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A civilization is a complex form of society in which there is an organized government, architecture, and roles of society.

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Mercantilism, in a way, can be seen as a parasitic relationship where the colonies exist only to provide the mother country with goods, raw materials, and services. The mother country often enforces strict rules to control these colonies and how they trade and survive.

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The Story of Britain and the 13 Colonies

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The exchange of goods, plants, animals, diseases, people, ideas, and technology between the "Old World" and "New World" which influenced the life styles, food, and cultures of the world.

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A person who signed a contract to work for a specific amount of time in exchange for food, shelter, and transportation to North America.

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Chattel Slavery is a system/form of slavery where the slaves are treated as property, they are passed down to descendants, and can be bought and treated poorly. This was the practice of the south, especially in the cotton and tobacco plantations.

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These are Puritans that are listening to the preacher.

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They were a religious group that migrated from England in search of religious freedom because they were against Catholic practices in the Church.

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A trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Europe ---> Africa;

Manufactured goods ---> enslaved people

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Africa ---> Americas;

Enslaved people transported and created raw materials

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These Raw materials were often sent back to Europe, and this system was the basis of the Atlantic Slave Trade

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It was a Spanish system in the Americas where they forced the indigenous populations to provide labor or goods in exchange for protection and religious instruction, which often led to mistreatment and exploitation.

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These colonies contain warm climates, with fertile soil, where the economy mainly runs on cash crops. These are the colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

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These colonies were known for their diverse population, religious tolerance, and the economy was primarily based on agriculture, livestock, and trading. These were the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

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Consisting of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, these colonies were founded by individuals seeking religious freedom. Due to the harsh climates and soil conditions, their economy primarily relied on ship building, fishing, trading, and small farms.

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New England Colonies - Kid Friendly Educational Social Studies Video for Elementary Students

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At the end of the French and Indian War, the British forbade the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent further conflicts with the natives.

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Fast Facts About the Proclamation of 1763 | History

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Patriots were those who were opposed to the British government as they felt their rights were being taken away.

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Tory is just another name for the Loyalists; they believed breaking away from the British was illegal and supported the British during the revolution.

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The Articles of Confederation established a national government during the Revolutionary War, and were a major failure due to how weak the central government was.

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These were people against the Constitution, who wanted more power in the states and called for the Bill of Rights

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This proposal was created by Benjamin Franklin to unite the British colonies against French forces allied with the natives.

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adopted and established government in the Northwest Territory (which became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota), giving certain rights to those states as part of the Union.

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It was a conspiracy that Continental Army officers were going to rally a coup against Congress to receive the promised freedoms, which George Washington prevented by giving a speech.

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It was a philosophical movement that transitioned to science, reasoning, and individual rights over tradition and rulers. Heavily influenced the Founding Fathers in the creation of the US Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.

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Resolved a conflict of central power vs state power between the smaller and bigger states. Introduced the 2-house legislation.

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An agreement that allowed southern states to count enslaved people as 3/5 of the population for legislative representation and taxation.

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Federalists were a group of people who wanted a strong central government to replace the weak Articles of Confederation. Pro constitution

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Ended after the French and indian war; this was a hands-off period where the British gave some leniency for self-rule.

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Are organized groups of people that share similar political beliefs. They competed for influence over the newly formed republic. The main parties were the Democratic-Republicans lead by Jefferson and Maddison, and the Federalists who were lead by Hamilton. This later became the Democrats the the Whigs.

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At the end of his presidency a ferealist named John Adams tried to appoint judges known as the midnight judges. This was done to keep Federalist influence in the early US government. William Marbury was sued to get his judcial commission that

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In the early 1800s this was a reform movement that urged americans to reduce or completely eliminate the consumption of alcohol, connected to broader moral reform movements.

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A movement aimed to end slavery

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This movement led by leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to aided to gain equality for all women in society.

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This intricate piece of machinery was invented by Eli whitney. Its purpose was to quickly remove seeds out of cotton fiber. This lead to the expansion of cotton production and the expansion of slavery in the South during the Early Republic.

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The steam engine powered steamboats and trains, revolutionizing transportation for all kinds of people. This happened around the early 1800s as well and helped expand markets and make them more efficient.

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This was a system of manufacturing that comericalized manufacturing bringing people and machines together instead of having small family businesses run in homes.

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These are artificial waterways which connected regions, lowered shipping costs, and also expanded trade between western farmers and the eastern market.

