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Plato is the key to understanding Greek philosophy. He was Socrates pupil and trained on how to think properly. Much of his philosophy was based on geometric laws and were very abstract. Plato's Allegory of the Cave claims life can be compared to being chained up in a cave forced into watching shadows on a wall. Through the shadows formed on the wall, the prisoners believe these to be true entities until one day one is released. Amongst seeing real objects and learning shadows were mere reflections, the man goes to tell his friends in the cave about this new world. He can no longer see the shadows as clearly and is looked at as stupid. The prisoners resist freedom and look down on the freed man. Plato claims this is what it feel like being a philosopher educating the public. People tend to be comfortable in their ignorance.

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Daoism promotes the the idea of keeping calm and going with the flow. This is the idea of Wu Wei which is the meaning of "Effortless action" and "doing nothing"

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Daoism has had a huge impact on the aspects of china culture including art, literature, medicine, and martial arts.

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course: phil103: moral and political philosophy

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PHIL103: Moral and Political Philosophy | Saylor Academy

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Are individual rights enough to determine how to answer moral questions and how to propose a just society? Perhaps we need a more substantive philosophical approach to answer some of our moral and political questions. This is the position of Immanuel Kant, who suggests that we have certain moral obligations because we are human beings with moral reasoning capabilities.

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Aristotle & Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38

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What is the Middle Way in Early Buddhism?

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One of the most important principles of Jainism is Ahimsa or nonviolence. In Jainism there is a belief that all living things including animals, plants, and even non living things like air and water have some sorta of soul. So people who practice Jainism believe that nonviolence is super important and it is a big part of their lives, with them being vegans, practicing wearing very modest clothes and even wear masks in order to pursue a path of non-violence.

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Buddhism is one of the most practiced religions. It originated in India around the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama who was called "the Buddha". "Buddhists believe that human life is a cycle of suffering and rebirth, but that if one achieves a state of enlightenment (nirvana), it is possible to escape this cycle forever" (Brown, 2023). Buddhists do not believe in a specific god or higher power, but they do believe that a supernatural figure can help on the path to enlightenment. They believe in the 4 Truths, rebirth, and that karma affects their future.

They created the 4 Noble Truths, Suffering (dukkha), Origin of suffering (samudāya), Cessation of suffering (nirodha), Path to the cessation of suffering (magga).

Buddhism | National Geographic Society. (n.d.). Education.nationalgeographic.org. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/buddhism/#:~:text=Buddhism%20is%20one%20of%20the

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Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, born in 563 BCE. Gautama was born with a wealthy and privileged lifestyle. After rejecting the idea of his life he gave into the concept of extreme self-disipline.  After meditating for 49 straight days. He became the "Buddha" also known as the "enlightened one".  In 528 BCE, he gathered a group of disciples, who became Buddhist monks. They traveled around India and shared their ideals and findings.

Resources:
The history of Buddhism (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/early-indian-empires/a/buddhism-in-indian-culture#:~:text=The%20founder%20of%20Buddhism%2C%20Siddhartha

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1. Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Jainism places the highest importance on nonviolence towards all living things. Jains are encouraged to avoid causing harm to any living creature, whether through physical actions, speech, or even thoughts.

2. Truth and Honesty: Jains are encouraged to speak the truth and practice honesty in all aspects of life. They believe in the power of truth to purify the soul.

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Jainism is an ancient religion that originated in India around the 6th century BCE. It is characterized by its emphasis on non-violence, truth , non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness. Jainism places a strong focus on spiritual development, self-discipline, and ethical conduct.

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The name Confucius, a latinized combination of the surname Kong with an honorific suffix "master", has also come to be used as a global metonym for different aspects of traditional East Asian society.

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Confucian teaching rests on three essential values: Filial piety, humaneness, and ritual. Irene Bloom :: The Confucian value system may be likened in some ways to a tripod, which is one of the great vessels of the Shang and Zhou Period and a motif that reoccurs in later Chinese art.

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The most important of these teachings include jen, or “humaneness;” i, or “righteousness;” li, or “propriety/ritual;” and hsing, or “human nature.” Hsiao, or “filial piety,” is also a vital concept, one that is central for young people growing up in the Confucian tradition.

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Early Hinduism, as it developed in ancient civilizations, specifically during the Indus Valley Civilization and the Vedic period, laid the foundation for the religion we know today as Hinduism.  Early Hinduism in ancient civilizations was characterized by evolving religious ideologies, the worship of natural forces and deities, and the emphasis on rituals and morality.

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Both faiths/philosophies have many similarities, and scholars and theologists today even debate about if they are two separate religions or one in the same, however there are differences that make them vastly different in ways. The first one being the goal of each doctrine. Confucianism limits itself to the moral and political worlds, while Daoism focuses more on the metaphysical and personal worldview. So Confucianism might prove well for a politician, but Daoism would prove better for someone who held no political power, or had any intent to, such as a farmer or laborer.

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While it originated in China over 2000 years ago, nowadays it can be found having heavy influence all across the far east in places like the Korean peninsula, Japan, and Vietnam.

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Behold a meme(left is Tao Tsu while right is Confucius)

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Daoism is a religion originating in China thousands of years ago that focuses on a concept of harmony, wisdom, and inner peace. It is a combination of folk tradition and Confucianism.

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Plato's ideas went hand in hand with Socrates as Plato was his student. The only difference between the two was the fact that Plato wrote his ideas down in his work called the Republic. Focusing in on Philosophy, Plato deeply disagreed with the Democracy government and liked to mention this many times throughout his work. This could be partially because it was the Democracy government who killed Socrates. This idea of government was shared with his student Aristotle, who had a lot of ideas that differed from Plato. Another of Plato's ideas is the theory of forms which suggests that there are unchanging and perfect concepts that exist outside of the physical world.

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Socrates Death
Socrates was hated in Athens because he regularly embarrassed people by making them appear ignorant and foolish. He was also a critic of democracy, and he was associated with the Thirty Tyrants who briefly overthrew Athens’s democratic government in 404–403 BCE. He was charged with impiety and corrupting the youth because he rejected the city’s gods and he unintentionally inspired disrespect for authority among his young followers. He was accordingly convicted and sentenced to death by poison.

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The eightfold way consists of eight different practices, right knowledge, right purpose, right speech, right conduct, right occupation, right effort, right awareness, and right meditation. The first seven practices serve as preliminaries that help establish the final practice.

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Timeline of Ancient Civilization Hinduism

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Timeline of Ancient Civilization Hinduism

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Hinduism in the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE)

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Hinduism in the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE)

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Early Hinduism was primarily established in the Indus Valley Civilization. Studies have found artifacts to prove the religious practices. These include seals depicting images of animals, and possibly ritual bathing areas. The high grade for nature, influenced later Hindu concepts of sacredness in nature and the worship of deities associated with it.

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Hinduism during the Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE)

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Hinduism during the Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE)

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The Vedic period represents a significant phase in the development of early Hinduism. The sacred texts known as the Vedas were composed during this time. The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, contains hymns and prayers dedicated to various deities, such as Indra. Rituals and sacrifices were central to Vedic religion, with the belief that correctly performed rituals would maintain cosmic order and ensure success. With time, the Vedic religion evolved and ideologies began to emerge.