有办法消除微塑料。蓝贻贝 （Mytilus edulis） 是一种贪婪的滤食性软体动物，壳呈蓝黑色，除了典型的食物外，还会摄入塑料微粒和其他污染物，将污染物隔离在粪便中，这些粪便比塑料本身更容易从水中去除。

这些贻贝本质上是“把垃圾拿出来让我们收集”，领导这项研究的普利茅斯海洋实验室的生态学家佩内洛普·林德克 （Penelope Lindeque） 说。

为了进行这项工作，Lindeque 和她的同事从英格兰康沃尔郡的一个农场收集了蓝贻贝。科学家们已经知道这些生物可以在实验室中过滤静水中的微塑料，因此他们在更动态的条件下对其进行了测试。将双壳类动物放入钢罐后，他们抽入含有微塑料的水。正如它们的名声一样，贻贝吞噬了塑料，最终消耗了水箱中大约三分之二的微塑料，并将它们隔离在粪便中。

贻贝在现实世界中也同样英勇。科学家们把它们放在篮子里，带到附近的码头。他们选择了一个受径流、船只污染以及雨水溢流排水管溢出影响的入口。他们将装有大约 300 个蓝贻贝的篮子放入水中的水箱中后，在每个篮子下方使用陷阱来捕获粪便。第二个带有出口的水箱允许水回流到周围环境中。

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(๑• . •๑)

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清除河流和海洋中塑料垃圾的20项发明

对话地球 Dialogue Earth

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2021-06-07 13:51

伦敦

来源：澎湃新闻·澎湃号·湃客

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“围塑栏”原型装置正在太平洋垃圾带收集塑料垃圾。图片来源：The Ocean Cleanup

海洋中的塑料多到不可思议——目前已知总量估计达5万亿件，约1.5亿吨。每年还有800万吨新的塑料进入海洋。新冠疫情导致口罩、手套等一次性塑料制品的使用量剧增，进入海洋的塑料只会越来越多。

河流是大量内陆废弃物进入海洋的主要途径，大多数塑料都是随着河水流入海洋的。一旦进入海洋，塑料就会在阳光以及风浪的机械性风化作用下分解，最终变成较小的碎片，即“微塑料”——但塑料难以降解的特性意味着这一过程可能需要数百年时间。与此同时，不论是大块塑料、还是微塑料都给海洋生物造成了严重伤害，使它们面临着被缠绕，以及（误食塑料后）被饿死的风险。塑料进入食物链后，还可能导致有毒物质进入动物体内——给动物以及食用这些动物的人类带来影响，而这种影响的实质目前还基本不可知。

全世界的发明家、科学家和企业家正在努力通过创新让我们摆脱这一困境。从塑料粉碎机到航拍无人机，再到微塑料溶解技术，他们正试图以一种聪明的方式去除海洋中的塑料——或者从源头上阻止塑料进入海洋。这些发明大多针对的是河流中的污染物，因为河流是塑料垃圾通往海洋的主要通道。然而，还有些发明更为大胆，它们着眼于直接从公海中捞取塑料的艰巨任务。

拦截者驳船帮助清理河流中的塑料垃圾，防止其进入海洋。图片来源： The Ocean Cleanup

但技术真的能解决塑料危机吗？可以说，真正能摆脱这种局面的唯一途径首先是停止生产如此多的塑料，防止其进入环境中。这不仅意味着鼓励重复和回收利用，也需要大量减少生产那些只用一天、但在环境中存在数百年的一次性塑料，并最终结束所有不必要的塑料生产。政府、企业和消费者联合行动是实现这一目标的唯一途径。

但即便我们做到上述所有工作，带来的变化仍将是渐进式的——需要数年，甚至数十年时间才能显现出来。在此期间，大量的塑料仍将继续进入河流，流向海洋。因此在我们找到摆脱塑料的办法之前，以下20项发明可以减少塑料的影响，或许还能缓解一些已经造成的损害。

河流净塑

状似驳船的“拦截者”（The Interceptor）可以截留数千吨塑料，防止其进入海洋。这项技术由荷兰非政府组织“海洋清理”（The Ocean Cleanup）发明，其主体结构上连接着一条以一定角度横贯河流的屏障带，可将漂浮的塑料引入驳船中。塑料进入船内后沿着传送带进入“拦截者”的腹舱，在那里分类并准备回收。该装置使用太阳能供电，每天可清除超过50吨的塑料垃圾，目前已经在马来西亚、印度尼西亚和多米尼加共和国的三条河流中投入使用，但发明者的目标更高：他们希望最终在全球污染最严重1000条河流上部署“拦截者”，总共拦截数百万吨即将进入海洋的塑料。

2014年以来部署在巴尔的摩市港口的塑料收集器——“垃圾轮先生”（Mr. Trash Wheel）的理念与之类似。与“拦截者”相比，它的规模较小，可使用太阳能和水力供电。带着喜感的金鱼眼装饰的“垃圾轮先生”可将围栏收集的塑料垃圾吸进“嘴”里。2014年以来还有两台极具魅力的塑料粉碎机加入了垃圾轮“大家庭”。它们已经从巴尔的摩的河流中收集了近1500吨的塑料垃圾和碎片。

另一项发明采取更加抽象的方法来应对塑料污染问题。荷兰的气泡屏障（Great Bubble Barrier）借助横贯在河床上的一根带孔管道来拦截废弃物。管道中充满空气时会释放密集的气泡流，从而在河道上形成一道塑料几乎无法通过的墙。垃圾随后被引导到河岸上等待收集和回收利用。

气泡屏障示意图。制图：Jing Zhang / 中外对话海洋

荷兰艾塞尔河（River IJssel）的早期试验表明，气泡墙可阻止86%的垃圾，同时还可提升河流中的氧气含量，支持水生生物。目前阿姆斯特丹的一条运河中安装了永久性的气泡屏障，以阻止塑料进入艾塞尔河、北海以及全球海洋。

与此同时爱奇星（Ichthion）公司开发了一套名为阿祖尔（Azure）的装置，其目的很明确：拦截厄瓜多尔两条主要河流中的垃圾，防止其随着洋流流到以生物多样性著称的加拉帕戈斯群岛（Galapagos Islands）。这项发明也利用屏障将垃圾引至沿河的传送带，并存放在容器中。但阿祖尔的传送带系统还装备有摄像头，可以拍摄垃圾的图像，随后利用算法识别塑料的类型，从而帮助管理者了解如何最好地减少源头浪费。阿祖尔目前处于试验规模，但正式投入运营后预计每天将收集80吨垃圾。

