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Stella                                                  Drugs commonly use:                                  1. painkiller - relieve certain type of pain                                                             2. Losartas 50 - high blood pressure       

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Stella                                                  Drugs commonly use:                                  1. painkiller - relieve certain type of pain                                                             2. Losartas 50 - high blood pressure       

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Ibuprofen for children Brand names: Nurofen for Children, Calprofen, Brufen. Find out how ibuprofen for children treats pain and inflammation (swelling) including cold symptoms, teething, toothache, sprains and strains, and reduces a high temperature, and how to take it.

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For Heartburn & Indigestion. Fast & Long-Lasting Relief. Lasts up to 4 hours. Relieves in 4 minutes. Fast, complete relief.

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Dry irritating cough, relieves allergic rhinitis and common cold.Clear stuffy nose.

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Rotaqor 10mg
used in the treatment of high blood cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) levels. This medicine works by blocking the production of unhealthy fats in your body and prevents the risk of heart problems and stroke.

Beazyme Tablet Papain
relieve sore throat symptoms, such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Allopurinol 300mg
reducing the production of uric acid in the body and to prevent gout attacks.

DIAMICRON 60 mg MR
used to control blood glucose (sugar) in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus

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1.naproxen sodium -牙痛
is used to relieve pain from various conditions such as headache, muscle aches, tendonitis, dental pain, and menstrual cramps. It also reduces pain, swelling, and joint stiffness caused by arthritis, bursitis, and gout attacks.

2.orphenadrine 和paracetamol-肌肉紧绷
Orphenadrine is used with rest, physical therapy, and other measures to relieve pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries.

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MARVIN YIP - Diclofenac Sodium 50g 双氯芬酸钠

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MARVIN YIP - Diclofenac Sodium 50g 双氯芬酸钠

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Diclofenac sodium, the active ingredient in DICLOFENAC SODIUM 50mg, is one of a group of medicines called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs reduce pain and inflammation.

DICLOFENAC SODIUM 50mg tablets relieve pain, reduce swelling and ease inflammation in conditions affecting the joints, muscles and tendons including:

Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, acute gout (painful inflammation of the joints especially in the feet and hands), ankylosing spondylitis (form of spinal arthritis).

Backache, sprains and strains, soft tissue sports injuries, frozen shoulder, dislocations and fractures

Conditions affecting the tendons for example, tendonitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis.

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1. Panadol - fever, headache

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1. Aspirin - Anti-inflammatory drug
2. Paracetamol - relieve pain caused by conditions such as headache and osteoarthritis, and to reduce fever caused by infection.
3. Ammonium chloride - A natural expectorant. It acts as an irritant to the mucosa in the lungs. The respiratory tract is filled with fluid, using the ammonium chloride is easier for the cough to get off.
4. Potassium Iodide - An expectorant, Using Potassium iodide , it can broken up and loosened the mucus in the airways. Expectorants are used to help you cough up mucus.
5. Calcium Lactate - Supplemental calcium

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The type of chromosomes based on the position of centromere are of the following four types : 

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The type of chromosomes based on the position of centromere are of the following four types : 

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1) Metacentric chromosome: centromere in middle forming two equal arms.
2) Sub-metacentric chromosome: centromere placed near to one end resulting in one shorter and one long arm.
3) Acrocentric chromosome: Centromere placed close to one end forming one extreme short and one extreme long arm.
4) Telocentric chromosome: terminally placed centromere.

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Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport.

In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell.

The exocytosis process delivers proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to the plasma membrane or the extracellular space to sustain plant cell growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli.

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active transport - beh, cyy, yen ping, vaneesa 

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active transport - beh, cyy, yen ping, vaneesa 

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Sometimes substances are required to be move against the concentration gradient, or faster than they would by passive transport. In these cases, active processes are used, which require energy. There are many occasions when cells need to take in substances which are only present in small quantities around them.

E.g. root hair cells in plants take in nitrate ions from the soil. Their concentration are often higher inside the root hair cell than in the soil, so the diffusion gradient is from the root hair à the soil. Despite this, the root hair cells still can take nitrate ions in, by active transport.

The active transport is done using carrier (transporter) proteins in the cell membrane. These use energy from the breakdown of ATP to move the ions into the cell. The carrier proteins are ATPases. Each carrier protein is specific to just one type of ion or molecule. Cells contain many different carrier proteins in their membranes.

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Simple Diffusion - Lee + Yee Mun+ Stella

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Simple Diffusion - Lee + Yee Mun+ Stella

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Definition:
A simple diffusion is a form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins. In essence, the particle or substance moves from higher to lower concentration. However, its movement does not need a membrane protein that will help substances to move downhill.

Process of Simple Diffussion:
It is a passive transport. Hence ATP does not directly drive simple diffusion.  The energy that fuels simple diffusion is kinetic energy and concentration gradient.

Pedesis is the collision of particles . When an area is concentrated, the molecules tend to be compacted. The motion is reduced as well. Thus, when a larger space becomes available, the molecules tend to move towards an area with a larger space.

Another requirement is a concentration difference, also referred to as the concentration gradient, which pertains to the difference in concentration between two areas. The movement of molecules will continue between the two areas as long as there is a concentration gradient.

In a cell, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane without requiring any energy along the concentration gradient.

