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THE STUART PERIOD in England began in 1603 with the accession to the throne of James I and ended in 1714 with the death of Queen Anne.

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THE STUART PERIOD in England began in 1603 with the accession to the throne of James I and ended in 1714 with the death of Queen Anne.

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1620: THE MAYFLOWER is the ship with which the Pilgrims Fathers (puritans) crossed the Atlantic to escape religious peersecution in their homeland. 

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1620: THE MAYFLOWER is the ship with which the Pilgrims Fathers (puritans) crossed the Atlantic to escape religious peersecution in their homeland. 

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The few survivors grew in number until they founded the first english colony in America.

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1649: In England, Cromwell organised aa regular army (New Model Army) thus managing to defeat the royal troops and forcing Charles I to surrender. 

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1649: In England, Cromwell organised aa regular army (New Model Army) thus managing to defeat the royal troops and forcing Charles I to surrender. 

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The conservatives took over and proposed to dissolve the army that revolted expelled the conservartives from insidemand captured the king. Cromwell, alongside the soldiers , marched on London.

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1689: The Bill of Rights was approved and signed by William III of Orange . William inherited the throne after the deposition of James II. William could ascend the throne as long as he signed the document

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1689: The Bill of Rights was approved and signed by William III of Orange . William inherited the throne after the deposition of James II. William could ascend the throne as long as he signed the document

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With the Declaration of Ringhts of 1689, the first from of constitutional parliamentary monarchy was born Europe in which the complete administration of the country and constitutional was entrusted to the organs of the parliment, respectful of the rights of the citizens fixed by a constitution.

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Among the greatest composers of English baroque music.

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Jonathan Swift, born in 1667 in Dublin to English parents, was educated in Ireland and later worked as secretary to Sir William Temple, a prominent Whig statesman. Swift’s early satirical works included The Battle of the Books (1704), defending classical literature and mocking modern scholarship, and A Tale of a Tub (1704), which critiqued religious factions, including Catholic superstition and Dissenters’ fanaticism.

In 1694, Swift returned to Ireland, where he became an Anglican priest and later the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. For the next thirty years, he lived in Dublin, opposing the Whig government and defending Ireland. He also gave a significant portion of his income to the Catholic poor.

Swift wrote fewer works for a time but returned to public writing with The Drapier's Letters (1724-25), a series of pamphlets protesting a new coinage proposal that would harm Ireland's economy. In 1726, he published his masterpiece, Gulliver's Travels, a satirical exploration of human nature. His 1729 pamphlet, A Modest Proposal, used bitter irony to suggest that the Irish poor should sell their children as food for the wealthy, highlighting the dire poverty in Ireland.

In his later years, Swift’s health declined, and he died in 1745, leaving a legacy as one of the greatest satirists in English literature.

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THE MOST FAMOUS WORK OF JONHATAN SWIFT: GULLIVER’S TRAVELS

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THE MOST FAMOUS WORK OF JONHATAN SWIFT: GULLIVER’S TRAVELS

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Here is another symbolic image that represents England in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Century, with various elements such as colonial clothing, navigation tools, and symbols of exploration and scientific progress of the time.

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In the 1600s and 1700s, English scientists like Isaac Newton (laws of motion and gravity), Robert Hooke (elasticity and cell theory), Edmond Halley (comet orbits), Robert Boyle (gas laws), Francis Bacon (scientific method), John Flamsteed (star cataloging), Stephen Hales (plant and animal physiology), and Henry Cavendish (discovery of hydrogen) made critical contributions. Their work laid the groundwork for modern science and future technological progress.

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The English Restoration is a period in English history that began with the restoration of Charles II Stuart to the throne in 1660 following the Protectorate of Oliver and Richard Cromwell and ended with the reign of James II Stuart (1685-1689).

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CIVIL WAR BETWEEN ENGLISH PARLIAMENTARIANS AND ROYALISTS

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CIVIL WAR BETWEEN ENGLISH PARLIAMENTARIANS AND ROYALISTS

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During the Stuart rule, there was a civil war between English parliamentarians and royalists, which led to the execution of King Charles I (1649) and the establishment of a series of republican governments: first a parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653), later a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell, known as the Protectorate (1653-1659). The Stuarts returned to the throne in 1660, although continued diatribes about religion and power led to the deposition of James II during the Glorious Revolution (1688). In 1707 England, which had already annexed Wales in the 16th century under Henry VIII, joined with Scotland to form a new sovereign state called Great Britain.