监测计划

在港口城市厦门的九龙江沿岸，研究人员安装了三个摄像头：它们的工作是追踪塑料垃圾流向海洋的缓慢过程。这是厦门大学开展的一个项目，利用摄像头收集的大量可视数据来识别垃圾流向下游的移动方式，帮助研究人员每天预测塑料污染第二天可能流向的位置。然后将信息与城市共享，以便城市管理者在垃圾流入海洋之前开展有效的收集工作。这种预测性的摄像头监测方法只是厦门为识别进入河流的垃圾源头而制定的更广泛的计划的一部分。

塑料监测的概念也推广到了其他城市。在英国伦敦的泰晤士河（the River Thames）、孟加拉国首都达卡的布里甘加河（the Buriganga River）、以及澳大利亚霍巴特市（Hobart）的雨水渠沿线，监测摄像头会时不时地拍下河道上漂过的垃圾的照片。这是澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation，CSIRO）发起的国际项目的一部分。截至目前，项目已经从这三个城市的水体中收集了6000多张照片，并利用人工智能训练计算机自动识别照片中的塑料污染，将其归到30种分类中。已经发现最常见的垃圾是食品包装和塑料瓶。此类细节信息至关重要：了解河流中多数垃圾的种类可以帮助城市更有的放矢地从源头上解决垃圾问题。

在有些地方，无人机已经成为追踪塑料的重要工具。菲律宾的研究人员和德国人工智能研究中心合作，利用无人机机队记录汇入污染严重的马尼拉湾的河流中的塑料污染。研究人员已经应用机器学习来分析所得视频，并与桥上安装的摄像机采集的影相结合起来侦测进入海湾中的垃圾。截至目前，这个由世界银行资助的项目已经确定了几个进入海湾之前塑料污染物聚集的热点区域。项目最终希望能够通过无人机绘制的地图和进一步的野外调查，为政府的干预措施提供信息，从源头上杜绝废物。

系统投入运营前几个月，厦门附近九龙江边一台塑料污染监测摄像机拍摄的图像。红色区域是计算机识别的漂浮垃圾。图片来源：张彩云

视觉监测技术只能侦测河流、湖泊和海洋表面的垃圾——不能发现沉在水中的塑料——也就是说只能揭示部分情况。尽管如此，它们仍为我们了解塑料垃圾挑战的规模提供了最佳的估计。例如，“省略地球”（Ellipsis Earth）的一个雄心勃勃的项目就吸引了全球关注：该组织广泛收集了无人机、卫星、潜艇、甚至闭路电视捕捉的全球各地的影像，并以自己的无人机机队拍摄的图像作为补充，建立了一个可以快速浏览并确定全球塑料垃圾的庞大的可视图像存储库，其塑料识别准确率目前达到了93%。该项目正在利用自己的成果建立一个全球污染热点地图——并与政府、非政府组织和教育机构共享信息，鼓励采取行动，解决塑料垃圾。

与此同时，欧洲航天局（the European Space Agency ，ESA）正在尝试利用卫星来缩小挑战范围。最近的研究显示，他们能够利用机器学习训练卫星，从空中视角识别塑料污染产生的独特光学信号，目前将塑料和其他类型的陆地碎片区分开的精准率为86%。这样一来，欧洲航天局就可以从几千米的高空跟踪塑料垃圾——从而以真正的全球视角来观察这一问题。尽管该技术仍处于早期阶段，目前合理的目标是绘制全球塑料垃圾地图，帮助我们应对挑战，并确定需要着力解决的问题。

小型解决方案

令人意外的是，一些规模较小的清理工作已成为解决方案的重要组成部分。发起于澳大利亚的海洋垃圾桶项目（Seabin Project）就是一例。目前该项目捕捉海洋垃圾的“垃圾桶”已经遍及世界各地的大小港口和码头。这些垃圾桶随潮汐移动，过滤海水并捕捉其中漂浮的垃圾。这是一个简单但有效的解决方案：截至目前，超过50个国家部署了800多个海洋垃圾桶，每个垃圾桶每年能够收集1.4吨垃圾。

荷兰公司RanMarine开发的“垃圾鲨鱼”（WasteShark）是一种独木舟大小的自动水上无人机，可以在大小港口和码头平静的水域中穿行，并在行进过程中收集漂浮的垃圾和油污。该设备每天可收集半吨垃圾，并将垃圾送回陆地以待重新利用。“垃圾鲨鱼”还配备了水质测量设备，可在活动过程中测量水质。同样，圣地亚哥环保组织“清澈海洋”（Clear Blue Sea）开发了一种名为弗雷德（FRED）的漂浮机器人早期原型机，用于捞取岸边的塑料垃圾。弗雷德采用双船体造型，利用传送带将海水里的垃圾吊起，可收集10毫米到1米长的各种物件。

加拿大发明的胡拉一号（Hoola one）能够清理沙滩上的沙子中混杂的微塑料。这个状似吸尘器的精巧装置把沙子吸起来，然后用一罐水把漂浮的微塑料和下沉的天然沙子分离开来，并将后者送回海滩。与此同时，微塑料被抽出并储存起来（机器可捕获最小粒度为0.05毫米的碎片）。截至目前，胡拉一号已经在夏威夷卡米洛海滩（Kamilo Beach）（全球污染最严重的海岸之一）进行测试。试验显示该装置每分钟可清洁三加仑沙子，并在短短几小时内吸取48公斤微塑料。

胡拉一号示意图。制图：Jing Zhang / 中外对话海洋

围住垃圾

2019年，太平洋海域部署了一条长600米的月牙形“围塑栏”，用来拦截全球五大巨型垃圾环流中最大的太平洋垃圾带（the Great Pacific Garbage Patch）中的塑料垃圾。 “海洋清理”组织建造的这条围塑栏是一系列旨在清除垃圾环流中数百万吨影响重大的塑料的设备原型机之一。该设备由一个固定在浮锚上的闭合围栏组成，浮锚可以帮助围塑栏抵御强洋流、海浪和海风，确保其始终以慢于周围海域的速度漂移，帮助其捕获流入栅栏中的垃圾。“海洋清理”利用这一发明在太平洋中创造了一条可以收集漂浮塑料的人造“海岸线”，而收集的塑料垃圾随后会被该地区的服务船收走。