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Endocytosis and Exocytosis : Tan, YS, Vivien

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Endocytosis and Exocytosis : Tan, YS, Vivien

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Endocytosis involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane. Exocytosis is where cells shift materials, such as waste products, from inside the cell to the extracellular space.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport mechanisms in which large molecules enter and leave the cell inside vesicles. In endocytosis, a substance or particle from outside the cell is engulfed by the cell membrane.

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OSMOSIS - MARVIN, BU JIA YING, LIM XING YAN

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OSMOSIS - MARVIN, BU JIA YING, LIM XING YAN

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Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion; it is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.

Semi-permeable membranes are very thin layers of material which allow some things to pass through them, but prevent other things from passing through. Cell membranes are an example of semi-permeable membranes. Cell membranes allow small molecules such as oxygen, water carbon dioxide and glucose to pass through, but do not allow larger molecules like sucrose, proteins and starch to enter the cell directly.

Example: If there was a semi-permeable membrane with more water molecules on one side as there were on the other, water molecules would flow from the side with a high concentration of water to the side with the lower concentration of water. This would continue until the concentration of water on both sides of the membrane were equal (dynamic equilibrium is established).

Osmosis plays an important role in the human body, especially in the gastro-intestinal system and the kidneys. Osmosis helps you get nutrients out of food. It also gets waste products out of your blood.

Osmosis can occur in both the small and large intestines, with the large intestine being the site of the majority of osmosis. Food travels from the esophagus to the stomach and then to the small intestine as it is processed by your body. Our body absorbs critical nutrients through osmosis.

https://bio.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Worksheets/Biology_Tutorials/Diffusion_and_Osmosis

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Q6 bu jia ying ,tan guan yu, lim xing yan 

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Q6 bu jia ying ,tan guan yu, lim xing yan 

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negative feedback loop.
Receptors in body detect what's happening in a certain system (heart rate, temperature and glucose levels.) This information goes to brain. Brain integrates the info and figures out the respond. Brain sends instructions throughout the body to respond (run).
The capillaries and blood vessels to skin dilate, bringing heat to the surface of skin where it can be released. In addition, sweat glands release perspiration, which cools as it evaporates off skin.

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Positive feedback

- platelets prevent and stop bleeding
- when the butcher cut his finger and bleeding so the body will send the signal to the platelets once the platelets receive the signal platelets will “arrive” they will clump together to form the clot to stop the bleeding

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Q5: A man faints in the labour and delivery room - MARVIN, STELLA,  PF.

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Q5: A man faints in the labour and delivery room - MARVIN, STELLA,  PF.

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Negative Feedback.
1. Hypotension.

It most often occurs when blood pressure is too low (a condition called hypotension) and the heart doesn't pump enough oxygen to the brain.

Vasovagal syncope (vay-zoh-VAY-gul SING-kuh-pee) occurs when you faint because your body overreacts to certain triggers, such as the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress. It may also be called neurocardiogenic syncope.

The vasovagal syncope trigger causes your heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly. That leads to reduced blood flow to your brain, causing you to briefly lose consciousness.

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Definition

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size.

Process

Facilitated diffusion is the process of moving molecules from high to low concentration across a membrane by using a protein channel in the membrane. Facilitated diffusion does not use energy but it relies on a protein to facilitate movement. So it consider a passive movement.

Example

Glucose & Amino acid

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Q1.	A mother was sent into the delivery room as she could feel her uterus contracting. .YenPing , Vanessa, Yee Mun 

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Q1.	A mother was sent into the delivery room as she could feel her uterus contracting. .YenPing , Vanessa, Yee Mun 

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Positive Feedback, it amplifies changes rather than reversing them. The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor. Oxytocin stimulates the muscle contractions that push the baby through the birth canal. The release of oxytocin result in stronger or augmented contractions during labor. The contractions intensify and increase until the baby is outside the birth canal. When the stimulus to the pressure receptors ends, oxytocin production stops and labor contractions cease.

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Negative feedback - Hydration.
1. Receptor proteins in the kidney, heart, and hypothalamus detect decreased fluid volume or increased sodium concentration in the blood.
2. Hormonal and neural messages are relayed to the brain’s thirst center in the hypothalamus.
3. The hypothalamus sends neural signals to higher sensory areas in the cortex of the brain, stimulating the conscious thought to drink.
4. Fluids are consumed.
5. Receptors in the mouth and stomach detect mechanical movements involved with fluid ingestion.
6. Neural signals are sent to the brain and the thirst mechanism is shut off.

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Eva, Tan, YS, Vivien

Negative Feedback

After having an ice cream, it will stimulus rising blood glucose level, the pancreas releases digestive enzyme into the bowel to break down the food. High blood glucose level is detected by insulin-secreting cells of pancreas. The pancreas will produce insulin to help the body store the glucose away when nutrient levels in the blood is rise. Pancreas secretes the hormone insulin causing liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Most of the body cell also will take up more glucose. As the body cells take you blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline and insulin release were stop. Then it will return to homeostatic blood glucose level.

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Find out what the body is or needs and what type of feedback it is^^

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Find out what the body is or needs and what type of feedback it is^^

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1. A mother was sent into the delivery room as she could feel her uterus contracting.
2. A kid was given a pint of ice cream and ate it all.
3. After running a jogger feels very thirsty and drinks some water.
4. A butcher slices his finger on a blade. He warps it in a towel until the bleeding begins to subside.
5.A man faints in the labour and delivery room.
6. A group of teens went into a durian orchard without the owner's permission. The guard dog found them and chased after them. They quickly run out of the orchard.