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Glazed Tiles, The Conquest of Ceuta, São Bento Train Station, Jorge Colaço (1915)

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In August 1415, King John I of Portugal, supported by his sons Prince Henry the Navigator, Prince Duarte, and Prince Pedro, led a large fleet to capture the North African city of Ceuta. The victory gave Portugal control over a strategic trading hub between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, strengthening its influence in maritime trade routes.

The conquest marked the beginning of Portugal’s overseas empire, serving both as a religious crusade against Islam and as a stepping stone toward exploration along the African coast, laying the foundations of the Age of Discoveries.

Sources:

- Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press, 1977;

- Russell, Peter. Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life. Yale University Press, 2000.

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The defense of Hougoumont at Waterloo, 1815, Watercolor by Denis Dighton, 1815.

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The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, near present-day Belgium, marked the final defeat of Emperor Napoleon I and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. After escaping exile on Elba in March 1815, Napoleon returned to power during the Hundred Days, prompting the formation of the Seventh Coalition, which included Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Napoleon led 72,000 French troops against 68,000 Anglo-allied forces under Duke of Wellington, supported by 45,000 Prussians under Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher. Despite early success at La Haye Sainte, the late arrival of Prussian reinforcements and the collapse of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard led to his defeat. He abdicated on June 22 and was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.

Waterloo reshaped Europe by ending French military dominance and Napoleon’s imperial ambitions. The victory led to the creation of the Concert of Europe, a diplomatic alliance that helped maintain peace for nearly four decades. It also marked a shift from revolutionary upheaval to conservative restoration, influencing European borders and politics throughout the 19th century.

Sources: Waterloo Association Timeline

Britanica- Battle of Waterloo Overview

Wikipedia- Battle of Waterloo

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The fall of the Berlin Wall was a important moment in the German history it has took place on November 9, 1989.

It was the end of the German division.That means that was not longer split and the German residents was free.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.lpb-bw.de/fall-der-berliner-mauer&ved=2ahUKEwjKoaWL49KPAxV_9gIHHWBGIiEQFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0kMlN0mtvPMUgtkw3Nnu5K

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 a train crashed in the cutting between Meudon and Bellevue stations on the railway between Versailles and Paris, France, 1842

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On 8 May 1842, a train crashed in the cutting between Meudon and Bellevue stations on the railway between Versailles and Paris, France. The train was travelling to Paris when it derailed after the leading locomotive broke an axle, and the carriages behind piled into it and caught fire. It was the first French railway disaster and the deadliest in the world at the time, causing between 52 and 200 deaths, including that of explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville.

The derailment led the French to abandon the practice of locking passengers in their carriages

sources

“Versailles Rail Accident.” Wikipedia, 13 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_rail_accident.

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Battle of Moscow, battle between the soviet union and nazi germany. It was around september 30, 1941 to january 7, 1942, during world war 2 when during the climax of the operation barbarossa, nazi germany decided to capture moscow and they failed. Some reasons might be because of the harsh cold weather or the force of the soviet union as this doomed the Third Reich.

There were around 650k-1.3m deaths in russian soldiers.

The nazis lost between 250k-400k soldiers.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Moscow

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/battle-moscow

Image:

Its an old image of German soldiers marching towards Moscow with their opperation.

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In June 1776, 13 colonial representatives convened in Philadelphia at Independence Hall, then known as the Pennsylvania State House. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress resolved to seek independace from britan on july 4 of 1776 congres officialy adopted the declaration of independance written mostly by Jefferson. and thats why they celebrate 4 of july

the picture is the oficial paper of independance of great britan

source- https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://www.abc27.com/digital-originals/july-8-1776-proclaiming-liberty/

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The Battle of Gettysburg  was a three-day battle in the American Civil War

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The Battle of Gettysburg was a battle that lasted 3 days in the American Civil War which was fought in between the Union and the confederate armies which happened during july 1st and july 3rd in 1863.

The battle was won by the Union, this battle was a turning point in the Civil war leading to the Union winning the civil war, this battle was one of the Bloodiest battles in both the Civil war and American military history claiming over 50,000 injuries and deaths for both armies.