该技术自2012年来一直在开发中，在经历几次技术故障后，终于在2019年收集了第一批海洋塑料。该团队在此基础上，正在开发新一代的围塑栏，并在北海投入试验。他们希望扩大规模，最终在全球五大海洋垃圾环流中都部署几个收集垃圾的围塑栏。他们相信到2040年，这一发明可以收集90%的海洋塑料垃圾。

“海洋清理”开发的围塑栏原型装置于2019年投入测试，并在成功地清理着太平洋垃圾带中的垃圾。图片来源： The Ocean Cleanup

在海洋中使用围塑栏技术是一项雄心勃勃的任务，但该技术在河流中部署起来相对容易，并且已经在世界各地的河流中产生了不小的影响。例如希腊的基西菲斯河（Kissifos River）河口就设置了一个名为希腊战术回收系统（Tactical Recovery System Hellas）的围栏装置，用来捕获即将流入大海的漂浮垃圾，并将其引入水面上的网箱中。网箱都是机械操作，远程控制，装满后被运往陆地卸载垃圾。作为欧盟资助项目的一部分，收集起来的塑料随后被转化为可燃烧气体，为船只和港口各项活动提供动力。

在南非，一项名为“垃圾围栏项目”（The Litterboom Project）的倡议已在该国20条河流中部署了由管道组成的简易围栏。岸上的团队管理会定期将这一装置收集的垃圾拖走进行分类回收。截至目前，“垃圾围栏”已经阻止12万公斤塑料流入海洋。甚至技术含量非常低的方法也能发挥作用：在危地马拉，由空塑料瓶组成的横贯河道的漂浮栅栏——发明者称其为“生物围栏”——也成功减少了60%的塑料流向下游。

即将浮现

有些发明虽然尚未投入使用，但也很有前景。例如一支由中国和澳大利亚科学家组成的研究小组发现纳米技术未来有可能成功解决海洋中的塑料微粒问题。他们发明了一个只有头发直径那么细的微型碳磁线圈，上面涂有氮和锰，这三种成分结合起来会在水中产生高水平的活性氧，让微塑料降解为对环境危害较小的成分：盐类化合物、二氧化碳和水组成的无害混合物。科学家把这些线圈添加到含有微塑料碎片的水样本中，一半的微塑料在几个小时内消失。这些磁性线圈可以从水中取出，并在其他样本中重复使用。科学家们认为这一发明可用于污水处理厂，在污水流入河流和海洋之前清除其中的微塑料。

同样以微塑料为目标的还有一支由瑞典和黎巴嫩研究人员组成的团队，他们正在开发一种用在塑料上的纳米涂层。涂层的成分遇到阳光后会使塑料更容易破裂和分解。科学家们发现，该涂层用在微塑料上后，经过数周的阳光照射，塑料微粒的数量减少了65%。污水处理厂如果使用这种纳米涂层，再结合一定量的阳光甚至是模拟阳光的照射，就可以消除微塑料，在流入海洋之前使其化为乌有。

艾玛·布莱斯，自由撰稿人，关注环境、自然保护和气候变化相关的议题，更多资讯可关注她的主页www.emmabryce.com

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海洋是地球上潜力最大的资源库，它不仅能提供人类需要的优质蛋白质，还含有丰富的生物活性物质，是解决人类所面临的食物、资源和环境三大难题的最佳出处。海洋生物技术通过遗传操作和克隆技术不仅可以为水产养殖创造和提供优质、高产、抗逆新品种，而且还可以提供有机体用来生产天然产物或者用于生物修复改良海洋环境。海洋生物技术涉及到海洋生物的分子生物学、细胞生物学、发育生物学、生殖生物学、遗传学、生物化学、微生物学，以及生物多样性和海洋生态学等知识和内容。海洋生物技术的发展对推动海洋生物资源的开发和利用，为人类的生存和发展提供更广阔的空间和美好的前景。

海洋动植物养殖生物技术、海洋天然产物生物技术和海洋环境生物技术是当前海洋生物技术发展的3个主要方面。 [1]

研究现状

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编辑

海洋动植物养殖生物技术

海洋动植物养殖是海洋生物技术研究发展和应用的主要领域，目标是应用生物技术手段提高生物的繁殖、发育、生长、健康和整体状况。优良品种选育、病害防治、种子保存、高效养殖技术是优先发展的领域。

采用基因工程、细胞工程等技术培育海水养殖生物新品种。主要包括多倍体的人工诱导、雌核发育和雄核发育等技术。采用种间杂交生物学方法、温度休克和静水压物理学方法、细胞松弛素B、秋水仙碱和聚乙二醇处理的化学方法诱导培育多倍体。采用杂交、射线处理和药物处理诱导雌核发育成二倍体。已有十几种海产无脊椎动物的三倍体诱导成功，其中三倍体牡蛎在美国已应用于大规模生产。三倍体大西洋鲑、全雌牙鲆等海水鱼培育技术也已较为成熟，并已应用到生产中。

海洋动物的转基因一般采用显微注射法、电穿孔法及精子载体法进行基因导入。导入的外源基因有：生长激素（GH）和抗冻蛋白（AFP）基因等，主要用于培育生长快的“超级鱼”；增强海产鱼、虾、贝的抗逆性；研究其基因表达调控等。已涉及的转基因动物有：海胆、鱼类（鲑鱼）、贝类（扇贝、牡蛎、鲍鱼）和对虾等。加拿大学者将抗冻蛋白基因和生长激素基因导入鲑鱼体内并获得整合表达，结果转基因鱼生长速度比对照组提高了4~6倍。 [2]

大型海藻的细胞和基因操作主要包括原生质体的分离、培养；聚乙二醇或电融合等方法诱导原生质体融合，获得杂种细胞并培育得到再生植株，已分别在紫菜属和江蓠属等同属异种间的细胞融合得到杂种细胞并再生成功。基因操作方面主要包括大型海藻质粒的发现和载体的开发、基因的结构与功能的探索、基因转移系统的建立和基因的表达与调控机制的研究等。其中耐盐基因和叶绿体基因是研究的热点。

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流向海洋的塑料”（Ocean Bound Plastic）的概念是美国佐治亚大学教授Jenna Jambeck博士提出的， 2015年她和研究团队估计了从陆地进入海洋的塑料废物的数量。

解决“流向海洋的塑料”是海洋保护的关键因素。海洋中大约80%的塑料可以被归结为这些“流向海洋的塑料”，通过河流最终落入海洋。海洋中其他塑料通过污水系统或风暴到达大海。比如2011年，日本遭受了海啸和地震的袭击，大约500万吨的塑料最终落入海洋。其中一些塑料沉没，而另外一些最终飘流到美国西海岸。此外，塑料还可能来自船舶或海上平台。

