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African American students were being denied admittance to to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court ruled that racially segregated public facilities were legal so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

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The seperate car act was enacted. Which was an act that required seperate railway cars for blacks and whites. Homer Plessy was 7/8ths white, he agreed to partcipate in a test to challenge the act. They asked Plessy to sit in a whites only car (he was considered black under Lousina Law). He was told to leave and didn't, so he was arrested.

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Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. However he resided in Illinois which is a free state from 1833-1843. When he returned to Missouri he filed a suit in Missouri court for his freedom. After losing he appealed and filed in federal court, he lost again due to the Constiution saying that no slave or descendant of a slave could be a citizen in Article III of the Constiution. The court ruled that slavery could be extended into free states

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A case in which the Court decided that slaves who were descendants of American slaves were not citizens of the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The Court also used the decision to strike down the Missouri Compromise.

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In Miranda V. Arizona, Miranda was accused of kidnapping and raping a woman. He was brought into custody and interrogated for 2 hours. He was found guilty. However, after that many people were saying the case was unconstitutional. Because Miranda did not have a lawyer present at the time of the interrogation, so that violated his 5th and 6th amemdments

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A case in which the Court held that law enforcement cannot use testimony given by anyone under interrogation while in custody without that person being informed of their legal rights.

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The second bank of the US was created, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. One of the cashiers at the bank refused to pay the tax. The state held the Bank unconstitutional because the Consitution did not provide a commitment for the federal government to charter a case

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McCulloch- Defendant
Maryland- Plaintiff

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Plessy- Defendant
Ferguson- Plaintiff

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- Miranda (defendant) was accused of raping and kidnapping a woman
- Arizona (plaintiff) some of the people argued that this case was unconstitutional

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Oliver Brown- Defendant
Topeka Board of Education- Defendant
Thurgood Marshall, NAACP Legal Defense Fund- Plaintiff
Earl Warren- Plaintiff

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Scott- Defendant
Stanford- Plaintiff