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Pros

Fully absorption

Fastest onset

Cons

Time-consuming

Techniques required

Not suitable for every drug

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Enteral

Pros

painless

most convenient

most affordable option

technical skills is not required

Cons

not suitable for all types of drugs

low absorption rate

highly prone to degradation

small doses only

risk of infection

Parenteral

IV

Pros

fast absorption

suitable for unconscious patients

rapid response

Cons

high potential for complications

need a skilled person to administer

chances of pain and injury

possibility of toxicity

IM

Pros

Rapid absorption suitable for most drugs

long lasting effects

Cons

painful

risk of infection

potential of tissue damages

SC

Pros

less painful

Cons

limits volume of drugs

causes bruises

Nasal

Pros

rapid onset

suitable for younger patients

convenient

Cons

device dependency

not effective

potential side effects

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Pros:

1. convenient

Cons:

1. slow onset

2. side effects on skin irritation

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Pros

Fast absorption

Better for patients that having nauseous

Suitable for children who cannot swallow yet

Suitable for unconscious patients

Cons

Discomfort (shy)

Potential of leakage

Risk of injury

Inflammation of rectal area

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Pros

1. Less painful

2. Does not need skilled person ( convenient injection)

Cons

1. Moderate absorption

2. Small volumes

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Pros:

1. convenient

2. easiest to administrate

Cons:

1. low absorption rate

2. slow onset

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Pros

1. Fast absorption

2. Can easily go into circulation

3. Allow body to get a more potent dose of drug

Cons

1. Muscle pain

2. Require some skills

3. Onset and duration of the action are not adjustable

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Oral

1. cost-effective

2. Safest way

3. often used

Sublingual /Buccal

1. Fast absorption rate

2. Used for difficulty of swallowing

3. Heheh

Intra-venous (IV)

1. Fast onset

2. Good absorption

Intra-muscular (IM)

1. Rapid absorption

2. Useful for oil drugs

3. Can be self administered

Sub-cutaneous (SC)

1. Convenient

2. Slow release

Inhalation

1. Proximity to blood flow

2. Only small doses are enough to achieve equivalent therapeutic effects as the oral route

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Cons:

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1. Oral

- slow onset

- affected by food

- low & variable absorbtion rate

2. Sublingual/Buccal

- fast absorbtion rate

- good for patients that have difficulty to swallow

3. Intra-venous (IV)

- 100% absorbtion rate

- fast onset

-can cause pain or damage

4. Intra-muscular (IM)

- required skill and techniques which limit its use in outpatient medicine

- muscle injury

5. Sub- Cutaneous (SC)

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