海洋里有多少塑料？

每年月有800万吨塑料流入海洋，与海洋环境中已经存在的1.5亿吨塑料汇合。据统计，全球每年生产约3.35亿吨塑料，其中一半是一次性使用的。在我们使用的塑料中，只有9%的塑料得到了回收利用。在未来10年内，塑料的生产和消费量可能翻一番。如果不采取任何措施来解决塑料问题，10年内海洋中可能会有2.5亿吨以上的塑料。

海洋里有什么类型的塑料？

海洋中的塑料品种非常丰富，包括包装、瓶子、杂货袋、取出容器以及塑料吸管，以及 “微塑料”。造成大量塑料废料的一些品牌包括可口可乐、百事可乐、雀巢、联合利华和高露洁。尤其是软饮料行业产生了大量塑料废料， 2016年可口可乐生产了1100多亿个一次

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访谈对话：与海洋清理老师的深

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访谈对话：与海洋清理老师的深度交流

您（访谈者）：老师您好，非常感谢您能接受我的访谈。您在海洋清理领域有着丰富的经验和独到的见解，我非常期待能听听您的分享。

海洋清理老师：你好，我也很高兴能有这个机会和你交流。

您：问题1：首先，能否请您简单介绍一下您是如何开始涉足海洋清理这一领域的？

海洋清理老师：其实我一直对海洋有着深厚的感情。在大学期间，我学习了海洋科学，并意识到海洋污染问题的严重性。从那时起，我就决心要为保护海洋做些什么。毕业后，我加入了相关的环保组织，开始参与海洋清理项目，这一做就是很多年。

您：问题2：在您的经验中，您认为海洋清理面临的最大挑战是什么？

海洋清理老师：我认为最大的挑战是公众意识的缺乏和资金的不足。很多人对海洋污染问题并不了解，也缺乏保护海洋的意识。同时，海洋清理需要大量的资金和技术支持，但目前这方面的投入还远远不够。

您：问题3：针对这些挑战，您和您的团队有哪些具体的应对策略？

海洋清理老师：我们一直在努力提升公众的环保意识，通过举办讲座、展览等活动，让更多人了解海洋污染的危害和保护海洋的重要性。同时，我们也积极寻求资金和技术支持，与一些企业和科研机构合作，共同研发新的清理技术和设备。

您：问题4：在您的职业生涯中，有没有遇到过什么特别让您印象深刻的事情？

海洋清理老师：有一次我们组织了一次大规模的海洋清理活动，很多志愿者都积极参与进来。当我们看到那些被塑料垃圾缠绕的海洋生物时，内心深受震撼。但当我们一起努力将这些垃圾清理干净时，那种成就感和满足感让我至今难以忘怀。

您：问题5：对于普通人来说，他们在日常生活中可以做些什么来支持海洋清理工作？

海洋清理老师：其实每个人都可以为海洋保护做出贡献。比如，我们可以减少使用一次性塑料制品，选择可降解或可重复使用的产品。此外，我们还可以积极参与海滩清洁等志愿者活动，为海洋清理贡献自己的一份力量。

您：问题6：您认为未来海洋清理领域会有哪些发展趋势？

海洋清理老师：我认为未来海洋清理领域会更加注重智能化和自动化的发展。随着科技的进步，我们可以利用无人机、无人船等设备进行远程监控和清理，提高清理效率。同时，我也相信会有更多创新的技术和方法出现，帮助我们更好地解决海洋污染问题。

您：问题7：在您看来，海洋清理工作对于保护海洋生态系统和人类健康有哪些重要意义？

海洋清理老师：海洋清理工作对于保护海洋生态系统和人类健康都至关重要。海洋是地球上最大的生态系统之一，它为我们提供了丰富的资源和食物。但随着人类活动的不断增加，海洋污染问题日益严重，这对海洋生态系统造成了巨大的威胁。同时，海洋污染也会通过食物链影响到人类的健康。因此，海洋清理工作不仅是为了保护海洋生态系统，更是为了保护我们自身的健康。

您：问题8：最后，您有什么想对观众说的吗？

海洋清理老师：我想说的是，海洋清理工作需要我们每个人的共同努力。只有当我们每个人都意识到保护海洋的重要性，并积极行动起来时，我们才能共同守护好这个美丽的蓝色星球。希望大家都能从自身做起，为保护海洋贡献自己的一份力量。

您：非常感谢您今天的分享和解答，您的经验和见解对我有着非常重要的启示。也期待未来能有更多人加入到海洋清理的行列中来。

海洋清理老师：不客气，我也期待未来能有更多人关注海洋保护问题，共同为创造一个更加美好的海洋环境而努力。

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1.海洋生物科技是什么？

2.有哪些？（举例）

3.海洋生物科技的发展，如何发展的，有哪些变化？

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可能会问：“咱们海洋馆在日常运营中，是怎么处理水体污染和垃圾清理问题的呀？”“对于海洋生物产生的废弃物，有什么特别的处理方式吗？”“有没有尝试过一些新的技术或方法来提高清理效率呢？”“在应对大规模海洋污染事件时，海洋馆能提供哪些支持和经验？”“海洋馆会对游客进行海洋环保宣传教育吗？具体是怎么做的呢？”

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Home to an estimated 100,000 tons of plastic debris in an area twice the size of Texas.

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海面漂浮垃圾

海洋垃圾(2张)

监测结果表明，海面漂浮垃圾主要为塑料袋、漂浮木块、浮标和塑料瓶等。海面漂浮的大块和特大块垃圾平均个数为0.001个/百平方米；表层水体小块及中块垃圾平均个数为0.12个/百平方米。海面漂浮垃圾的分类统计结果表明，塑料类垃圾数量最多，占41%，其次为聚苯乙烯塑料泡沫类和木制品类垃圾，分别占19%和15%。表层水体小块及中块垃圾的总密度为2.2克/百平方米，其中，木制品类、玻璃类和塑料类垃圾密度最高，分别为0.9克/百平方米、0.5克/百平方米和0.4克/百平方米

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海面漂浮垃圾

海洋垃圾(2张)

监测结果表明，海面漂浮垃圾主要为塑料袋、漂浮木块、浮标和塑料瓶等。海面漂浮的大块和特大块垃圾平均个数为0.001个/百平方米；表层水体小块及中块垃圾平均个数为0.12个/百平方米。海面漂浮垃圾的分类统计结果表明，塑料类垃圾数量最多，占41%，其次为聚苯乙烯塑料泡沫类和木制品类垃圾，分别占19%和15%。表层水体小块及中块垃圾的总密度为2.2克/百平方米，其中，木制品类、玻璃类和塑料类垃圾密度最高，分别为0.9克/百平方米、0.5克/百平方米和0.4克/百平方米

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1.请问您为什么要在跟海洋有关的地方工作呢？

Why you are working in a place that is about the ocean?