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This was a US foreign policy warned the European nations to interfere in the activities of Western Hemisphere. Didn't allow them to colonize the Americas.

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This was a political party that was run by Andrew Jackson and his followers in the 1820s. They favored the states rights, white men sufferage expansion, and opposed the elites.

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Ironically this political party formed to oppose Andrew Jackson in the 1820s. Favored stronger federal government, overall internal improvements, and a national bank.

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This device was put together by samuel morse. Which allowed almost instant communication along long distances, which transformed business, news, and politics.

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Manufacturing system was devoloped by a man named Eli Whitney. Basically it meant that identical parts could be mass produced to easily replace, which is critical to industrial growth.

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This was the practice of seizing American sailors and vessels and forcing them into the Royal navy. This was done by the British and caused the War of 1812

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This was a belief that was held in the United states, that said that God Destined them to expand to the west, across the whole continent, spreading their ideals such as democracy and capitalism

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Joined California as a free state

Established Utah and New Mexico with popular sovereignty

It strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act ended the slave trade in the capital being Washington DC

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This law took plave in 1854, and allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to have a say and decide on slavery though popular soverignty. This overtrhew the Missouri Compromise and lead to immense violence.

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Its the concept that the people of the territory should be able to decide whether slavery should be allowed or not.

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This was a law that required people to return the slavers that escaped back to their owners, which angered the abolitionists of the north.

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Its a strong loyalty to a region or area of a country rather than the whole ntion, which became a major cause of the civil war.

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After Lincoln's election in 1860 the southern states withdrew from the Union.

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It was the United state during the civil war and was the northern states which opposed the secession.

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These were the 11 southern states that formed a government after they seceded from the union

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Got ratified in 1865, and abolished slavery in the United States

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in 1868 it states that all born and naturalized in the United States are granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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in 1870 this guaranteed voting right regardless of the race color and previous condition of servitude(slavery or forced labor)

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a type of economic system in which individuals or the business themselves own the means of production, so essentially free markets.

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A man who found himself in the 1800's building a transportation empire, expanding railroads, and shipping lines. He aided in the unification of the regional rails system. This industrialist was one of the most powerful and wealthiest amoung this era of businessmen.

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Originally a scottish immigrant who would soon become the wealthiest man in the nation, through the steel industry. Was in charge of Carnegie Steel and promoted the Gospel of Wealth, which was the theory that claimed that the rich had the duty of using their wealth to aid the public.

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The creator of one of the first massive monopolies and controlled nearly all of the US oil refining during this age, all controlled through his company Standard Oil Company. His tactic was horizontal integration to eliminate competition.

Horizontal integration -> Merges or buys the competitor at the same stage of development or manufacturing.

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An incredibly powerful banker and financier of his time who ruled the economy. He organized major corporations deals, stabilized the US economy with his own money at times even during the US financial crisis. His power extended so far he financed giants like general electric, and US steel, controlling the economy and the government.

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Used to describe the leaders of incredible wealth and influence in business like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Morgan. There giants led to industrial growth, expanded US infrastructure, and gave an edge modernizing the US economy at this time period of the Gilded Age.

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A very negative term that is used to describe the unethical and ruthless business leaders due to the inhumane tactics they implement. These include monopolies, exploitations (includes workers), and corruption in both politics and economic.

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These were organization which were brought together by the workers during the 1800's which helped fight for rights which included wages, working conditions, safety, fewer hours. During this time notable unions were knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor.

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In this period of time, millions of immigrants came from all over Europe and people came from rural areas to the big cities for industrial jobs, This migration led to massive urban growth , diversity in culture, and mass amounts of labor. THis came at a cost of poor living conditions and overcrowdedness.

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This was the period in which rapid industrialization, and urbanization, ,and economic growth occurred. This lead to the very severe social problems like corruption especially in politics, inequality, and poor working conditions to all occur. Gilded means covered in gold and also sybolizes how wealth in society hides the social decay.

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"The survival of the fittest". At this period in time only the fittest individuals or companies in business would succeed. Major and powerful people used this excuse to justify inequality, monopolies ,and minimal government regulations within the scope of business.

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This idea was promoted by andrew Carnegie which claimed that the rich had a moral obligation to use their wealth to better society, like funding the public's interests.