Battle of Gettysburg, (July 1–3, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War, fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, that was a crushing Southern defeat. It is generally regarded as the turning point of the war a

Fun Fact: One of the most famous ghost stories associated with Little Round Top involves the ghost of a Union soldier named Gideon. According to legend, Gideon was a drummer boy who was killed in battle, people say that if you go to the site of the battle of Gettysburg you can hear him drumming on the top of the hill close to where he died

by Vincent

source: Battle of Gettysburg - Wikipedia

Battle of Gettysburg | Summary, History, Dates, Generals, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica

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 "Entrance of Cortés La Conquista de Mexico" Oil on canvas. Jay I. Kislak Collection. Artist Unknown.

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-The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico (then New Spain) and Spanish colonial authorities from 1810 to 1821. It began as a series of local revolts and evolved into a full-scale struggle that ended over 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico.

-In September 16, 1810, An event called the Cry of Dolores happened. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a creole priest, rang the church bell in Dolores and called for insurrection against Spanish rule. In this proclamation, he urged an end to Spanish tyranny, land reform, and equality of classes. His call sparked a massive peasant uprising; within days, thousands of Indians and mestizos rallied under Hidalgo’s banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, beginning the war.

-In September 28, 1810, the Siege of Guanajuato took place in history. Hidalgo’s rebel army attacked the city of Guanajuato, a colonial mining center. Spanish officials and colonial elites fortified themselves in the granary (Alhóndiga de Granaditas). The insurgents overran the compound in a bloody battle, killing many Spanish refugees inside. This victory, though marred by the massacre of civilians, was one of the first major rebel successes.

-In October 30, 1810, the Battle of Monte de las Cruces, Hidalgo and his lieutenant Ignacio Allende lead roughly 80,000 ill-equipped rebels toward Mexico City. They clashed with a smaller royalist force on the outskirts of the capital at Monte de las Cruces. The insurgents won the battle, inflicting heavy losses and opening the road to Mexico City. However, despite this triumph, Hidalgo inexplicably ordered a retreat rather than occupying the capital – a decision that forfeited their best chance to end the war quickly.

-In January 17, 1811, the Battle of Calderón Bridge, Royalist troops under General Félix María Calleja cought up with Hidalgo’s forces at the Calderón Bridge near Guadalajara. In a decisive engagement, Calleja’s well-trained army of about 6,000 defeated the much larger insurgent peasant force by using superior discipline and artillery. An explosion of a rebel munitions wagon paniced Hidalgo’s troops, turning the tide against them. This crushing defeat scattered the core rebel army and marked a major turning point – the revolutionary leadership fled northward.

-July 1811: Hidalgo’s Execution. Hidalgo and several rebel leaders (Allende, Juan Aldama, Mariano Jiménez) are captured while attempting to escape toward the United States. Miguel Hidalgo is defrocked and executed by firing squad on July 30. His death is a blow to the insurgency’s first phase, but the torch of rebellion is soon taken up by others.

-Late 1811 – 1815: Morelos Leads the Insurgency. Leadership shifts to José María Morelos y Pavón, a mestizo Catholic priest and former pupil of Hidalgo. Morelos organizes a more disciplined guerrilla army in southern Mexico and scores significant victories. In 1812, he besieges Cuautla and withstands a 72-day siege by Calleja’s forces, eventually breaking out – a moral victory that boosts insurgent morale. Morelos’s army captures the vital port of Acapulco and the city of Oaxaca by giving the rebels control of parts of southern Mexico. During this period, Morelos convenes the Congress of Chilpancingo (September 1813), which issues the Sentimientos de la Nación (“Sentiments of the Nation”) – a document declaring Mexico’s independence, calling for abolition of slavery and caste distinctions, and affirming Catholicism as the state In November 1813, this Congress formally declares independence from Spain, signaling a political vision for a sovereign Mexico.