2. 你们这个海洋馆在日常运营中，是怎么处理水体污染和垃圾清理问题的呢？

When this aquarium is working normal, how do you clean the dirty water and trash problem?

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A global campaign to fight plastic pollution. The 2024 Global Ocean Cleanup took place on June 15-16, 2024 in partnership with Sea Turtle Week and

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海洋清理采访人物对象（备选）

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海洋清理采访人物对象（备选）

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这个也是稍微也跟着读了一下，一样 感觉没有太大能力去请他们

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海洋塑料清理之困：打捞垃圾还是干扰生态？

来源：文汇报 | 2025年02月02日 10:42:35

原标题：海洋塑料清理之困：打捞垃圾还是干扰生态？

文汇报见习记者 刘琦/编译

塑料制品给人类生活带来便捷，却也造成了严重的环境问题。目前，全球塑料回收率仅约15%，每年约千万吨塑料垃圾流入海洋，污染面积已达数百万平方千米。

近期，有环保组织宣称可在十年内清除大太平洋垃圾带，并将这些废塑料用于制造汽车零件。但随着研究深入，更多问题浮出水面。治理海洋塑料污染远比想象中复杂，单靠清理可能无法根本解决问题。

那么，清理海洋塑料垃圾的行动会成为一项西西弗斯式的壮举吗？

大约两年半前的某一天，环保组织“海洋清理”在北太平洋上对03号海洋塑料清理装置——一张由两艘船拖着的、长达2.2千米的网，进行了试运行。在这次特别行动中，它一次性成功清除了18吨垃圾，创下人类清理海洋垃圾的纪录。

“海洋清理”成立于2012年，其初衷是通过在海洋塑料聚集区进行拖网作业，清扫海洋垃圾。经过长达6年的技术测试、研发和改进，该组织近期表示，已准备好有计划地清理大太平洋垃圾带，预计可在10年内完成，费用约为75亿美元。

这听起来是个了不起的目标。但随着人们对海洋塑料垃圾性质及其漂浮范围的深入了解，海洋科学家们提出了不同看法：机械化清理海洋塑料垃圾不仅可能徒劳无功，甚至可能产生潜在危害。

海洋塑料垃圾已聚集成岛

大太平洋垃圾带位于美国夏威夷群岛与加利福尼亚州之间的太平洋洋面上，面积约160万平方千米，是全球最大的海洋垃圾浮积区。据“海洋清理”组织估算，这片垃圾带包含大约1.8万亿件塑料垃圾。

早在上世纪70年代，海洋学家就意识到，随着大量废弃塑料流入海洋，某些海域将会成为垃圾聚集地。直到1997年，这座漂浮在大洋上的巨型垃圾堆才逐渐进入公共视野。当时，一位名叫查尔斯·摩尔的美国船长在夏威夷参加了为期两周的游艇比赛，在返回美国本土的途中，他意外看到了这片垃圾海域的真实模样——

当摩尔穿越北太平洋亚热带环流区时，他发现自己被塑料垃圾包围了。

这一带是洋流漩涡区，因为缺乏足够风力，大多数航海者通常避而远之。摩尔站在甲板上，注视着本该是一片纯净水体的洋面时，一望无际的塑料垃圾映入眼帘，“从漂白剂瓶、排球、卡车轮胎，到电视机零部件，到处都是”。

随后，他与海洋学家们共同绘制了这片垃圾带的范围图。深入研究后，他们将这片垃圾带称为“东太平洋垃圾带”。

实际上，东太平洋垃圾带并非孤立存在，它只是太平洋垃圾系统中的一部分。该系统还包括日本海岸附近的“西太平洋垃圾带”和一个“亚热带汇聚区”。后者就像一条高速公路，借助洋流在东西两个垃圾带之间运送垃圾。

在全球广袤洋面上，大太平洋垃圾带只是最大、最著名的一个垃圾聚集区，但并非唯一一个，大西洋和印度洋也存在类似的垃圾带。2018年，一个国际科研团队在英国《科学报告》杂志发表的论文中提到，大太平洋垃圾带上漂浮着至少7.9万吨塑料，比以往的估算高出4—16倍。

长期以来，人们普遍认为，海洋塑料垃圾主要来自家庭废弃物。然而，2022年，“海洋清理”组织对从这片海域收集到的6000多块垃圾碎片分析后发现，多达86%的可识别废弃物可能来自渔业。据该组织环境和社会事务负责人马蒂亚斯·埃格介绍，由于潮汐、风和洋流的作用，来自陆地和河流的塑料往往会滞留在海岸线附近，而捕鱼通常在距陆地较远的海面上进行，留下的垃圾更有可能漂到垃圾带内。

“塑料岛”正在创造远洋新生态

大太平洋垃圾带常被称为“人工岛”或“第八大陆”，这或许会给人一种它是固体的印象。实际上，漂浮在垃圾带中的大块塑料相对较少，它更像是由数十亿个小碎片——即微塑料——组成的“塑料粥”，每个碎片的直径不到5毫米。

2019年，游泳运动员兼环保活动家伯努瓦·勒孔特在这片海域游了500多千米，他形容自己如同在暴风雪中游泳，周围到处都是这种微小塑料。经证实，在这片海域约1.8万亿个塑料碎片中，94%左右被认为是微塑料。

这些微塑料给海洋生物带来了严重威胁。研究发现，微塑料在生物体内的累积会使哺乳动物甲状腺功能受损、海鸟感染致病菌、甲壳类动物发生消化异常等问题。2021年，德国基尔赫姆霍尔兹海洋研究中心的卡琳·克瓦勒等人发现，长期接触微塑料会对浮游动物产生严重危害，对它们将大气中的二氧化碳转化为氧气的能力产生不利影响。从这个意义上说，微塑料正在破坏海洋维持生命的能力，这才是更令人担忧的。