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This was a form of investigative journalism that presented itself during the end of the Gilded age. These practitioners exposed corruptions, unsafe working conditions, and also unfair business practices. These journalists builtt he foundation for the Progressive Era reforms.

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This was a movement that gave women the right to vote through the 19th amendment in 1920.

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This was a period in 1920 to 1933 where the 18th amendment banned making and transporting alcohol in the US, this ultimately increased organized crime.

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This is a foreign policy in which a country avoids involving themselves in international alliances and conflicts and political affairs. THe US followed this after World War II.

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This is a policy in which stronger nations extend their political, economic, or military control over other weaker nations and territories.

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This was a US naval officer and also a historian who wrote the influence of sea power upon history book and pushed the narrative that the strong navies and oversee bases are necessary for national power.

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THis policy in 1899 aimed for equal trading rights in China and ot preserve the Chinese territorial integrity.

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This is the belief that a nation should keep and maintain a strong military and be prepared to use aggression to defend and promote national interests.

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It is the strong pride in loyalty towards one's own nation and this is what creates the tension and competition among nations.

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This is an international organization which formed after WWI to try bring world peace and cooperation, it was proposed by Woodrow Wilson but the US didn't join it.

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This was a peace treaty in 1919 that ended WWI, it punished Germany badly and created national boundaries and established the League of Nations.

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this was the immigration of millions of black people from rural south to the northern western cities from the period of 1916 to 1970 in search for jobs and to escape jim crow.

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This was a secret message from Germany to Mexico which has been intercepted by the US during WWI asking for a military alliance against the US because Germany realized the threat that the US posed. This helped push US in the war.

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Buys stocks by borrowing money, and pays only a small percentage upfront. This is an extremely risky practice that help cause the stock market crash of 1929.

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These are the taxes that are placed on the imported goods and are used to protect industries or raise government revenue.

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President Roosevelt aimed to provide relief to the unemployed, provide recovery for the economy, and reform the economy to prevent future crisis.

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This was the United States strategy in the pacific during WWII in which they captured key islands moving close to Japan one by one.

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The Holocaust was a horrible state sponsored genocide targeting 6 million Jews, created by Nazi Germany during World War II. This led to many postwar human rights efforts in order to mitigate the risks of these horrible actions from happening again.

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Multiple countries form groups in order to promote the cooperation peace and stability within nations primarily after WWII. A notable example is the UN, NATO and IMF.

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This was an international organization which was founded in 1945 in order to create peace and prevent conflicts among countries along with being tasked the responsibility of protecting basic human rights.

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The 1944 international economic system created the International Monetary Fund also known as IMF and the WOrld Bank. These were created to stabilize the currencies among nations and allow and advocate for free trade and help in the overall aid and bringing back the economy of nations to stabilize after WWII.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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The military alliance of. 1949 between the US, canada, and the western nations to safeguard political and military security and freedom of those who are part of it.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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It describes the political and ideological difference between communist eastern europe and the democratic western europe. A man named Winston Churchill made this term popular.

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In response to NATO in 1955 a military alliance was formed between the soviet union and eastern european satellite states.

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This was a foreign policy of the United States which purpose was to prevent the spread of communism using the military, economy, and diplomatic strategies.

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This was a popular belief in which it is believed that if one country falls to communism the neighboring countries would follow. This led to the US involvement in Korea and Vietnam.

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This was a Cold War Doctrine which is used to discourage. direct conflict as it states that if 2 nations with nuclear weapons go to war it just leads to the destruction of both countries.

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this was a weapon of mass destruction which realsed energy through nuclear fission and was the begginging of the nuclear age.

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Powerful weapons of mass destruction which utilize nuclear reactions and was a major component of battle in the cold war and the arms race.

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A set of domestic politics which were launched by president Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. HIs mission was to end poverty and racial injustice trhough programs liek medicare and medicaid and education reforms.

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This was a trail in which the supreme court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This strengthened CIvil RIghts Movements during the Cold War

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The economic policy of Ronald Reagan which cuts taxes, reduces government spending, deregulation, and free markets

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aits a political ideolgy which supports social equality, civil rights, and social welfare programs

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A political ideology that limits government in the economy, free markets, and tradional values

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Conservative political movement made of up of Chritianas, to pormote traditional family values and influence US politics

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Ixea that cutting taxes fo rbusinsesses and the wealthy increase investment and job creation, benefiting all of society.

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Federal reserve takes actions to control the money supply and interest rate to manage inflation and economic growth.