-December 22, 1815: Morelos’s Capture and Execution. The Spanish eventually gain the upper hand against Morelos. He is defeated and captured in late 1815 while protecting the Congress’s escape. Morelos is tried for treason and executed by colonial. With his death, the insurgency loses its most capable general. Organized rebel resistance fractures into smaller guerrilla bands.

-1816–1820: Guerrilla War and Stalemate. After Morelos’s demise, the fight for independence continues in a decentralized fashion. Insurgent leaders like Vicente Guerrero in the south and Guadalupe Victoria in the east conduct guerrilla warfare in difficult terrain, keeping the rebellion. Neither the royalist army (now under Viceroy Calleja, and later Juan Ruiz de Apodaca) nor the insurgents can deal a finishing blow, resulting in a protracted stalemate. By 1820, the war has devolved into a war of attrition, and large-scale conflict has subsided.

-1820: Liberal Revolution in Spain. A revolution in Spain restores the liberal 1812 Cádiz Constitution, curbing the absolute powers of King Ferdinand VII. This development alarms the conservative elites in New Spain (clergy, military, and wealthy criollos), who fear the Spanish liberal regime will weaken their army. Ironically, many of these once-loyalist conservatives now decide that independence is the preferable option to preserve the status quo in Mexico. Viceroy Apodaca, meanwhile, sends a trusted royalist colonel, Agustín de Iturbide, to finally defeat Guerrero’s guerrillas – a mission that will have unexpected consequences.

-February 24, 1821: Plan of Iguala. In a stunning turn of events, Agustín de Iturbide meets with Vicente Guerrero (according to lore, in the “Abrazo de Acatempan” or Acatempan Embrace) and agrees to join forces with the insurgents rather than fight them. They proclaim the Plan of Iguala, which lays out the framework for an independent Mexico. Its key points, known as the “Three Guarantees,” are: independence from Spain as a constitutional monarchy, union of all social groups (specifically equality between criollos and Peninsular Spaniards), and steadfast allegiance to the Catholic religion with Church privileges intact. The unified Army of the Three Guarantees is formed from Iturbide’s and Guerrero’s combined forces. This alliance shifts the balance overwhelmingly in favor of the independence movement.

-Summer 1821: Collapse of Royalist Resistance. As Iturbide and Guerrero’s Army of the Three Guarantees marches through the country, one Spanish garrison after another switches sides or surrenders without major fighting. By July 1821, the beleaguered Spanish viceroy (Apodaca) is deposed by his own officers, and the new interim authorities enter negotiations with the insurgent. Spain sends a new envoy, Juan O’Donojú, as acting jefe político (political chief) to Mexico. Finding the colonial regime moribund, O’Donojú decides to make peace.

-August 24, 1821: Treaty of Córdoba. Spanish representative Juan O’Donojú meets Iturbide in Córdoba, Veracruz and signs the Treaty of Córdoba, effectively ratifying the Plan of Iguala. The treaty accepts Mexican independence under terms of a constitutional monarchy and recognizes the authority of the Army of the Three Guarantees. (Spain’s government later refuses to ratify this treaty, but on the ground the war is over).

-September 27, 1821: Triumphal Entry into Mexico City. The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City in a festive procession, with Iturbide at the head, to take control of the capital. The insurgent and former royalist forces together celebrate the liberation of the country. The next day, September 28, the Mexican independence act is formally signed in Mexico City, marking the birth of the sovereign Mexican Empire. Spanish colonial rule in Mexico has come to an end.

History.com

Wikipedia

Britannica

Thoughtco

By Violette.

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Technical Sergeant George Robert (Bob) Caron took the picture of the bomb exploding on August 6 1945. Source:https://atomicphotographers.com/photographers/george-r-caron/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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In 1945 during the affects of WWII a bomb that was named "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima by B-29 bomber as it was an order for them American government. The main reason is still under debate but the lesser reasons were that America wanted to end the war quickly, demonstrate power, and to stop the inclusion of the Soviets.

The aftermath was horrid, with approximately 80,000 people dead. Buildings were ruined and the area was covered in radiation. Many people were left homeless, many had lost their lost ones. Yet both cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki are now reconstructed and have a decent population.