然而，有趣的是，这片“臭名昭著”的垃圾带竟然发展出了独特的生态系统，成为了海洋生物的一片新栖息地。

2022年，美国北卡罗来纳大学阿什维尔分校的丽贝卡·赫尔姆等人研究了勒孔特在游泳穿越大太平洋垃圾带时收集的样本，发现这片海域满是水生生物——大多是蜗牛、水母等小型水表下漂浮生物。赫尔姆认为，垃圾带的命名是个悲剧，因为它掩盖了这个区域的生态属性，忽视了垃圾带本身就是一个生态系统。

同年，美国史密森尼环境研究中心的琳赛·哈拉姆和她的同事们发现，90%的海洋废弃物如今都成了动植物的家园，从苔藓虫、藤壶等微小无脊椎动物，到小型海洋昆虫和螃蟹等，不一而足。2023年，哈拉姆领导的一项研究发现，生活在塑料上的物种有3/4是通常生活在近岸海域的沿海物种，开阔的远洋原本缺乏它们的生存条件。

越来越多证据表明，塑料垃圾正在创造一个新的远洋生态系统。哈拉姆在研究报告中写道：“这个塑料‘小岛’可能为近海生物提供了新的生存机会，使它们有机会在远洋找到落脚地，从而将种群扩展到辽阔的海洋上。”

清理任务远比想象中复杂

总体而言，清理海洋塑料垃圾的初衷无疑值得称道。但有反对者认为，这项任务远比想象中复杂。

首先，现有设备只能收集大块塑料，并不能解决微塑料的问题，而微塑料才是大太平洋垃圾带的主要组成部分。英国普利茅斯海洋实验室的一项研究表明，尽管贻贝等海洋生物能够自动过滤水中的塑料碎片，但目前并没有成熟的方法将微塑料从海洋中大规模清除。

即使只清理大块塑料碎片，也存在一定问题。例如，网捕过程容易误伤海洋动物。赫尔姆表示，在“海洋清理”组织首次发布清理成果时，她注意到有数百只海洋生物被困在网下。

“海洋清理”组织正试图通过各种方式尽量减少这种误捕，如通过降低垃圾收集船只移动速度，并在垃圾捕捞网上设置多个开口，为海洋动物提供大量躲避捕捉或逃跑的机会。此外，该组织还设计了干扰性灯光和声音，防止动物靠近。据埃格介绍，装置更新后，只有0.3%的捕捞物是海洋生物，但这一比例是按重量来计算的。

尽管采取了多项预防措施，该装置仍无法完全避免附带伤害。首先，表浮生物几乎无法从垃圾中分离出来。2021年，该组织进行的一项环境影响评估表明，即使垃圾收集船只以最慢的速度航行，依然会每天捕捞到数百万计的表浮生物。

与此同时，垃圾带上生态系统的出现也可能让问题变得更加复杂。埃格参与了哈拉姆在2023年的研究，他指出，这些生存于垃圾带上的近海生物实际上是入侵物种，并认为它们可能“在与那里自然存在的物种争夺非常有限的资源”，这是要消灭它们的理由。

但赫尔姆则认为，许多近海生物长期以来都是依附于自然的海洋漂浮物来生存的。他质疑道：“如果塑料对生态系统的干扰才是真正的问题，那么清理塑料的过程若进一步干扰生态系统，是否真的能解决问题？”

其实，一个更为根本的问题是：这片区域是否值得投入如此巨大的精力去清理？毕竟，大太平洋垃圾带只是全球塑料危机的一个缩影。数据显示，每年约有1100万吨塑料垃圾进入海洋，但只有1%最终汇入了垃圾带。科学家目前并不清楚剩余的99%去了哪里。

受洋流影响，大部分塑料垃圾会停留在距离海岸约160公里以内的海域，随着潮汐、风力和洋流的作用，被慢慢分解。还有很大一部分被认为滞留在北极冰层中。如果大太平洋垃圾带区域的塑料在全球海洋塑料垃圾中所占比例这么小，为什么要特别针对洋流环流区域的塑料垃圾来进行清理呢？

此外，大太平洋垃圾带所在的区域并不易于到达。所有的洋流环流区几乎都位于海洋盆地的中心地带。全球海洋保护组织的尼克·马洛斯指出，“要真正进入这些区域，成本很高，时间很紧，燃料消耗也很大”。英国帝国理工学院在一份研究报告中提出，近海岸和沿海地区的清理工作能更有效地解决海洋塑料垃圾问题。

99%精力用于遏制污染源头

如何处理收集到的废物也是一个亟待解决的问题。

人们希望这些废物能够得到循环利用。例如，“海洋清理”组织正与汽车企业合作，将回收的海洋塑料用于新车型的生产。但问题是，长时间漂浮在海洋中的塑料往往会逐渐降解，这导致它们无法完全回收或处理，最终只能被送往垃圾填埋场。

2023年11月，英国普利茅斯大学的理查德·汤普森等人组成的研究小组警告说，把物理清理作为解决海洋塑料问题的主要方法是不切实际的。他们在报告中指出，即使200台“海洋清理”设备持续运行130年，也只能清除全球漂浮塑料的5%——这种做法很可能治标不治本。

在这场与塑料垃圾的斗争中，“海洋清理”组织也意识到了单靠清理不足以根本解决问题。近年来，该组织加大了对拦截塑料的装备投入，将这些装备部署在多条河流中，试图阻止塑料流入海洋。

不过，埃格指出，即使现在停止塑料排放，已流入海洋的塑料依然会对环境造成巨大破坏。他认为，清理与预防应该并行，他们在海洋塑料垃圾区域收集到的塑料类型和来源数据能够为塑料垃圾的源头治理提供宝贵信息。“清理的作用远不止是清除垃圾，也能影响人们消费塑料的方式。”

尽管如此，这并不能改变全球每年生产4.3亿吨塑料、其中2/3会成为废弃物的事实。这使得清理公海中的塑料垃圾好似一项西西弗斯式的壮举。汤普森则认为，治理工作必须多管齐下，而且应该把1%的精力投入到清理工作中，把99%的精力投入到遏制污染源头上。

编辑：及玥 责任编辑：刘亮

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海洋清理采访对象（备选）

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海洋清理采访对象（备选）

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在微信上看到这个公众号大概的都看了一下感觉还不错，但是感觉没有那么大的能力去请他们🙃

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来源：百度

海洋塑料污染到底有多严重？一组数据告诉你答案

疯狂的赛先生

讲科学长知识：深入浅出，言之有理。

海洋是地球上开发程度最低的地方之一。人类习惯于向海洋索取，并把海洋作为垃圾倾倒场。过去几十年的研究发现，海洋正受到人类的严重威胁。海洋污染到底有多严重？从下列令人震惊的统计数据中，我们将得到答案。