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IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS: 18th century

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IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS: 18th century

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Glorious Revolution and political stability: From 1688 the Glorious Revolution and the subsequent Act of Tolerance (1689) laid the foundations for a constitutional monarchy, guaranteeing political stability and religious tolerance.

Union with Scotland (1707): During the reign of Anne, England and Scotland were united under one parliament, although Scotland retained some religious autonomy.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714): England, to contain France, participated in this war with the Grand Alliance. He won, gaining territory and confirming his naval supremacy.

George I and the rise of the Whigs: When he took the throne in 1714, George I delegated much power to the Whigs, especially to Robert Walpole, the actual prime minister and advocate of parliamentary supremacy.

Whig oligarchy: The Whig government was characterized by electoral corruption and limited representation, but it guaranteed stability, religious tolerance and commercial freedom.

Colonial expansion: England consolidated its colonial presence in North America and India during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), confirming itself as a world colonial power.

George III and the American War of Independence (1775-1783): The attempt to maintain control over the American colonies ended with their independence, recognized in 1783. This defeat weakened the monarchy and brought William Pitt the Younger to power.

Agricultural revolution and industrialization: The growth of agriculture and fences, which impoverished small-scale owners, prepared the ground for the future English industrial revolution, Leading to the decline of farmer self-consumption and the expansion of commercial agriculture.

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DANIEL DEFOE: the father of english novel

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DANIEL DEFOE: the father of english novel

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Daniel Defoe has the father of the english novel especially realistic novel.

Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 into a family of dissenters.

His father wanted a religious career for him, but he started to write political essays and pamphlets.

Became famous but the queen Ann did not like his critical attitude.

Arrested him and he denied his whig ideas.

he became a secret agent for the new government.

At 60 years old he started to write very novels: Robinson Crusoe, Colonel Jack and Roxana.

His novel are fictional autobiografies and the character are presented from the inside.

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The 18th century printing press in Williamsburg, by Parke Rouse

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The 18th century printing press in Williamsburg, by Parke Rouse

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The Printer in Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg, by Parke Rouse, Jr ...

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The first copy of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was published in 1719. This novel is considered one of the earliest examples of modern fiction.

Details of the first edition:

-Year of publication: 1719.

-Full title: The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.

-Publisher: The first edition was published anonymously, and has been attributed to Defoe. The book was printed in London, but its exact first edition has been printed in a limited number.

Curiosity:

-Although the book was presented as an autobiographical story of a shipwreck, it was written in novel form and is not based on real events.

-The publication was an immediate success, so much so that Defoe wrote a continuation of The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe in 1719, just months after the first volume.

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The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and ...

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Found on Google from rareandantiquebooks.com

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In 1493, after his return from what were then considered the Indies, Colombo was invited to dinner by Cardinal Mendoza. Columbus found himself arguing with some Spaniards who tried to degrade his enterprise by claiming that the discovery of the way to the Indies could be achieved by anyone who had been equipped with the means that were made available to Columbus. The Genoese navigator did not take it too well and proposed to his opponents a challenge: make stand an egg straight on the table. All tried, but none succeeded and therefore they were defeated. They then asked Columbus to prove that it was a problem which could be solved; Columbus then broke slightly, one of the ends of the egg, and placed it on the table where it remained perfectly straight. The Spanish protested vehemently, saying that they could do the same. Colombo then replied, «The difference, my lords, is that you could have done it, I did it!».

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In Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, the protagonist, Robinson Kreutznaer (Crusoe), is born in York in 1632 to a German father and English mother. At 19, he leaves home to seek adventure and fortune, eventually embarking on a series of voyages. After being shipwrecked on a desert island, he spends 28 years alone, gradually rebuilding his life and creating a society similar to that of England. Crusoe keeps a detailed diary where he reflects on his experiences and wrestles with moral and religious questions. After 12 years, he discovers a human footprint and later encounters cannibals. He rescues one of their captives, whom he names Friday, and together they defend themselves against the cannibals. The novel concludes with Crusoe’s return to England, where he learns that his Brazilian plantation has prospered, making him wealthy.