Sources:https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/decision-drop-atomic-bomb?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://www.britannica.com/event/atomic-bombings-of-Hiroshima-and-Nagasaki#ref347384

https://atomicphotographers.com/photographers/george-r-caron/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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The Boxer Rebellion happened in Beijing, China, in 1900. It was led by a group of people called "Boxers". They were named this by foreigners because they did boxing and exercises, which made them believe they were unbeatable. The Boxers wanted to kick out foreigners and people from other countries who came to China to spread Christianity.

Armies from eight different countries came to Beijing to stop the Boxers' attacks. This event weakened the Qing dynasty and showed how China was struggling with foreign control, making it an important part of Chinese history.

Boxer Rebellion - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help

76 Manchurian Railway Stock Photos, High-Res Pictures, and Images - Getty Images

Boxer Rebellion - Wikipedia

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This a picture of them in the war for independece of india

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After more than 200 years of British colonial rule, India gained its independence on August 15, 1947. Led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru the country underwent many years of nonviolent resistance to British rule. This event was the start of India’s journey as a sovereign state.

Also, this independence also brought an end to the large-scale communal violence that took place before and after the subcontinent partition in August 1947. Peace reigned after the partitioning of British India into two separate states

https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/india/10-most-famous-historical-events-that-happened-in-india/

https://www.postoast.com/india-struggle-for-freedom-photos/

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Jerusalem is very important because that was where Jesus was born. Jesus is important because he is the son of God and also because his birth marks the start of the global calendar. He went traveling places and taught people the correct way to live but the people of Jerusalem didnt believe him and he got sentenced to death in his home country where he was born. He went on to keep his promise of riding in 3 days and this made the people in Jerusalem believe he was the son of god.

Source:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity

Image:

Jesus's entry into jerusalem.

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you can see the houses that people sated, “What Cape Town Looked like in the 1960s through These Captivating Photos.” Bygonely, 26 June 2023, www.bygonely.com/cape-town-1960s/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2025.  

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District Six: recalling the forced removals (1966)

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District Six: recalling the forced removals (1966)

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-On February 11, 1966, Cape Town’s District Six was declared a whites-only area under the Group Areas Act of 1950. From 1968, more than 60,000 residents were forcibly relocated to the Cape Flats, over 25 kilometers away. Except for a few religious buildings, the area was demolished during the 1970s, and by 1982, almost all traces of the district were gone.

-Established in 1867, District Six housed nearly 10% of Cape Town’s population and was known for its diverse, vibrant culture. Forced removals began in 1901 and intensified in the 1960s, as the government deemed the area unfit and morally impure. Over the next two decades, it was completely destroyed.

sources

-SAHA - South African History Archive - District Six: Recalling the Forced Removals.” Saha.org.za, 2024, www.saha.org.za/news/2010/February/district_six_recalling_the_forced_removals.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

-District Six." South African History Online, www.sahistory.org.za/place/district-six. Accessed 12 Sept. 2025.

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This shows the struggle people had to go through during the Rwandan Genocide. They are injured and trying to survive for 3 months avoiding getting killed.

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From April 1994, the Rwandan Genocide started. More than 800,000 civilians died from the Hutus. The Hutus felt that their lives were unfair compared to the others. The Tutsi had better jobs, schools and better opportunities. The Rwandan Genocide lasted for 100 days ending on July 1994.

The Rwandan Genocide was important part of history because it was one of the fastest genocides that ever showing how dangerous racism, lies and propaganda can be as well as unfairness. Other countries did not help in this process leading 800,000 people to die this shows international failure which is very important to have in a continent. After the genocide the people who decided the killings were put on trials to be punished for their actions which is very important because it shows that what they did was not allowed and very harmful.

Sources: Porras, Borja Santos. “RWANDA II: 1994 Rwandan Genocide.” Blogspot.com, 2025, flechashacialanada.blogspot.com/2006/10/rwanda-ii-1994-rwandan-genocide.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2025.