每年有一亿只海洋动物死于塑料垃圾， 近一千种海洋动物受到海洋污染的影响，已有超过五百个地点被记录为死亡区。到二零五零年，海洋中塑料的数量将超过鱼类。我们每年制造三亿吨塑料，百分之五十是一次性的。 过去十年里，我们制造的塑料比上个世纪还多。每年有八百三十万吨垃圾进入海洋。其中，二十三点六万吨是海洋生物误以为食物的微塑料。海面上共漂浮着二十六万九千吨垃圾。每年有十万只海洋动物因被塑料缠绕而死亡，三分之一的海洋哺乳动物可能会被垃圾缠住。

地球上最大的垃圾场是太平洋垃圾带，面积是美国德克萨斯州的两倍，北太平洋亚热带汇合区将东部和西部垃圾区连接起来，成为垃圾转移的高速公路。正因为如此，掉落在加州附近的一小块垃圾可以穿越到日本。太平洋垃圾带中20%的垃圾来自石油钻井平台和货轮。其中包括七十万吨渔网。全球百分之九十的海洋垃圾来自十条河流。分别是：阿穆尔河、印度河、珠江、长江、黄河、恒河、海河、湄公河；尼日尔河和尼罗河。美国是人均海洋垃圾贡献量最大的国家。

在海洋中，塑料袋看起来很像水母。大多数海洋生物无法将食物与塑料垃圾区分开来。信天翁和其他鸟类会将塑料误认为鱼卵，它们悲哀地将塑料喂给雏鸟，雏鸟因器官衰竭或饥饿而死亡。100%的海龟、59%的鲸鱼和36%的海豹身上，都发现了塑料污染物。超过90%的海鸟胃里都有塑料碎片，而海豹这样的哺乳动物则被淹死在废弃渔网中。

我们每年会丢弃一万亿个塑料袋，合在一起可以绕地球四千两百圈。每年我们还会使用五千亿个塑料瓶。塑料垃圾的降解非常缓慢，泡沫塑料杯需要五十年，铝罐需要二百年，塑料瓶需要四百五十年，钓鱼线需要六百年。在沿海地区，海洋污染每年造成2.5亿例临床病例。受污染的贝类每年造成5万-10万人，因免疫系统受损或癌症而死亡。

继续下去，我们留给后代的将不再是宝贵的资源，而是取之不尽的海洋垃圾！

发布于 2021-01-16 15:03

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Cleaning up ocean ‘garbage patches’ could destroy delicate ecosystems | Science | AAAS作者：国际生态新闻网

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Cleaning up ocean ‘garbage patches’ could destroy delicate ecosystems | Science | AAAS作者：国际生态新闻网

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链接：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/680774245

来源：知乎

著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。

在《科学新闻》的报道“清理海洋‘垃圾斑块’可能会破坏脆弱的生态系统”（5月17日，https://scim.ag/3vU)，A.B.Vigil描述了一项研究，该研究表明，清理海洋中的垃圾可能会伤害一些海洋物种（1），但她忽略了将这些风险与未能清理垃圾造成的伤害进行权衡。尽管清理海洋垃圾场可能会对某些物种产生局部影响，但清理工作应该毫不拖延地进行。

正如新闻报道所解释的那样，Vigil引用的研究中发现的三种物种——蓝色按钮水母、水手和紫色蜗牛——在维持海洋生态系统的平衡和稳定方面发挥着不同的作用。然而，对这些物种的潜在危害不应成为推迟清理的理由。这些水母、水手和蜗牛具有广泛的地理分布，它们的种群都没有濒临灭绝或有大幅减少的风险（2-4）。清除垃圾可能不会将其数量减少到生态系统平衡面临风险的程度（5）。此外，海洋生态系统的开放性和复杂性赋予了它们恢复力（6），即使一些物种被移除，也能逐渐恢复到更健康的状态。

新闻报道反映了一些人的担忧，即任何影响特定生物体或其栖息地的行动（包括清除垃圾）都可能是不可取的，应该仔细考虑。一位消息人士指出，如果得到明显的批准，在保护区内临时保留垃圾补丁可能会延迟清理，从而为收集更多数据提供时间。如果整个生态系统都处于危险之中，这种不情愿是有道理的。然而，鉴于危害可能是暂时的（5），延迟将把单个生物置于更广泛的生态系统健康之上，无视海洋保护区的初衷：实现具有相关生态系统服务和文化价值的自然长期保护（7）。

In the Science News story “Cleaning up ocean ‘garbage patches’ could destroy delicate ecosystems” (17 May, https://scim.ag/3vU), A. B. Vigil describes research showing that cleaning up garbage patches in the ocean could harm some marine species (1), but she neglects to weigh these risks against the harm caused by failing to clean up the garbage. Although cleaning up ocean dumps could have local effects on some species, cleanup efforts should proceed without delay.

The three species found in the research Vigil cites—blue button jellies, by-the-wind sailors, and violet snails—play distinct roles in maintaining the balance and stability of the marine ecosystem, as the News story explains. However, potential harm to these species should not serve as a justification to postpone cleanup. These jellies, sailors, and snails have wide geographical distributions, and none of their populations is endangered or at risk of substantial decline (2–4). Removing the garbage would likely not reduce their populations to the point that ecosystem balance would be at risk (5). Furthermore, the openness and complexity of marine ecosystems grant them resilience (6), enabling gradual recovery to a healthier state even if some species are removed.

The News story reflects the concern of some people that any action that affects specific organisms or their habitats (including removing garbage) is potentially undesirable and should be carefully considered. One source notes, with apparent approval, that temporarily preserving garbage patches within protected areas could delay cleanup, providing time to gather more data. This reluctance would make sense if the entire ecosystem were at risk. However, given that the harm would likely be temporary (5), a delay would prioritize individual organisms over broader ecosystem health, flouting the original intention of marine protected areas: to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values (7).

Mussel poop may help clear oceans of microplastics | Science | AAAS

现在，科学家们发现了一种海洋生物，它不仅对微塑料无懈可击，而且可能有办法消除微塑料。蓝贻贝 （Mytilus edulis） 是一种贪婪的滤食性软体动物，壳呈蓝黑色，除了典型的食物外，还会摄入塑料微粒和其他污染物，将污染物隔离在粪便中，这些粪便比塑料本身更容易从水中去除。

这些贻贝本质上是“把垃圾拿出来让我们收集”，领导这项研究的普利茅斯海洋实验室的生态学家佩内洛普·林德克 （Penelope Lindeque） 说。

为了进行这项工作，Lindeque 和她的同事从英格兰康沃尔郡的一个农场收集了蓝贻贝。科学家们已经知道这些生物可以在实验室中过滤静水中的微塑料，因此他们在更动态的条件下对其进行了测试。将双壳类动物放入钢罐后，他们抽入含有微塑料的水。正如它们的名声一样，贻贝吞噬了塑料，最终消耗了水箱中大约三分之二的微塑料，并将它们隔离在粪便中。

贻贝在现实世界中也同样英勇。科学家们把它们放在篮子里，带到附近的码头。他们选择了一个受径流、船只污染以及雨水溢流排水管溢出影响的入口。他们将装有大约 300 个蓝贻贝的篮子放入水中的水箱中后，在每个篮子下方使用陷阱来捕获粪便。第二个带有出口的水箱允许水回流到周围环境中。

Now, scientists have discovered a marine organism that’s not just invulnerable to microplastics, it may have a way to eliminate them—literally. The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)—a voracious, filter-feeding mollusk with a blue-black shell—ingests microplastics and other pollutants alongside its typical fare, sequestering the contaminants in feces that are much easier to remove from the water than are the plastics themselves.

The mussels are essentially “putting the rubbish out for us to collect,” says Penelope Lindeque, an ecologist at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory who led the research.

To conduct the work, Lindeque and her colleagues collected blue mussels from a farm in Cornwall, England. Scientists already knew the creatures could filter microplastics in still water in a lab, so they tested them in more dynamic conditions. After placing the bivalves in a steel tank, they pumped in microplastic-laden water. True to their reputation, the mussels gobbled up the plastics, eventually consuming about two-thirds of the microplastics in the tanks and sequestering them in their feces.

The mussels were similarly heroic in the real world. Scientists placed them in baskets and brought them to a nearby marina. They chose an inlet subject to runoff, pollution from boats and ships, and spillover from storm overflow drains. After lowering baskets with about 300 blue mussels into tanks in the water, they used a trap below each basket to capture feces. A second tank with an outlet allowed water to flow back into the surrounding environment.

Sperm Whales Bear Testimony to Ocean Pollution | Science | AAAS

初步结果来自有史以来第一次对海洋哺乳动物有毒污染物的全球调查——它们并不漂亮。太平洋对岸的抹香鲸，甚至在被认为原始的海洋中部地区，都在积累被称为持久性有机污染物 （POP） 的人造化学物质。滴滴涕是最常见的污染物，其次是多氯联苯 （PCB）。

这些数据是由科考船 Odyssey 在对世界海洋食物网的污染进行 5 年调查期间收集的（科学，2004 年 6 月 11 日，第 1584 页）。这支 12 人的船员调查了抹香鲸，抹香鲸遍布全球，以鱼和巨型鱿鱼为食。这些大型哺乳动物在其组织中积累持久性有机污染物，使它们成为世界海洋健康状况的指标。

缅因州戈勒姆生物多样性研究所（Biodiversity Research Institute）的生态毒理学家戴维·埃弗斯（David Evers）及其同事进行的一项测试表明，与太平洋其他地方的鲸鱼相比，加拉帕戈斯群岛附近和科尔特斯海的抹香鲸皮肤样本中的汞含量更高。埃弗斯说，测量不同地区抹香鲸的汞含量可能为比较不同地区的汞污染程度提供了一个急需的全球标准。

Early results are in from the first-ever global survey of toxic contaminants in marine mammals--and they're not pretty. Sperm whales across the Pacific, even in mid-ocean areas thought to be pristine, are accumulating humanmade chemicals called persistent organic pollutants (POPs). DDT was the most common pollutant, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

A test by ecotoxicologist David Evers and colleagues at the Biodiversity Research Institute in Gorham, Maine, showed that mercury levels were higher in skin samples from sperm whales near the Galapagos and in the Sea of Cortez compared with whales elsewhere in the Pacific. Measurements of mercury levels in sperm whales in different regions may provide a much-needed global yardstick to compare the extent of mercury pollution in different regions, Evers says.

The data were collected by the research vessel Odyssey during a 5-year investigation of pollution across the world's marine food webs (Science, 11 June 2004, p. 1584). The 12-person crew surveyed sperm whales, which range the globe and eat fish and giant squid. These massive mammals accumulate POPs in their tissues, making them likely indicators of the health of the world's oceans.

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海洋之声：猜猜我是谁-音频

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这是海洋动物的声音，你听过吗？

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这是海洋动物的声音，你听过吗？_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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把呼吸还给海洋第三季--声海救援让我们倾听海洋的声音素材来源：《蓝色星球第二季》、《塑料海洋》, 视频播放量 11138、弹幕量 10、点赞数 189、投硬币枚数 53、收藏人数 379、转发人数 308, 视频作者 刺猬体验, 作者简介 ，相关视频：带你沉浸式聆听来自深海的声音。会唱歌的鱼，会打响指的虾，海洋在低语，你会聆听吗？，你听过海底的声音吗？，世界动物保护日，听听它们的声音，给我三分钟，带你领略海洋的魅力，秘境探索--那些令人叹为观止的深海发光生物！，[4K鲸鱼混剪] 大鱼 鲸叫 聆听大海深处的声音，海洋真的很美丽，生命真的很伟大，20种动物的声音，史上最神秘的5大水下声音 @柚子木字幕组

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海洋动物声音音频

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这是海洋动物的声音，你听过吗？

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
这是海洋动物的声音，你听过吗？_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
把呼吸还给海洋第三季--声海救援让我们倾听海洋的声音素材来源：《蓝色星球第二季》、《塑料海洋》, 视频播放量 11138、弹幕量 10、点赞数 189、投硬币枚数 53、收藏人数 379、转发人数 308, 视频作者 刺猬体验, 作者简介 ，相关视频：带你沉浸式聆听来自深海的声音。会唱歌的鱼，会打响指的虾，海洋在低语，你会聆听吗？，你听过海底的声音吗？，世界动物保护日，听听它们的声音，给我三分钟，带你领略海洋的魅力，秘境探索--那些令人叹为观止的深海发光生物！，[4K鲸鱼混剪] 大鱼 鲸叫 聆听大海深处的声音，海洋真的很美丽，生命真的很伟大，20种动物的声音，史上最神秘的5大水下声音 @柚子木字幕组