Genos Center. “Understanding the 1994 Rwandan Genocide: Facts, Responses & Trials.” Genos Center Foundation, 7 July 2023, genoscenter.org/understanding-the-1994-rwandan-genocide-facts-responses-trials/.Reid, Kathryn. “Rwandan Genocide: Facts, FAQs, and How to Help.” World Vision, 1 Aug. 2023, www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/1994-rwandan-genocide-facts.

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Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights during the Six-Day War between Arab and Israeli … Assaf Kunti. photographer unknown.

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The Six‑Day War between Israel and Egypt (plus Syria and Jordan) was a brief but pivotal conflict from June 5 to June 10, 1967. Tensions had been rising Egypt’s president Gamal Abdel Nasser mobilized troops in the Sinai, The war had no specific conflicts to pre-empt the attack but we can assume it probably started after rising tensions Under President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt began moving large numbers of troops into the Sinai Peninsula, near Israel’s border. This alarmed Israel which is what began the air attacks on the over all war. The war was short lived and was quickly ended by Israelis forces which whipped out 90% of Egypt's forces on the first day of war which inevitably caused the war to end abrupt end.

After winning the war, Israel took control of several important areas, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. This led to more tension between Israelis and Palestinians, which continues today. The war also changed the balance of power in the region and made the United States a strong supporter of Israel. Many of the issues from that time—like land disputes and the rights of people who lost their homes—are still being debated and fought over now.

sources include but are not limited to britanica.org , bbc.com and https://historycollection.com

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The rebellion happened because wealthy colonists and the New South Wales Corps wanted to protect their power and profits from Governor Bligh’s attempts at reforming

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The Rum Rebellion of 1808 was a coup d'état in the British penal colony of New South Wales, staged by the New South Wales Corps in order to depose Governor William Bligh. Australia's first and only military coup, its name derives from the illicit rum trade of early Sydney,

'Rum Corps', as it became known, maintained a monopoly.

sources “Rum Rebellion.” Wikipedia, 27 Jan. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Rebellion.

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The Parliament House in Canberra was designed by Mitchell Giurgola and Thorpwas, and was later opened on 9th May 1988 by Queen Elizabeth II. This Parliament House was built to replace the old one, which had become too small and outdated. This was not only built to be a functional building, but also to be a national symbol of Australia.

The Parliament is now used by the federal government of Australia. Important people such as the Senators, the Prime Minister, and the Governor-General and their staff meet here 15-20 times per year to debate laws, pass the budget, and discuss government business.

Discover the architecture – Parliament of Australia

Australian Parliament House celebrates 30th anniversary | ArchitectureAu

Australian Parliament House opened - Parliamentary Education Office

The opening of the new Parliament House Canberra. May 09, 1988. Nachrichtenfoto - Getty Images

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In 1533 King of Spain sent a lot of troops to Cusco, but king of Kusco wasnt killed, because he left the city when the king escaped at his city he left around 500000 golden peso and 150000 silver peso later that year Spain expanded.

Impact of concurring Cusco was that later at 1538-1539 was massive public war and later Cusco got it independence back and made kingdom of Peru

History of Cusco - Wikipedia

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War of the pacific, Bolivian Pres. Hilarión Daza entering Iquique, Chile, during the War of the Pacific, July 17, 1879.

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The war of the pacific started as an dispute between Chile and Bolivia over the territories of the pacific ocean and because of an broken treaty between Bolivia and Chile where Bolivia rose the prices for an Chilean company and tried to confiscate the company's property soon after Bolivia declared war and asked Peru for help, Peru accepted because of past conflicts with Chile. And Chile declared war on both country's, Chile occupied very easily the coastal region of Bolivia then took the offensive against Peru whining at Angamos and Inquique this victories enabled Chile to take control of the sea soon Chile took control of the capital of Peru Lima after an mediation attempt by the united states witch failed, later Peru and Chile finally singed a treaty also called the treaty of Arcón.

the war of the pacific lead to the annexation of the precious territory of the pacific, also the conflict lead to Chiles victory, which allowed Chile to have the control of the whole Bolivian coast including its nitrate, copper and other mineral company's.

sources: Britannica, Cambridge university and the Ohio state university